双重身份下女性对抗性别偏见的回应行为
|
摘要
偏见不是一种单方面的社会心理现象,而是偏见持有者、偏见对象、旁观者等多方相互作用和共同建构的结果。当女性在作为受害者和旁观者两种不同身份时,她们对性别偏见持有者的回应既有相同之处,也存在着一些差异。压力应对模型和对抗偏见反应模型可作为适应女性双重身份下对抗偏见的两种解释模型,在面对偏见持有者时,不同身份下女性对性别偏见的回应行为主要受到乐观、代价/收益、痛苦水平和女权主义等因素的影响。未来研究应进一步聚焦对抗性回应行为的效度争议、对内隐性别偏见持有者的干预和拓展想象接触的替代作用。
Prejudice is the consequence of the interaction and joint construction of perpetrators, targets, and bystanders,rather than a unilateral social psychological phenomenon. As targets or bystanders,women's responses to perpetrators are different or similar.We discuss Stress Coping and Confronting Prejudiced Responses Models that interpreting women's response to gender prejudice between two different identities.In particular, we analyzed the various influences of optimism, cost/benefit, distress and feminism on the confrontational response of women to prejudice while they are targets versus bystanders. Finally, we outline directions for future research and call for greater consideration on the controversy for the validity of confrontational responses, the intervention on perpetrators who hold an implicit gender prejudice and the substitution effect of expanded imagined contact.
Prejudice is the consequence of the interaction and joint construction of perpetrators, targets, and bystanders,rather than a unilateral social psychological phenomenon. As targets or bystanders,women's responses to perpetrators are different or similar.We discuss Stress Coping and Confronting Prejudiced Responses Models that interpreting women's response to gender prejudice between two different identities.In particular, we analyzed the various influences of optimism, cost/benefit, distress and feminism on the confrontational response of women to prejudice while they are targets versus bystanders. Finally, we outline directions for future research and call for greater consideration on the controversy for the validity of confrontational responses, the intervention on perpetrators who hold an implicit gender prejudice and the substitution effect of expanded imagined contact.
引文
程永佳,杨莉萍.(2017).对抗偏见:作为偏见消减策略的社会行为.心理科学进展,25(4),672-681.
梁瑞,王葵,陈楚侨.(2017).体像困扰与社会文化因素.心理科学,40(1),187-192.
曲映蓓,辛自强.(2016).中小学生民族偏见与歧视的成因及干预策略:群际接触的视角.心理技术与应用,2(2),116-124.
张陆,叶娜,刘峰.(2015).无偏见动机对刻板印象和偏见激活的抑制作用:基于四分模型的分析.心理与行为研究,13(4),552-557.
Ashbum-Nardo, L., Blanchar, J. C., Petersson, J., Morris, K.A.,&Goodwin, S. A.(2014). Do you say something when it's your boss? The role of perpetrator power in prejudice confrontation. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 615-636.
Ashburn-Nardo, L.,Morris,K. A.,&Goodwin,S. A.(2008).The confronting prejudiced responses(CPR)model:Applying CPR in organizations. Academy of Management Learning&Education, 7(3), 332-342.
Ayres, M. M., Friedman, C. K.,&Leaper, C.(2009).Individual and situational factors related to young women's likelihood of confronting sexism in their everyday lives. Sex Roles, 61(7), 449-460.
Bastomski, S.,&Smith, P.(2017). Gender, fear, and public places:How negative encounters with strangers harm women. Sex Roles,76(1-2), 73-88.
Benavides-Espinoza, C.,&Cunningham, G. B.(2010).Bystanders'reactions to sexual harassment. Sex Roles,63(3-4), 201-213.
Bennett, S., Banyard, V. L.,&Garnhart, L.(2014). To act or not to act, that is the question? Barriers and facilitators of bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,29(3), 476-496.
Brinkman, B. G., Dean, A. M., Simpson, C. K., McGinley,M.,&Rosen, L. A.(2015). Bystander intervention during college women's experiences of gender prejudice. Sex Roles, 72(11-12), 48 5-498.
Brinkman, B. G., Garcia, K.,&Rickard, K. M.(2011)."What I wanted to do was..."Discrepancies between college women's desired and reported responses to gender prejudice. Sex Roles, 65(5-6), 344-355.
Brinkman, B. G.,&Rickard, K. M.(2009). College students'descriptions of everyday gender prejudice. Sex Roles,61(7-8),461-475.
Chaney, K. E.,&Sanchez, D. T.(2018). The endurance of interpersonal confrontations as a prejudice reduction strategy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,44(3), 418-429.
Chaudoir, S. R.,&Quinn, D. M.(2010). Bystander sexism in the intergroup context:The impact of cat-calls on women's reactions towards men. Sex Roles, 62(9-10), 623-634.
Corrigan, P. W.,Sheehan, L.,Al-Khouja,M. A.,Lewy, S.,Major,D. R.,Mead,J.,&Weber,S.(2017). Insight into the stigma of suicide loss survivors:Factor analyses of family stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminations.Archives of Suicide Research, 22(1), 57-66.
Crosby, J. R.(2015). The silent majority:Understanding and increasing majority group responses to discrimination.Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(10), 539-550.
