Investigation of photon energy absorption properties for some biomolecules
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摘要
The mass energy absorption coefficient(μ_(en)/p),effective atomic number(Z_(PEA)_(eff)),and electron density(N_(PEA)_(eff))of some biomolecules with potential application in radiation dosimetry were calculated for their photon energy absorption(PEA)in the energy region of 1-20 MeV.It was noticed that the values of μ_(en)/ρ,Z_(PEA)_(eff),and N_(PEA)_(eff) vary with the energy and composition of the biomolecules.The results for Z_(PEA)_(eff) were compared with effective atomic numbers(Z_(PI)_(eff))owing to the photon interaction(PI).Significant differences were noted between Z_(PEA)_(eff) and Z_(PI)_(eff) in the energy region of 10-150 keV for all of the biomolecules involved.A maximum difference of 45.36% was observed at 50 keV for creatinine hydrochloride.Moreover,the studied attenuation parameters were found to be sharply affected at the K-absorption edge of relatively high-Z elements present in the biomolecules.
The mass energy absorption coefficient(μ_(en)/p),effective atomic number(Z_(PEA)_(eff)),and electron density(N_(PEA)_(eff))of some biomolecules with potential application in radiation dosimetry were calculated for their photon energy absorption(PEA)in the energy region of 1-20 MeV.It was noticed that the values of μ_(en)/ρ,Z_(PEA)_(eff),and N_(PEA)_(eff) vary with the energy and composition of the biomolecules.The results for Z_(PEA)_(eff) were compared with effective atomic numbers(Z_(PI)_(eff))owing to the photon interaction(PI).Significant differences were noted between Z_(PEA)_(eff) and Z_(PI)_(eff) in the energy region of 10-150 keV for all of the biomolecules involved.A maximum difference of 45.36% was observed at 50 keV for creatinine hydrochloride.Moreover,the studied attenuation parameters were found to be sharply affected at the K-absorption edge of relatively high-Z elements present in the biomolecules.
The mass energy absorption coefficient(μ_(en)/p),effective atomic number(Z_(PEA)_(eff)),and electron density(N_(PEA)_(eff))of some biomolecules with potential application in radiation dosimetry were calculated for their photon energy absorption(PEA)in the energy region of 1-20 MeV.It was noticed that the values of μ_(en)/ρ,Z_(PEA)_(eff),and N_(PEA)_(eff) vary with the energy and composition of the biomolecules.The results for Z_(PEA)_(eff) were compared with effective atomic numbers(Z_(PI)_(eff))owing to the photon interaction(PI).Significant differences were noted between Z_(PEA)_(eff) and Z_(PI)_(eff) in the energy region of 10-150 keV for all of the biomolecules involved.A maximum difference of 45.36% was observed at 50 keV for creatinine hydrochloride.Moreover,the studied attenuation parameters were found to be sharply affected at the K-absorption edge of relatively high-Z elements present in the biomolecules.
引文
1.G.J.Hine,The effective atomic numbers of materials for various gamma ray interactions.Phys.Rev.85,725-737(1952)
2.J.H.Hubbell,Photon mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients.Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isot.33(11),1269-1290(1982).https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(82)90248-4
3.J.S.Revathy,J.Anooja,R.B.Krishnaveni et al.,Effective atomic numbers in some food materials and medicines for c-ray attenuation using137Cs c-ray.Pramana-J.Phys.90,72(2018).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-018-1570-9
4.R.S.Niranjan,B.Rudraswamy,N.Dhananjaya,Effective atomic number,electron density and kerma of gamma radiation for oxides of lanthanides.Pramana-J.Phys.78,451-458(2012).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-011-0247-4
5.O.Eyecioglu,A.M.El-Khayatt,Y.Karabul et al.,A study on compatibility of experimental effective atomic numbers with those predicted by ZXCOM.Nucl.Sci.Tech.28,63(2017).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-017-0220-0
6.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,K.S.Thind et al.,The effective atomic number revisited in the light of modern photoninteraction cross-section databases.Appl.Radiat.Isot.68(4-5),784-787(2010).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.09.047
7.G.J.Hine,G.L.Brownell,Radiation Dosimetry(Academic Prss Inc,New York,1956).https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3257-7.50001-9
8.B.M.Ladhaf,P.P.Pawar,Studies on mass energy-absorption coefficients and effective atomic energy-absorption cross sections for carbohydrates.Radiat.Phys.Chem.109,89-94(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.12.015
9.J.H.Hubbell,S.M.Seltzer,Tables of X-Ray mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy-absorption coefficients 1 keV to 20MeV for Elements Z?1 to 92 and 48 Additional substances of Dosimetric Interest.NIST Standard Reference Database 126,(1995).https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D01F
