巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊钙华的水化学成因
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摘要
通过对巴丹吉林沙漠7个湖泊的钙华分布特征调查研究,以及对相关水样的化学成分分析,初步探讨了沙漠东南区湖泊钙华的水化学成因。结果显示:湖水水化学类型为Cl-Na型,Ca2+含量极低,CO2-3或HCO-3含量较高;湖四周地下水水化学类型以Cl-SO4-Na型、Cl-CO3-Na型为主,CO2-3或HCO-3含量较低,Ca2+含量较高,部分湖水中霰石、方解石矿物饱和指数SI>0。PHREEQC软件模拟结果显示,地下水与湖水混合过程中,方解石、霰石饱和指数明显增大。我们认为咸淡水混合效应是钙华形成的重要原因,同时存在湖水蒸发浓缩作用沉淀的碳酸钙;混合端元的组分决定了最大SI时的混合比例以及最大SI值,温度相对混合效应影响较小。
This paper discusses the cause of the tufa in Badain Jaran Desert,throughout investigating the distribution of the tufa and analyzing the hydrochemical characteristics of water samples.Results indicates that the lake water is the type of Cl-Na,along with low concentration of Ca2+and high concentration of CO2-3+HCO-3and groundwater are the types of Cl-SO4-Na and Cl-CO3-Na,with low concentration of CO2-3+HCO-3and high concentration of Ca2+.Saturation index of calcite and aragonite in some lake water is more than 0.Based on the simulation of PHREEQC,the mixing between lake water and groundwater results in SI(saturation index)increasing.Evaporation concentration effect in the lake and the mixing effect between fresh water and salt water are the main cause of calcium carbonate and tufa precipitation.The mixing ratio companied the maximum saturation index is mainly determined by the composition of end member mixing water,while the contribution of temperature is small compared with mixing effect.
This paper discusses the cause of the tufa in Badain Jaran Desert,throughout investigating the distribution of the tufa and analyzing the hydrochemical characteristics of water samples.Results indicates that the lake water is the type of Cl-Na,along with low concentration of Ca2+and high concentration of CO2-3+HCO-3and groundwater are the types of Cl-SO4-Na and Cl-CO3-Na,with low concentration of CO2-3+HCO-3and high concentration of Ca2+.Saturation index of calcite and aragonite in some lake water is more than 0.Based on the simulation of PHREEQC,the mixing between lake water and groundwater results in SI(saturation index)increasing.Evaporation concentration effect in the lake and the mixing effect between fresh water and salt water are the main cause of calcium carbonate and tufa precipitation.The mixing ratio companied the maximum saturation index is mainly determined by the composition of end member mixing water,while the contribution of temperature is small compared with mixing effect.
引文
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[18]陈建生,赵霞,汪集旸,等.巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊钙华与根状结核的发现对研究湖泊水补给的意义[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(4):21-26.
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[20]Hamdan M A,Brook G A.Timing and characteristics of Late Pleistocene and Holocene wetter periods in the Eastern Desert and Sinai of Egypt,based on C-14dating and stable isotope analysis of spring tufa deposits[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2015,130(Suppl.1):168-188.
[21]李卓仑,邵孔兰,宁凯,等.阿拉善高原沙漠地区植物钙质根管的矿物组成特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1483-1488.
[22]朱金峰,王乃昂,陈红宝,等.基于遥感的巴丹吉林沙漠范围与面积分析[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(9):1087-1094.
[23]马素辉,李卓仑,王乃昂,等.地下水补给型湖泊表层沉积物矿物组成及其形成机制——以巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊群为例[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(4):727-734.
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[25]Dong Z B,Qian G Q,Luo W Y,et al.Geomorphological hierarchies for complex mega-dunes and their implications for megadune evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert[J].Geomorphology,2009,106(3/4):180-185.
[26]王乃昂,马宁,陈红宝,等.巴丹吉林沙漠腹地降水特征的初步分析[J].水科学进展,2013,24(2):153-160.
[27]Yang X P,Ma N N,Dong J F,et al.Recharge to the inter-dune lakes and Holocene climatic changes in the Badain Jaran Desert,western China[J].Quaternary Research,2010,73(1):10-19.
[28]王乃昂,宁凯,李卓仑,等.巴丹吉林沙漠全新世的高湖面与泛湖期[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(8):1106-1115.
[29]马延东,赵景波,罗小庆,等.巴丹吉林沙漠沙山区径流与地下水补给条件[J].地理学报,2016,71(3):433-448.
[30]丁宏伟,郭瑞,田刚,等.巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊与高大沙山形成的若干问题探讨[J].甘肃地质,2015,24(2):9-17.
