白云岩洞穴系统中水-气CO_2分压对洞穴水水文化学过程的影响:以贵州双河洞为例
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摘要
为揭示白云岩岩层中所发育洞穴系统中的中的洞穴水与空气中CO_2分压对洞穴水水文化学过程的影响及其动态变化特征和控制因素。从2015年4月至9月对绥阳双河洞洞穴水的水化学指标进行了为期6个月的动态监测,结果表明:(1)双河洞洞穴水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3~--SO_~(2-)-Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)型水,在受到上覆石膏岩层的影响时,SO_4~(2-)成为优势离子且可以极大提高溶液中Ca~(2+)离子含量;(2)洞穴滴水的水-气间CO_2分压差值(△PCO_2)与SI之间存在良好的负相关关系的同时,2种重要的矿物饱和指数SI_c,SI_d之间存在着良好的正相关关系;(3)实测数据分析证明"表观饱和指数"现象的客观存在;(4)洞穴水中的液相CO_2(PCO_2_(water))与溶液的pH值呈现出显著的负相关关系,且在未开发的天然封闭洞腔中洞穴空气CO_2分压对洞穴水水文地球化学过程影响较小。
In order to explore the effects of cave water in the dolomite-strata-developed cave system and CO_2 partial pressure of atmosphere on cave water hydro-chemical process and its dynamic characteristics as well as control factors,the dynamic monitoring was conducted for a period of 6 months from June to September 2015,with respect to the water chemistry indices of cave water in Shuanghe Cave.The results of the monitoring indicated that hydro-chemical types of Shuanghe cave-water were mainly HCO_3~-Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+) and SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+),and when influenced by overlying gypsum strata SO_4~(2-) would become dominant ions thus greatly increasing Ca~(2+) ion content.There was a good negative correlation between △PCO_2,the CO_2 partial pressure difference between drip water and gas phase,and Sic,while at the same time,there existed a good positive correlation between SI_c and SI_d,the two important mineral saturation indices.The objective existence of the phenomenon of apparent saturation index was proved by the analysis of the measured data;and Significant negative correlation existed between the liquid phase CO_2(PCO_2_(water)) of cave-water and pH value of the solution,and the influence of the CO_2 partial pressure of the cave air in natural intact closed cavity on the cave water was comparatively small.
In order to explore the effects of cave water in the dolomite-strata-developed cave system and CO_2 partial pressure of atmosphere on cave water hydro-chemical process and its dynamic characteristics as well as control factors,the dynamic monitoring was conducted for a period of 6 months from June to September 2015,with respect to the water chemistry indices of cave water in Shuanghe Cave.The results of the monitoring indicated that hydro-chemical types of Shuanghe cave-water were mainly HCO_3~-Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+) and SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+),and when influenced by overlying gypsum strata SO_4~(2-) would become dominant ions thus greatly increasing Ca~(2+) ion content.There was a good negative correlation between △PCO_2,the CO_2 partial pressure difference between drip water and gas phase,and Sic,while at the same time,there existed a good positive correlation between SI_c and SI_d,the two important mineral saturation indices.The objective existence of the phenomenon of apparent saturation index was proved by the analysis of the measured data;and Significant negative correlation existed between the liquid phase CO_2(PCO_2_(water)) of cave-water and pH value of the solution,and the influence of the CO_2 partial pressure of the cave air in natural intact closed cavity on the cave water was comparatively small.