Drury, B. J.,&Kaiser, C. R.(2014). Allies against sexism:The role of men in confronting sexism. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 637-652.
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F.,&Frey, D.(2006).The unresponsive bystander:Are bystanders more responsive in dangerous emergencies? European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 267-278.
Forscher,P. S.,Mitamura, C.,Dix, E. L.,Cox, W. T. L.,&Devine, P. G.(2017). Breaking the prejudice habit:Mechanisms, timecourse, and longevity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 133-146.
Girvan, E. J.,Deason, G.,&Borgida, E.(2015). The generalizability of gender bias:Testing the effects of contextual, explicit, and implicit sexism on labor arbitration decisions. Law&Human Behavior, 39(5),525-537.
Good, J. J., Moss-Racusin,C. A.,&Sanchez, D. T.(2012).When do we confront? Perceptions of costs and benefits predict confronting discrimination on behalf of the self and others. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(2),210-226.
Gulker, J. E., Mark, A. Y.,&Monteith, M. J.(2013).Confronting prejudice:The who, what, and why of confrontation effectiveness. Social Influence, 8(4), 280-293.
Hammond, M. D., Milojev, P., Huang, Y.,&Sibley, C. G.(2018). Benevolent sexism and hostile sexism across the ages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(7),863-874.
Hu, X., Antony,J. W.,Creery,J. D., Vargas, L. M.,Bodenhausen, G. V.,&Paller, K. A.(2015). Unlearning implicit social. biases during sleep. Science, 348(6238),1013-1015.
Hyers, L. L.(2007). Resisting prejudice every day:Exploring women's assertive responses to anti-black racism, antisemitism, heterosexism, and sexism. Sex Roles, 56(1-2),1-12.
Kahn, K. B., Barreto, M., Kaiser, C. R.,&Rego, M. S.(2016). When do high and low status group members support. confrontation? The role of perceived pervasiveness of prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(1),27-43.
Kaiser, C. R., Major, B.,&McCoy, S. K.(2004). Expectations about the future and the emotion consequences of perceivingprejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30(2), 173-184.
Kaiser, C. R.,&Miller, C. T.(2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 254-263.
Kaiser, C. R.,&Miller, C. T.(2004). A stress and coping perspective on confronting sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(2), 168-178.
Kuchynka, S. L., Salomon, K., Bosson, J. K., El-Hout, M.,Kiebel, E., Cooperman, C.,&Toomey, R.(2018). Hostile and benevolent sexism and college women's stem outcomes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(1), 72-87.
Leaper,C.,&Arias,D. M.(2011). College women's feminist identity:A multidimensional analysis with implications for coping with sexism. Sex Roles, 64(7-8), 475-490.
Parker, L. R., Monteith, M. J., Moss-Racusin, C. A.,&van Camp, A. R.(2018). Promoting concern about gender bias with evidence-based confrontation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 8-23.
Sechrist, G. B.(2010). Making attributions to and plans to confront gender discrimination:The role of optimism.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(7), 1678-1707.
Shelton, J. N.,&Stewart, R. E.(2004). Confronting perpetrators of prejudice:The inhibitory effects of social costs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(3), 215-223.
Shepherd, L.(2019). Responding to sexual objectification:The role of emotions in influencing willingness to undertake different types of action. Sex Roles, 80(1-2), 25-40.
Simon,S.,&O'Brien,L. T.(2015). Confronting sexism:Exploring the effect of nonsexist credentials on the costs of target confrontations. Sex Roles, 73(5-6), 245-257.
Stangor, C., van Allen, K. L., Swim, J. K.,&Sechrist, G. B.(2002). Reporting discrimination in public and private contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(1),69-74.
Swim, J. K., Cohen, L. L.,&Hyers, L. L.(1998). Experiencing everyday prejudice and discrimination. In J. K. Swim&C.Stangor(Eds). Prejudice:The target's perspective.(pp.37-60). Academic Press.
Swim, J. K.,&Hyers, L. L.(1999). Excuse me—What did you just say?! Women's public and private responses to sexist remarks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,35(1), 68-88.
Weber,D. M.,&Dickter,C. L.(2015). Confronting the"F"word:The effects of gender, ambiguity, and individual difference variables on non-targets'confrontation of heterosexist comments. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(10),1289-1312.
Weis, A. S., Redford, L., Zucker, A. N.,&Ratliff, K. A.(2018). Feminist identity, attitudes toward feminist prototypes, and willingness to intervene in everyday sexist events. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(3), 279-290.
Yetkili,O.,Abrams, D.,Travaglino, G. A.,&Giner-Sorolla,R.(2018). Imagined contact with atypical outgroup members that are anti-normative within their group can reduce prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,76, 208-219.
梁瑞,王葵,陈楚侨.(2017).体像困扰与社会文化因素.心理科学,40(1),187-192.
曲映蓓,辛自强.(2016).中小学生民族偏见与歧视的成因及干预策略:群际接触的视角.心理技术与应用,2(2),116-124.
张陆,叶娜,刘峰.(2015).无偏见动机对刻板印象和偏见激活的抑制作用:基于四分模型的分析.心理与行为研究,13(4),552-557.
