pH胁迫对刺参存活、生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响
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摘要
本研究比较分析了在对照组(pH为8.4)、低pH胁迫组(pH为6.8、7.0、7.2、7.4、7.6和7.8)和高pH胁迫组(pH为8.6、8.8、9.0、9.2、9.4和9.6)的养殖水环境下,胁迫36 d对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)存活、生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,不同pH对刺参存活、生长及抗氧化酶活性有显著影响。在pH 7.4~9.0范围内,刺参存活率为100%,随着pH胁迫强度和胁迫时间的增加,刺参存活率逐渐降低,当pH为6.8、7.0和9.6时,自第3天起,刺参处于过度应激状态,继而有死亡个体出现,至30 d时刺参死亡率为100%。不同pH显著影响刺参生长,刺参特定生长率随pH胁迫程度增加呈下降趋势,当pH为9.0时,刺参出现负增长。各pH胁迫组刺参超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均高于对照组,且随pH胁迫程度的增加呈先升高后下降的变化趋势。在低pH组中,以pH=7.4时刺参SOD和CAT活性最高,分别达到(74.92±2.24)U/ml和(14.99±2.38)U/ml,显著高于对照组;而在高pH组中,SOD和CAT活性分别以pH 8.8和9.0时最高,分别达到(72.90±1.10)U/ml和(15.68±0.89)U/ml,显著高于对照组。结果表明,pH在7.4~9.0范围内是刺参存活与生长的适宜水环境,过高或过低均会引起刺参不同程度的应激反应,进而导致刺参的死亡。
pH is an important environmental factor affecting the survival, growth, and immunity of aquatic animals. In general, alteration of environmental conditions often results in pH fluctuation in the aquaculture water of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. However, little is known about the physiological response of sea cucumbers under pH stress. Therefore, the survival rate, growth, and antioxidant enzyme activities of sea cucumbers(7.02±0.81 g) were analyzed under different pH(control group, pH=8.4), low pH(pH 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, and 7.8), high pH(pH 8.6, 8.8, 9.0, 9.2, 9.4, and 9.6)) stress for 36 days. The survival rate of sea cucumbers decreased gradually with pH intension increasing and time extension, which in the groups ranging from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0 were 100%. There appeared to be a stress response and then death of individuals in the groups of pH 6.8, 7.0 and 9.6 from the third day, in which the whole group of sea cucumbers died after 30 days. Under different pH stress, the growth of the sea cucumbers differed significantly. The specific growth rate decreased with pH intension increasing and growth was negative growth in the group of pH 9.0. The superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity of sea cucumbers among the pH treatment groups increased and was significantly higher than those of the control group, which increased at first and then decreased with pH intension increasing. The activity of SOD and CAT of sea cucumber in low pH groups increased to(74.92±2.24) U/ml and(14.99±2.38) U/ml peaking at pH 7.4, which was significantly higher than the control group. While in high pH groups, the activity of SOD and CAT of sea cucumber increased to(72.90±1.10) U/ml and(15.68±0.89) U/ml, peaking at pH 8.8 and pH 9.0 respectively. The results indicate that the pH range from 7.4 to 9.0 is appropriate for survival and growth of sea cucumbers, otherwise stress responses and even death of sea cucumbers are imminent.
pH is an important environmental factor affecting the survival, growth, and immunity of aquatic animals. In general, alteration of environmental conditions often results in pH fluctuation in the aquaculture water of Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. However, little is known about the physiological response of sea cucumbers under pH stress. Therefore, the survival rate, growth, and antioxidant enzyme activities of sea cucumbers(7.02±0.81 g) were analyzed under different pH(control group, pH=8.4), low pH(pH 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, and 7.8), high pH(pH 8.6, 8.8, 9.0, 9.2, 9.4, and 9.6)) stress for 36 days. The survival rate of sea cucumbers decreased gradually with pH intension increasing and time extension, which in the groups ranging from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0 were 100%. There appeared to be a stress response and then death of individuals in the groups of pH 6.8, 7.0 and 9.6 from the third day, in which the whole group of sea cucumbers died after 30 days. Under different pH stress, the growth of the sea cucumbers differed significantly. The specific growth rate decreased with pH intension increasing and growth was negative growth in the group of pH 9.0. The superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity of sea cucumbers among the pH treatment groups increased and was significantly higher than those of the control group, which increased at first and then decreased with pH intension increasing. The activity of SOD and CAT of sea cucumber in low pH groups increased to(74.92±2.24) U/ml and(14.99±2.38) U/ml peaking at pH 7.4, which was significantly higher than the control group. While in high pH groups, the activity of SOD and CAT of sea cucumber increased to(72.90±1.10) U/ml and(15.68±0.89) U/ml, peaking at pH 8.8 and pH 9.0 respectively. The results indicate that the pH range from 7.4 to 9.0 is appropriate for survival and growth of sea cucumbers, otherwise stress responses and even death of sea cucumbers are imminent.