10.C.T.Chantler,Theoretical form factor,attenuation,and scattering tabulation for Z?1-92 from E?1-10 eV to E?0:4-1.0MeV.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data 24(1),71-643(1995).https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555974
11.M.J.Berger,J.H.Hubbell,S.M.Seltzer et al.,XCOM:photon cross sections database.NIST Standard Reference Database 8,(1998).https://doi.org/10.18434/T48G6X
12.L.Gerward,N.Guilbert,K.B.Jensen et al.,WinXCom-a program for calculating X-ray attenuation coefficients.Radiat.Phys.Chem.71,653-654(2004).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rad physchem.2004.04.040
13.C.T.Chantler et al.,X-ray form factor,attenuation and scattering tables,NIST Standard Reference.Database 66,(2005).https://doi.org/10.18434/T4HS32
14.S.Gowda,S.Krishnaveni,R.Gowda,Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities in amino acids and sugars in the energy range 30-1333 keV.Nucl.Instr.Meth.Phys.Res.B.239,361-369(2005).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.05.048
15.D.F.Jackson,H.J.David,X-ray attenuation coefficients of elements and mixtures.Phys.Rep.70,169-233(1981).https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(81)90014-4
16.G.K.Sandhu,K.Singh,B.S.Lark et al.,Molar extinction coefficients of some fatty acids.Radiat.Phys.Chem.65,211-2015(2002).https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(02)00269-4
17.A.Kumar,Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities of nucleobases in DNA.Radiat.Phys.Chem.127,48-55(2016).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.06.006
18.V.V.Awasarmol,D.K.Gaikwad,S.D.Raut et al.,Photon interaction study of organic nonlinear optical materials in the energy range 122-1330 keV.Radiat.Phys.Chem.130,343-350(2017).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.09.012
19.Y.Elmahroug,B.Tellili,C.Souga et al.,Determination of total mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers and electron densities for different shielding materials.Ann.Nucl.Energy 75,268-274(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.08.015
20.B.O.Elbashir,M.G.Dong,M.I.Sayyed et al.,Comparison of Monte Carlo simulation of gamma ray attenuation coefficients of amino acids with XCOM program and experimental data.Results Phys.9,6-11(2018).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.01.075
21.B.Akc?a,S.Z.Erzeneog?lu,The mass attenuation coefficients,electronic,atomic,and molecular cross sections,effective atomic numbers,and electron densities for compounds of some biomedically important elements at 59.5 keV.Sci.Technol.Nucl.Ins.(2014).https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/901465
22.B.S.Sidhu,A.S.Dhaliwal,K.S.Mann et al.,Study of mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers and electron densities for some low Z compounds of dosimetry interest at59.54 keV incident photon energy.Ann.Nucl.Energy 42,153-157(2012).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2011.12.015
23.N.A.B.Amin,J.Zukhi,N.A.Kabir et al.,Determination of effective atomic numbers from mass attenuation coefficients of tissue-equivalent materials in the energy range 60 keV-1.33MeV.J.Phys.Conf.Ser.851,012018(2017).https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/851/1/012018
24.H.C.Manjunatha,B.Rudraswamy,Study of effective atomic number and electron density for tissues from human organs in the energy range of 1 keV-100 GeV.Health Phys.104(2),158-162(2013).https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e31827132e3
25.V.P.Singh,N.M.Badiger,N.Kucuk,Assessment of methods for estimation of effective atomic numbers of common human organ and tissue substitutes:waxes,plastics and polymers.Radioprotection 49(2),115-121(2014).https://doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2013090
26.M.Kurudirek,T.Onaran,Calculation of effective atomic number and electron density of essential biomolecules for electron,proton,alpha particle and multi-energetic photon interactions.Radiat.Phys.Chem.112,125-138(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.034
27.D.Salehi,D.Sardari,M.S.Jozani,Investigation of some radiation shielding parameters in soft tissue.J.Radiat.Res.Appl.Sci.8(3),439-445(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.03.004
28.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,L.Gerward,Studies on effective atomic number,electron density and kerma for some fatty acids and carbohydrates.Phys.Med.Biol.53(20),N377-86(2008).https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/53/20/N01
29.H.Arslan,Photon attenuation parameters for some tissues from Geant4 simulation,theoretical calculations and experimental data:a comparative study.Nucl.Sci.Tech.30,96(2019).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0617-z