[31]张振瑜,王乃昂,马宁,等.近40a巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊面积变化及其影响因素[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(6):1743-1750.
[32]Wu Y,Wang N A,Zhao L Q,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics and recharge sources of Lake Nuoertu in the Badain Jaran Desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(9):886-895.
[33]马妮娜,杨小平.巴丹吉林沙漠及其东南边缘地区水化学和环境同位素特征及其水文学意义[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(4):702-711.
[34]杨小平.巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊的水化学特征及其全新世以来的演变[J].第四纪研究,2002,22(2):97-104.
[35]黄锡荃.水文学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[36]马金珠,黄天明,丁贞玉,等.同位素指示的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地下水补给来源[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(9):922-930.
[37]王焰新.地下水污染与防治[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[38]Merkel Broder J,Planer-Friedrich B.地下水地球化学模拟的原理及应用[M].朱义年,王焰新,译.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2005.
[39]马骏.反向模拟在PHREEQC程序中的实现[J].中国科技信息,2008(17):43-45.
[40]徐乐昌.地下水模拟常用软件介绍[J].铀矿冶,2002,21(1):33-38.
[41]陶峰,孙占学,史维浚.PHREEQCI 2.8在溶浸剂配制中的应用[J].铀矿冶,2007,26(1):15-18.
[42]沈照理,朱宛华,钟佐燊.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.
[43]钱会,连珺,窦妍.地下水混合作用的碳酸钙溶解沉淀效应[J].地球科学与环境学报,2007,29(1):55-65.
[44]李义连,王焰新,周来茹,等.地下水矿物饱和度的水文地球化学模拟分析——以娘子关泉域岩溶水为例[J].地质科技情报,2002,21(1):32-36.
[45]王焰新,马腾,罗朝晖,等.山西柳林泉域水-岩相互作用地球化学模拟[J].地球科学,1998,23(5):85-88.
[46]毛晓敏,刘翔,Barry D A.PHREEQC在地下水溶质反应运移模拟中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2004(2):20-24.
[47]郭卫星.川西北自然风景中钙华景观的形成与发育[J].山地研究,1988,6(1):54-60.
[48]赵元艺,崔玉斌,赵希涛.西藏扎布耶盐湖钙华岛钙华的地质地球化学特征及意义[J].地质通报,2010,29(1):124-141.
[2]李华举,廖长君,姜殿强,等.钙华沉积机制的研究现状及展望[J].中国岩溶,2006,25(1):57-62.
[3]郭小娟.钙华沉积的水化学控制因素分析及天津王四井钙华形成的模拟研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2011.
[4]Pentecost A.The quaternary travertine deposits of Europe and Asia Minor[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,1995,14(10):1005-1028.
[5]Pentecost A,Zhang Z H.A review of Chinese travertines[J].Cave&Karst Science,2001,28(1):15-28.
[6]Ford T D,Pedley H M.A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1996,41(3/4):117-175.
[7]张英骏,莫仲达.黄果树瀑布成因初探[J].地理学报,1982,37(3):303-316.
[8]祝安.河成石灰华成因──掺气效应研究[J].贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,1994,12(1):33-39.
[9]程星.薄水效应初论[J].中国岩溶,1994,13(3):207-212.
[10]张英骏,程星,祝安.石灰华沉积机制的实验研究[J].中国岩溶,1994,13(3):197-205.
[11]刘再华,袁道先,Dreybrodt W,等.四川黄龙钙华的形成[J].中国岩溶,1993,12(3):4-10.
[12]卢国平.四川黄龙—九寨自然风景区冷水型钙华成因的水文地球化学研究[J].矿物岩石,1994,14(3):71-78.
[13]Li Y L,Wang Y X,Deng A L.Paleoclimate record and paleohydrogeological analysis of travertine from the Niangziguan Karst Springs,northern China[J].Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,2001,44(Suppl.1):114-118.
[14]刘再华,游省易,李强,等.云南白水台钙华景区的水化学和碳氧同位素特征及其在古环境重建研究中的意义[J].第四纪研究,2002,22(5):459-467.
[15]王华,杨更,覃嘉铭,等.四川黄龙大湾—张家沟钙华沉积剖面的古气候记录研究[J].地球学报,2007,28(5):469-474.
[16]Daneshvar M R M.Climatic impacts on hydrogeochemical characteristics of mineralized springs:a case study of the Garab travertine zone in the northeast of Iran[J].Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(7):4895-4906.
[17]Chen J S,Li L,Wang J Y,et al.Groundwater maintains dune landscape[J].Nature,2004,432(7016):459-460.