引文
Chang YQ,Sui XL,Li J.The current situation,problem and prospect on the Apostichopus japonicus aquaculture.Fishery Science,2006,25(4):198-201[常亚青,隋锡林,李俊.刺参增养殖业现状、存在问题与展望.水产科学,2006,25(4):198-201]
Chen YY,Tian XL,Yu X,et al.Effects of nitrite stress on the non-specific immune response and HSP70 expression of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2013,43(11):35-42[陈芸燕,田相利,于晓,等.亚硝酸氮胁迫对刺参体壁非特异性免疫能力及HSP70表达的影响.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(11):35-42]
Dong XL,Li CL,Zhao B,et al.Effects of low salinity stress on the activities of non-specific immune enzymes and antibacterial activity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2013,34(3):82-87[董晓亮,李成林,赵斌,等.低盐胁迫对刺参非特异性免疫酶活性及抗菌活力的影响.渔业科学进展,2013,34(3):82-87]
Dong YW,Dong SL.Advances of ecological physiology in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2009,39(5):908-912[董云伟,董双林.刺参对温度适应的生理生态学研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,2009,39(5):908-912]
Fang J,Yan MC,Zhang JM,et al.Preliminary studies on the effects of pH and ammonia on growth and survival to Scapharca subcrenata juveniles.Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University(Natural Science),2008,27(3):281-285[方军,闫茂仓,张炯明,等.p H和氨氮对毛蚶稚贝生长与存活影响的初步研究.浙江海洋学院学报,2008,27(3):281-285]
Geng CF,Tian Y,Zhang YP,et al.Effects of acute low salinity stress on the physiological indices of Apostichopus japonicus.Journal of Fishery Science of China,2015,22(4):666-674[庚辰帆,田燚,张宇鹏,等.低盐胁迫对仿刺参相关生理指标的影响.中国水产科学,2015,22(4):666-674]
He YY,Li J,Liu P,et al.Comparison of the resistance to pHvalue an ammonia in Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)families.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2008,38(5):761-765[何玉英,李健,刘萍,等.中国对虾家系幼体对氨氮和pH值的耐受性比较.中国海洋大学学报,2008,38(5):761-765]
Hong ML,Chen LQ,Gu SZ,et al.Effects of ammonia exposure on immunity indicators of haemolymph and histological structure of hepatopancreas in Chinese mitten carb(Eriocheir sinensis).Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2007,14(3):412-418[洪美玲,陈立侨,顾顺樟,等.氨氮胁迫对中华绒螯蟹免疫指标及肝胰腺组织结构的影响.中国水产科学,2007,14(3):412-418]
Hu W,Li CL,Zhao B,et al.Effects of low salinity stress on survival,growth and feeding rate of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2012,33(3):92-97[胡炜,李成林,赵斌,等.低盐胁迫对刺参存活、摄食和生长的影响.渔业科学进展,2012,33(3):92-97]
Li B,Fan QX,Yang K,et al.Effects of chronic ammonia stress on foraging,growth and haematological parameters of yellow catfish(Pelteobagres fulvidraco)juveniles.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2011,17(6):824-829[李波,樊启学,杨凯,等.慢性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼摄食?生长及血液指标的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2011,17(6):824-829]
Li CL,Hu W.The development situation,trend and suggestions on the Apostichopus japonicus Selenka aquaculture industry of China.Marine Economy of China,2017(1):3-20[李成林,胡炜.我国刺参产业发展状况、趋势与对策建议.中国海洋经济,2017(1):3-20]
Li CL,Song AH,Hu W,et al.Status analysis and sustainable development strategy of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka aquaculture industry in Shandong Province.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2010,31(4):126-132[李成林,宋爱环,胡炜,等.山东省刺参养殖产业现状分析与可持续发展对策.渔业科学进展,2010,31(4):126-132]
Li GR,Ren LH,Sun GH,et al.Effects of hypoxic stress on oxidative stress indices in Apostichopus japonicas.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2016,37(5):133-139[李根瑞,任利华,孙国华,等.低溶氧胁迫对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)氧化应激指标的影响.渔业科学进展,2016,37(5):133-139]
Li WX,Xie J,Song R,et al.Effects of pH stress on cortisol and non-specific immunity of Carassius Auratus Gibelio.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(2):256-261[李文祥,谢骏,宋锐,等.水体pH对异育银鲫皮质醇激素和非特异性免疫的影响.水生生物学报,2011,35(2):256-261]
Pan Q,Tan YG,Bi YZ,et al.Effects of acid supplement on growth and feed utilization in tilapia Oreochrmois niloticus?O.aureus.Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(6):682-688[潘庆,谭永刚,毕英佐,等.酸制剂对罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响.水产学报,2004,28(6):682-688]