引文
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[2]袁道先.中国岩溶动力系统[M].北京:地质出版社,2002:62-108.Yuan Daoxian.Karst Dynamic System in China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002:62-108.(in Chinese)
[3]蒋忠诚,裴建国,夏日元,等.我国“十一五”期间的岩溶研究进展与重要活动[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(4):349-354.Jiang Zhongcheng,Pei Jianguo,Xia Riyuan,et al.Progress and important activities of karst research during the 11th Five-Year Plan in China[J].Carsologica Sinica,2010,29(4):349-354.(in Chinese)
[4]张美良,朱晓燕,吴夏,等.广西巴马县水晶宫洞穴沉积物特征及其沉积环境[J].中国岩溶,2013,32(3):345-357.Zhang Meiliang,Zhu Xiaoyan,Wu Xia,et al.Characteristics of deposits and the depositional environment in Shuijinggong Cave in Bama,Guangxi[J].Carsologica Sinica,2013,32(3):345-357.(in Chinese)
[5]张美良,朱晓燕,吴夏,等.地下河水人工补给洞穴滴水、碳酸盐(钙)沉积特征及景观恢复探讨[J].中国岩溶,2015,34(1):17-26.Zhang Meiliang,Zhu Xiaoyan,Wu Xia,et al.Characteristics of cave drip water and modern carbonate(Ca CO3)deposits caused by underground river artificial recharge and landscape restoration[J].Carsologica Sinica,2015,34(1):17-26.(in Chinese)
[6]李涛,曹建华,张美良,等.桂林盘龙洞岩溶表层带土壤CO2浓度的季节变化研究[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(3):348-353.Li Tao,Cao Jianhua,Zhang Meiliang,et al.The seasonal variation of soil CO2concentration in epikarst in Panlong Cave,Guilin[J].Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(3):348-353.(in Chinese)
[7]Fairchild I J,Tooth A F.Cave air control on drip water geochemistry,Obir Cave(Austria):implications for speleothem deposition in dynamically ventilated caves[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2005,10(69):2451-2468.
[8]Fairchild I J,Tooth A F.Controls on trace element(Sr-Mg)compostions of carbonate cave waters:implications for speleothem climatic records[J].Chemical Geology,2000,166(2000):255-269.
[9]Whitaker T,Jones D,Baldini J U L,et al.A high-resolution spatial survey of cave air carbon di-oxide concentrations in Scoska Cave(North Yorkshire,UK):implications for calcite deposition and redissolution[J].2009,36(3):85-92.
[10]贺卫,李坡.双河洞地质公园研究[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2008(5):21-45.He Wei,Li Po.Study on Shuanghe Cave Geopark[M].Guiyang:Guizhou People's Publishing House,2008(5):21-45.(in Chinese)
[11]陈建庚,张英骏.贵州绥阳双河洞系的发育与成因探讨[J].中国岩溶,1994,13(9):247-255.Chen Jiangeng,Zhang Yinjun.Formation and development of Shuanghe Cave system,Suiyang,Guizhou[J].Carsologica Sinica,1994,13(9):247-255.(in Chinese)
[12]Hess J W,White W B.Groundwater geochemistry of the carbonate karst aquifer,south central Kentucky,U.S.A.[J].Applied Geochemistry,1993(8):189-204.
[13]杨文妍,耿红,魏海英,等.云冈石窟大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(4):47-52.Yang Wenyan,Geng Hong,Wei Haiying,et al.Pollution characterization of water-soluble ions in atmospheric PM2.5collected in Yungang Grottoes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(4):47-52.(in Chinese)
[14]刘肖,杨炎,彭涛,等.河南鸡冠洞洞穴水对极端气候的响应及其控制因素研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1582-1588.Liu Xiao,Yang Yan,Peng Tao,et al.Response and control factor of groundwater to extreme weather,Jiguan Cave,Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(5):1582-1588.(in Chinese)
[15]王静,宋林华.不同植被类型覆盖下土壤CO2浓度对洞穴景观的影响[J].地理研究,2004,23(1):71-77.Wang Jing,Song Linhua.The impact of the soil CO2concentration under different types of vegetation on landscape in caves[J].Geographical Research,2014,23(1):71-77.(in Chinese)
[16]李义连,王焰新.地下水矿物饱和度的水文地球化学模拟分析[J].地质科技情报,2002,21(3):32.Li Yilian,Wang Yanxin.Hydrogeochemical modeling on saturration of minerals in groundwater:a case study at Niangziguan[J].Northern Geological Science and Technology Information,2001,21(3):32.(in Chinese)
[17]陶峰,孙占学,史维浚.PHREEQCI 2.8在溶浸剂配制中的应用[J].铀矿冶,2007,26(1):15-18.Tao Feng,Sun Zhanxue,Shi Weijun.Application of PHREEQCI 2.8 to preparation of iixiviant[J].Uranium Mining and Metallyrgy,2007,26(1):15-18.(in Chinese)