[18]陈建生,赵霞,汪集旸,等.巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊钙华与根状结核的发现对研究湖泊水补给的意义[J].中国岩溶,2004,23(4):21-26.
[19]Andrews J E.Palaeoclimatic records from stable isotopes in riverine tufas:Synthesis and review[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2006,75(1/4):85-104.
[20]Hamdan M A,Brook G A.Timing and characteristics of Late Pleistocene and Holocene wetter periods in the Eastern Desert and Sinai of Egypt,based on C-14dating and stable isotope analysis of spring tufa deposits[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2015,130(Suppl.1):168-188.
[21]李卓仑,邵孔兰,宁凯,等.阿拉善高原沙漠地区植物钙质根管的矿物组成特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1483-1488.
[22]朱金峰,王乃昂,陈红宝,等.基于遥感的巴丹吉林沙漠范围与面积分析[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(9):1087-1094.
[23]马素辉,李卓仑,王乃昂,等.地下水补给型湖泊表层沉积物矿物组成及其形成机制——以巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊群为例[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(4):727-734.
[24]Yang X P,Scuderi L,Liu T,et al.Formation of the highest sand dunes on Earth[J].Geomorphology,2011,135(1/2):108-116.
[25]Dong Z B,Qian G Q,Luo W Y,et al.Geomorphological hierarchies for complex mega-dunes and their implications for megadune evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert[J].Geomorphology,2009,106(3/4):180-185.
[26]王乃昂,马宁,陈红宝,等.巴丹吉林沙漠腹地降水特征的初步分析[J].水科学进展,2013,24(2):153-160.
[27]Yang X P,Ma N N,Dong J F,et al.Recharge to the inter-dune lakes and Holocene climatic changes in the Badain Jaran Desert,western China[J].Quaternary Research,2010,73(1):10-19.
[28]王乃昂,宁凯,李卓仑,等.巴丹吉林沙漠全新世的高湖面与泛湖期[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(8):1106-1115.
[29]马延东,赵景波,罗小庆,等.巴丹吉林沙漠沙山区径流与地下水补给条件[J].地理学报,2016,71(3):433-448.
[30]丁宏伟,郭瑞,田刚,等.巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊与高大沙山形成的若干问题探讨[J].甘肃地质,2015,24(2):9-17.
[31]张振瑜,王乃昂,马宁,等.近40a巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊面积变化及其影响因素[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(6):1743-1750.
[32]Wu Y,Wang N A,Zhao L Q,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics and recharge sources of Lake Nuoertu in the Badain Jaran Desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(9):886-895.
[33]马妮娜,杨小平.巴丹吉林沙漠及其东南边缘地区水化学和环境同位素特征及其水文学意义[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(4):702-711.
[34]杨小平.巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊的水化学特征及其全新世以来的演变[J].第四纪研究,2002,22(2):97-104.
[35]黄锡荃.水文学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.
[36]马金珠,黄天明,丁贞玉,等.同位素指示的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地下水补给来源[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(9):922-930.
[37]王焰新.地下水污染与防治[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[38]Merkel Broder J,Planer-Friedrich B.地下水地球化学模拟的原理及应用[M].朱义年,王焰新,译.武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2005.
[39]马骏.反向模拟在PHREEQC程序中的实现[J].中国科技信息,2008(17):43-45.
[40]徐乐昌.地下水模拟常用软件介绍[J].铀矿冶,2002,21(1):33-38.
[41]陶峰,孙占学,史维浚.PHREEQCI 2.8在溶浸剂配制中的应用[J].铀矿冶,2007,26(1):15-18.
[42]沈照理,朱宛华,钟佐燊.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.
[43]钱会,连珺,窦妍.地下水混合作用的碳酸钙溶解沉淀效应[J].地球科学与环境学报,2007,29(1):55-65.
[44]李义连,王焰新,周来茹,等.地下水矿物饱和度的水文地球化学模拟分析——以娘子关泉域岩溶水为例[J].地质科技情报,2002,21(1):32-36.
[45]王焰新,马腾,罗朝晖,等.山西柳林泉域水-岩相互作用地球化学模拟[J].地球科学,1998,23(5):85-88.
[46]毛晓敏,刘翔,Barry D A.PHREEQC在地下水溶质反应运移模拟中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2004(2):20-24.
[47]郭卫星.川西北自然风景中钙华景观的形成与发育[J].山地研究,1988,6(1):54-60.
[48]赵元艺,崔玉斌,赵希涛.西藏扎布耶盐湖钙华岛钙华的地质地球化学特征及意义[J].地质通报,2010,29(1):124-141.