30.J.H.Hubbell,Photon Mass Attenuation and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients for H,C,N,O,Ar,and Seven Mixtures from 0.1 keV to 20 MeV.Radiat.Res.70,58-81(1977).https://doi.org/10.2307/3574732
31.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,Effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption of essential amino acids in the energy range 1 keV to 20 MeV.Nucl.Instr.Meth.Phys.Res.B264,9-14(2007).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.08.018
32.A.Shantappa,S.G.Gounhalli,S.M.Hanagodimath,Energy dependence of effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption of vitamins.IOSR J.Appl.Phys.2,49-56(2012)
33.V.P.Singh,M.E.Medhat,N.M.Badiger,Photon energy absorption coefficients for nuclear track detectors using Geant4Monte Carlo simulation.Radiat.Phys.Chem.106,83-87(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.07.001
34.M.Singh,A.Tondon,B.S.Sandhu et al.,Energy dependence of radiation interaction parameters of some organic compounds.Radiat.Phys.Chem.145,80-88(2018).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.12.020
35.P.P.Pawar,G.K.Bichile,Studies on mass attenuation coefficient,effective atomic number and electron density of some amino acids in the energy range 0.122-1.330 MeV.Radiat.Phys.Chem.92,22-27(2013).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.07.004
36.P.S.Kore,P.P.Pawar,Measurements of mass attenuation coefficient,effective atomic number and electron density of some amino acids.Radiat.Phys.Chem.98,86-91(2014).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.12.038
37.D.K.Gaikwad,P.P.Pawar,T.P.Selvam,Mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers of biological compounds for gamma ray interactions.Radiat.Phys.Chem.138,75-80(2017).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.03.040
38.B.T.Tonguc,H.Arslan,M.S.Al-Buriahi,Studies on mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers and electron densities for some biomolecules.Radiat.Phys.Chem.153,86-91(2018).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.025
39.M.Kurudirek,Y.Ozdemir,A comprehensive study on energy absorption and exposure buildup factors for some essential amino acids,fatty acids and carbohydrates in the energy range 0.015-15MeV up to 40 mean free path.Nucl.Instr.Methods Phys.Res.B.269,7-19(2011).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.10.015
40.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,L.Gerward,The effective atomic numbers of some biomolecules calculated by two methods:a comparative study.Med.Phys.36,137-141(2009).https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3030952
41.M.Kurudirek,T.Sinan,Investigation of human teeth with respect to the photon interaction,energy absorption and buildup factor.Nucl.Instr.Methods Phys.Res.B.269,1071-1081(2011).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.03.004
42.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities of essential amino acids in the energy range 1 keV-100 GeV.Nucl.Instr.Methods Phys.Res.B.258,321-328(2007).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.02.101
43.J.H.Hubbell,Review of photon interaction cross section data in the medical and biological context.Phys.Med.Biol.44(1),R1-22(1999).https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/1/001
44.C.T.Chantler,Detailed tabulation of atomic form factors,photoelectric absorption and scattering cross section,and mass attenuation coefficients in the vicinity of absorption edges in the soft X-ray(Z?30-36,Z?60-89,E?0:1 keV-10 keV),addressing convergence issues of earlier work.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data 29,597-1048(2000).https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1321055
45.S.Glasstone,A.Sesonske,Nuclear reactor engineering.Nucl.Sci.Eng.81,484-485(1982)
2.J.H.Hubbell,Photon mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients.Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isot.33(11),1269-1290(1982).https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(82)90248-4
3.J.S.Revathy,J.Anooja,R.B.Krishnaveni et al.,Effective atomic numbers in some food materials and medicines for c-ray attenuation using137Cs c-ray.Pramana-J.Phys.90,72(2018).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-018-1570-9
4.R.S.Niranjan,B.Rudraswamy,N.Dhananjaya,Effective atomic number,electron density and kerma of gamma radiation for oxides of lanthanides.Pramana-J.Phys.78,451-458(2012).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12043-011-0247-4
5.O.Eyecioglu,A.M.El-Khayatt,Y.Karabul et al.,A study on compatibility of experimental effective atomic numbers with those predicted by ZXCOM.Nucl.Sci.Tech.28,63(2017).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-017-0220-0