Ryter SW,Kim HP,Hoetzel A,et al.Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress.Antioxidants&Redox Signaling,2007,9(1):49-89
Sha F,Chang YQ,Ding J.Effects of two cooling modes of low temperature stress on antioxidant enzyme activities and malondiadehyde level in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2015,30(1):25-29[沙飞,常亚青,丁君.两种降温模式的低温胁迫对刺参抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响.大连海洋大学学报,2015,30(1):25-29]
Wu P,Cao ZH,Yang LR,et al.Effects of pH on survival and growth to yellow catfish(Pelteobagres fulvidraco).Reservoir Fisheries,2001,21(6):3-6[吴萍,曹振华,杨立荣,等.pH对黄颡鱼生存和生长的影响.水利渔业,2001,21(6):3-6]
Yuan XT,Yang HS,Wang LL,et al.Effects of salinity on energy budget in pond-cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka).Aquaculture,2010,306:348-351
Zang YQ,Tian XL,Dong SL,et al.The activities of immunoenzymes and heat shock protein 70 content of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)to chronic stress of ammonical nitrogen.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2012,42:60-66[臧元奇,田相利,董双林,等.氨氮慢性胁迫对刺参免疫酶活性及热休克蛋白表达的影响.中国海洋大学学报,2012,42:60-66]
Zeng YY,Ai CX,Liu JG,et al.Effects of pH on some immune factors of mud crab,Scylla paramamosain.Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),2008,47(3):413-418[曾媛媛,艾春香,刘建国,等.pH胁迫对拟穴青蟹体内几种免疫因子的影响.厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2008,47(3):413-418]
Zhao B,Hu W,Li CL,et al.The effects of low salinity on the growth and activities of digestive enzymes in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2015,36(1):91-96[赵斌,胡炜,李成林,等.低盐环境对3种规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长与消化酶活力的影响.渔业科学进展,2015,36(1):91-96]
Zhao W,Liang M,Zhang P.Effect of yeast polysaccharide on the immune function of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka under pH stress.Aquaculture International,2010,18(5):777-786
Zhao XY,Li J,Chen P,et al.Effects of pH stress on survival rate and activities of ion-transport enzyme,immune-related enzymes in three species of shrimps.Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2011,20(5):720-728[赵先银,李健,陈萍,等.pH胁迫对3种对虾存活率、离子转运酶和免疫酶活力的影响,上海海洋大学学报,2011,20(5):720-728]
Chen YY,Tian XL,Yu X,et al.Effects of nitrite stress on the non-specific immune response and HSP70 expression of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2013,43(11):35-42[陈芸燕,田相利,于晓,等.亚硝酸氮胁迫对刺参体壁非特异性免疫能力及HSP70表达的影响.中国海洋大学学报,2013,43(11):35-42]
Dong XL,Li CL,Zhao B,et al.Effects of low salinity stress on the activities of non-specific immune enzymes and antibacterial activity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2013,34(3):82-87[董晓亮,李成林,赵斌,等.低盐胁迫对刺参非特异性免疫酶活性及抗菌活力的影响.渔业科学进展,2013,34(3):82-87]
Dong YW,Dong SL.Advances of ecological physiology in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2009,39(5):908-912[董云伟,董双林.刺参对温度适应的生理生态学研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,2009,39(5):908-912]
Fang J,Yan MC,Zhang JM,et al.Preliminary studies on the effects of pH and ammonia on growth and survival to Scapharca subcrenata juveniles.Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University(Natural Science),2008,27(3):281-285[方军,闫茂仓,张炯明,等.p H和氨氮对毛蚶稚贝生长与存活影响的初步研究.浙江海洋学院学报,2008,27(3):281-285]
Geng CF,Tian Y,Zhang YP,et al.Effects of acute low salinity stress on the physiological indices of Apostichopus japonicus.Journal of Fishery Science of China,2015,22(4):666-674[庚辰帆,田燚,张宇鹏,等.低盐胁迫对仿刺参相关生理指标的影响.中国水产科学,2015,22(4):666-674]
He YY,Li J,Liu P,et al.Comparison of the resistance to pHvalue an ammonia in Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)families.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2008,38(5):761-765[何玉英,李健,刘萍,等.中国对虾家系幼体对氨氮和pH值的耐受性比较.中国海洋大学学报,2008,38(5):761-765]
Hong ML,Chen LQ,Gu SZ,et al.Effects of ammonia exposure on immunity indicators of haemolymph and histological structure of hepatopancreas in Chinese mitten carb(Eriocheir sinensis).Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2007,14(3):412-418[洪美玲,陈立侨,顾顺樟,等.氨氮胁迫对中华绒螯蟹免疫指标及肝胰腺组织结构的影响.中国水产科学,2007,14(3):412-418]