6.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,K.S.Thind et al.,The effective atomic number revisited in the light of modern photoninteraction cross-section databases.Appl.Radiat.Isot.68(4-5),784-787(2010).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.09.047
7.G.J.Hine,G.L.Brownell,Radiation Dosimetry(Academic Prss Inc,New York,1956).https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3257-7.50001-9
8.B.M.Ladhaf,P.P.Pawar,Studies on mass energy-absorption coefficients and effective atomic energy-absorption cross sections for carbohydrates.Radiat.Phys.Chem.109,89-94(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.12.015
9.J.H.Hubbell,S.M.Seltzer,Tables of X-Ray mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy-absorption coefficients 1 keV to 20MeV for Elements Z?1 to 92 and 48 Additional substances of Dosimetric Interest.NIST Standard Reference Database 126,(1995).https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D01F
10.C.T.Chantler,Theoretical form factor,attenuation,and scattering tabulation for Z?1-92 from E?1-10 eV to E?0:4-1.0MeV.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data 24(1),71-643(1995).https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555974
11.M.J.Berger,J.H.Hubbell,S.M.Seltzer et al.,XCOM:photon cross sections database.NIST Standard Reference Database 8,(1998).https://doi.org/10.18434/T48G6X
12.L.Gerward,N.Guilbert,K.B.Jensen et al.,WinXCom-a program for calculating X-ray attenuation coefficients.Radiat.Phys.Chem.71,653-654(2004).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rad physchem.2004.04.040
13.C.T.Chantler et al.,X-ray form factor,attenuation and scattering tables,NIST Standard Reference.Database 66,(2005).https://doi.org/10.18434/T4HS32
14.S.Gowda,S.Krishnaveni,R.Gowda,Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities in amino acids and sugars in the energy range 30-1333 keV.Nucl.Instr.Meth.Phys.Res.B.239,361-369(2005).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.05.048
15.D.F.Jackson,H.J.David,X-ray attenuation coefficients of elements and mixtures.Phys.Rep.70,169-233(1981).https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(81)90014-4
16.G.K.Sandhu,K.Singh,B.S.Lark et al.,Molar extinction coefficients of some fatty acids.Radiat.Phys.Chem.65,211-2015(2002).https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(02)00269-4
17.A.Kumar,Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities of nucleobases in DNA.Radiat.Phys.Chem.127,48-55(2016).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.06.006
18.V.V.Awasarmol,D.K.Gaikwad,S.D.Raut et al.,Photon interaction study of organic nonlinear optical materials in the energy range 122-1330 keV.Radiat.Phys.Chem.130,343-350(2017).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.09.012
19.Y.Elmahroug,B.Tellili,C.Souga et al.,Determination of total mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers and electron densities for different shielding materials.Ann.Nucl.Energy 75,268-274(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2014.08.015
20.B.O.Elbashir,M.G.Dong,M.I.Sayyed et al.,Comparison of Monte Carlo simulation of gamma ray attenuation coefficients of amino acids with XCOM program and experimental data.Results Phys.9,6-11(2018).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.01.075
21.B.Akc?a,S.Z.Erzeneog?lu,The mass attenuation coefficients,electronic,atomic,and molecular cross sections,effective atomic numbers,and electron densities for compounds of some biomedically important elements at 59.5 keV.Sci.Technol.Nucl.Ins.(2014).https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/901465
22.B.S.Sidhu,A.S.Dhaliwal,K.S.Mann et al.,Study of mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers and electron densities for some low Z compounds of dosimetry interest at59.54 keV incident photon energy.Ann.Nucl.Energy 42,153-157(2012).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2011.12.015
23.N.A.B.Amin,J.Zukhi,N.A.Kabir et al.,Determination of effective atomic numbers from mass attenuation coefficients of tissue-equivalent materials in the energy range 60 keV-1.33MeV.J.Phys.Conf.Ser.851,012018(2017).https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/851/1/012018
24.H.C.Manjunatha,B.Rudraswamy,Study of effective atomic number and electron density for tissues from human organs in the energy range of 1 keV-100 GeV.Health Phys.104(2),158-162(2013).https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e31827132e3
25.V.P.Singh,N.M.Badiger,N.Kucuk,Assessment of methods for estimation of effective atomic numbers of common human organ and tissue substitutes:waxes,plastics and polymers.Radioprotection 49(2),115-121(2014).https://doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2013090
26.M.Kurudirek,T.Onaran,Calculation of effective atomic number and electron density of essential biomolecules for electron,proton,alpha particle and multi-energetic photon interactions.Radiat.Phys.Chem.112,125-138(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.034
27.D.Salehi,D.Sardari,M.S.Jozani,Investigation of some radiation shielding parameters in soft tissue.J.Radiat.Res.Appl.Sci.8(3),439-445(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.03.004
28.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,L.Gerward,Studies on effective atomic number,electron density and kerma for some fatty acids and carbohydrates.Phys.Med.Biol.53(20),N377-86(2008).https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/53/20/N01
29.H.Arslan,Photon attenuation parameters for some tissues from Geant4 simulation,theoretical calculations and experimental data:a comparative study.Nucl.Sci.Tech.30,96(2019).https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0617-z
30.J.H.Hubbell,Photon Mass Attenuation and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients for H,C,N,O,Ar,and Seven Mixtures from 0.1 keV to 20 MeV.Radiat.Res.70,58-81(1977).https://doi.org/10.2307/3574732
31.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,Effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption of essential amino acids in the energy range 1 keV to 20 MeV.Nucl.Instr.Meth.Phys.Res.B264,9-14(2007).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.08.018
32.A.Shantappa,S.G.Gounhalli,S.M.Hanagodimath,Energy dependence of effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption of vitamins.IOSR J.Appl.Phys.2,49-56(2012)
33.V.P.Singh,M.E.Medhat,N.M.Badiger,Photon energy absorption coefficients for nuclear track detectors using Geant4Monte Carlo simulation.Radiat.Phys.Chem.106,83-87(2015).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.07.001
34.M.Singh,A.Tondon,B.S.Sandhu et al.,Energy dependence of radiation interaction parameters of some organic compounds.Radiat.Phys.Chem.145,80-88(2018).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.12.020
35.P.P.Pawar,G.K.Bichile,Studies on mass attenuation coefficient,effective atomic number and electron density of some amino acids in the energy range 0.122-1.330 MeV.Radiat.Phys.Chem.92,22-27(2013).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.07.004
36.P.S.Kore,P.P.Pawar,Measurements of mass attenuation coefficient,effective atomic number and electron density of some amino acids.Radiat.Phys.Chem.98,86-91(2014).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.12.038
37.D.K.Gaikwad,P.P.Pawar,T.P.Selvam,Mass attenuation coefficients and effective atomic numbers of biological compounds for gamma ray interactions.Radiat.Phys.Chem.138,75-80(2017).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.03.040
38.B.T.Tonguc,H.Arslan,M.S.Al-Buriahi,Studies on mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers and electron densities for some biomolecules.Radiat.Phys.Chem.153,86-91(2018).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.025
39.M.Kurudirek,Y.Ozdemir,A comprehensive study on energy absorption and exposure buildup factors for some essential amino acids,fatty acids and carbohydrates in the energy range 0.015-15MeV up to 40 mean free path.Nucl.Instr.Methods Phys.Res.B.269,7-19(2011).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.10.015
40.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,L.Gerward,The effective atomic numbers of some biomolecules calculated by two methods:a comparative study.Med.Phys.36,137-141(2009).https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3030952
41.M.Kurudirek,T.Sinan,Investigation of human teeth with respect to the photon interaction,energy absorption and buildup factor.Nucl.Instr.Methods Phys.Res.B.269,1071-1081(2011).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.03.004
42.S.R.Manohara,S.M.Hanagodimath,Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities of essential amino acids in the energy range 1 keV-100 GeV.Nucl.Instr.Methods Phys.Res.B.258,321-328(2007).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.02.101
43.J.H.Hubbell,Review of photon interaction cross section data in the medical and biological context.Phys.Med.Biol.44(1),R1-22(1999).https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/1/001
44.C.T.Chantler,Detailed tabulation of atomic form factors,photoelectric absorption and scattering cross section,and mass attenuation coefficients in the vicinity of absorption edges in the soft X-ray(Z?30-36,Z?60-89,E?0:1 keV-10 keV),addressing convergence issues of earlier work.J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data 29,597-1048(2000).https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1321055
45.S.Glasstone,A.Sesonske,Nuclear reactor engineering.Nucl.Sci.Eng.81,484-485(1982)