Hu W,Li CL,Zhao B,et al.Effects of low salinity stress on survival,growth and feeding rate of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2012,33(3):92-97[胡炜,李成林,赵斌,等.低盐胁迫对刺参存活、摄食和生长的影响.渔业科学进展,2012,33(3):92-97]
Li B,Fan QX,Yang K,et al.Effects of chronic ammonia stress on foraging,growth and haematological parameters of yellow catfish(Pelteobagres fulvidraco)juveniles.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2011,17(6):824-829[李波,樊启学,杨凯,等.慢性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼摄食?生长及血液指标的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2011,17(6):824-829]
Li CL,Hu W.The development situation,trend and suggestions on the Apostichopus japonicus Selenka aquaculture industry of China.Marine Economy of China,2017(1):3-20[李成林,胡炜.我国刺参产业发展状况、趋势与对策建议.中国海洋经济,2017(1):3-20]
Li CL,Song AH,Hu W,et al.Status analysis and sustainable development strategy of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka aquaculture industry in Shandong Province.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2010,31(4):126-132[李成林,宋爱环,胡炜,等.山东省刺参养殖产业现状分析与可持续发展对策.渔业科学进展,2010,31(4):126-132]
Li GR,Ren LH,Sun GH,et al.Effects of hypoxic stress on oxidative stress indices in Apostichopus japonicas.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2016,37(5):133-139[李根瑞,任利华,孙国华,等.低溶氧胁迫对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)氧化应激指标的影响.渔业科学进展,2016,37(5):133-139]
Li WX,Xie J,Song R,et al.Effects of pH stress on cortisol and non-specific immunity of Carassius Auratus Gibelio.Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2011,35(2):256-261[李文祥,谢骏,宋锐,等.水体pH对异育银鲫皮质醇激素和非特异性免疫的影响.水生生物学报,2011,35(2):256-261]
Pan Q,Tan YG,Bi YZ,et al.Effects of acid supplement on growth and feed utilization in tilapia Oreochrmois niloticus?O.aureus.Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(6):682-688[潘庆,谭永刚,毕英佐,等.酸制剂对罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响.水产学报,2004,28(6):682-688]
Ryter SW,Kim HP,Hoetzel A,et al.Mechanisms of cell death in oxidative stress.Antioxidants&Redox Signaling,2007,9(1):49-89
Sha F,Chang YQ,Ding J.Effects of two cooling modes of low temperature stress on antioxidant enzyme activities and malondiadehyde level in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2015,30(1):25-29[沙飞,常亚青,丁君.两种降温模式的低温胁迫对刺参抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响.大连海洋大学学报,2015,30(1):25-29]
Wu P,Cao ZH,Yang LR,et al.Effects of pH on survival and growth to yellow catfish(Pelteobagres fulvidraco).Reservoir Fisheries,2001,21(6):3-6[吴萍,曹振华,杨立荣,等.pH对黄颡鱼生存和生长的影响.水利渔业,2001,21(6):3-6]
Yuan XT,Yang HS,Wang LL,et al.Effects of salinity on energy budget in pond-cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka).Aquaculture,2010,306:348-351
Zang YQ,Tian XL,Dong SL,et al.The activities of immunoenzymes and heat shock protein 70 content of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)to chronic stress of ammonical nitrogen.Periodical of Ocean University of China,2012,42:60-66[臧元奇,田相利,董双林,等.氨氮慢性胁迫对刺参免疫酶活性及热休克蛋白表达的影响.中国海洋大学学报,2012,42:60-66]
Zeng YY,Ai CX,Liu JG,et al.Effects of pH on some immune factors of mud crab,Scylla paramamosain.Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),2008,47(3):413-418[曾媛媛,艾春香,刘建国,等.pH胁迫对拟穴青蟹体内几种免疫因子的影响.厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2008,47(3):413-418]
Zhao B,Hu W,Li CL,et al.The effects of low salinity on the growth and activities of digestive enzymes in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2015,36(1):91-96[赵斌,胡炜,李成林,等.低盐环境对3种规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长与消化酶活力的影响.渔业科学进展,2015,36(1):91-96]
Zhao W,Liang M,Zhang P.Effect of yeast polysaccharide on the immune function of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka under pH stress.Aquaculture International,2010,18(5):777-786
Zhao XY,Li J,Chen P,et al.Effects of pH stress on survival rate and activities of ion-transport enzyme,immune-related enzymes in three species of shrimps.Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2011,20(5):720-728[赵先银,李健,陈萍,等.pH胁迫对3种对虾存活率、离子转运酶和免疫酶活力的影响,上海海洋大学学报,2011,20(5):720-728]