Ashbum-Nardo, L., Blanchar, J. C., Petersson, J., Morris, K.A.,&Goodwin, S. A.(2014). Do you say something when it's your boss? The role of perpetrator power in prejudice confrontation. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 615-636.
Ashburn-Nardo, L.,Morris,K. A.,&Goodwin,S. A.(2008).The confronting prejudiced responses(CPR)model:Applying CPR in organizations. Academy of Management Learning&Education, 7(3), 332-342.
Ayres, M. M., Friedman, C. K.,&Leaper, C.(2009).Individual and situational factors related to young women's likelihood of confronting sexism in their everyday lives. Sex Roles, 61(7), 449-460.
Bastomski, S.,&Smith, P.(2017). Gender, fear, and public places:How negative encounters with strangers harm women. Sex Roles,76(1-2), 73-88.
Benavides-Espinoza, C.,&Cunningham, G. B.(2010).Bystanders'reactions to sexual harassment. Sex Roles,63(3-4), 201-213.
Bennett, S., Banyard, V. L.,&Garnhart, L.(2014). To act or not to act, that is the question? Barriers and facilitators of bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,29(3), 476-496.
Brinkman, B. G., Dean, A. M., Simpson, C. K., McGinley,M.,&Rosen, L. A.(2015). Bystander intervention during college women's experiences of gender prejudice. Sex Roles, 72(11-12), 48 5-498.
Brinkman, B. G., Garcia, K.,&Rickard, K. M.(2011)."What I wanted to do was..."Discrepancies between college women's desired and reported responses to gender prejudice. Sex Roles, 65(5-6), 344-355.
Brinkman, B. G.,&Rickard, K. M.(2009). College students'descriptions of everyday gender prejudice. Sex Roles,61(7-8),461-475.
Chaney, K. E.,&Sanchez, D. T.(2018). The endurance of interpersonal confrontations as a prejudice reduction strategy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,44(3), 418-429.
Chaudoir, S. R.,&Quinn, D. M.(2010). Bystander sexism in the intergroup context:The impact of cat-calls on women's reactions towards men. Sex Roles, 62(9-10), 623-634.
Corrigan, P. W.,Sheehan, L.,Al-Khouja,M. A.,Lewy, S.,Major,D. R.,Mead,J.,&Weber,S.(2017). Insight into the stigma of suicide loss survivors:Factor analyses of family stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminations.Archives of Suicide Research, 22(1), 57-66.
Crosby, J. R.(2015). The silent majority:Understanding and increasing majority group responses to discrimination.Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(10), 539-550.
Drury, B. J.,&Kaiser, C. R.(2014). Allies against sexism:The role of men in confronting sexism. Journal of Social Issues, 70(4), 637-652.
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F.,&Frey, D.(2006).The unresponsive bystander:Are bystanders more responsive in dangerous emergencies? European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 267-278.
Forscher,P. S.,Mitamura, C.,Dix, E. L.,Cox, W. T. L.,&Devine, P. G.(2017). Breaking the prejudice habit:Mechanisms, timecourse, and longevity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 133-146.
Girvan, E. J.,Deason, G.,&Borgida, E.(2015). The generalizability of gender bias:Testing the effects of contextual, explicit, and implicit sexism on labor arbitration decisions. Law&Human Behavior, 39(5),525-537.
Good, J. J., Moss-Racusin,C. A.,&Sanchez, D. T.(2012).When do we confront? Perceptions of costs and benefits predict confronting discrimination on behalf of the self and others. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(2),210-226.
Gulker, J. E., Mark, A. Y.,&Monteith, M. J.(2013).Confronting prejudice:The who, what, and why of confrontation effectiveness. Social Influence, 8(4), 280-293.
Hammond, M. D., Milojev, P., Huang, Y.,&Sibley, C. G.(2018). Benevolent sexism and hostile sexism across the ages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(7),863-874.
Hu, X., Antony,J. W.,Creery,J. D., Vargas, L. M.,Bodenhausen, G. V.,&Paller, K. A.(2015). Unlearning implicit social. biases during sleep. Science, 348(6238),1013-1015.
Hyers, L. L.(2007). Resisting prejudice every day:Exploring women's assertive responses to anti-black racism, antisemitism, heterosexism, and sexism. Sex Roles, 56(1-2),1-12.
Kahn, K. B., Barreto, M., Kaiser, C. R.,&Rego, M. S.(2016). When do high and low status group members support. confrontation? The role of perceived pervasiveness of prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(1),27-43.
Kaiser, C. R., Major, B.,&McCoy, S. K.(2004). Expectations about the future and the emotion consequences of perceivingprejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,30(2), 173-184.
Kaiser, C. R.,&Miller, C. T.(2001). Stop complaining! The social costs of making attributions to discrimination.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 254-263.
Kaiser, C. R.,&Miller, C. T.(2004). A stress and coping perspective on confronting sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(2), 168-178.
Kuchynka, S. L., Salomon, K., Bosson, J. K., El-Hout, M.,Kiebel, E., Cooperman, C.,&Toomey, R.(2018). Hostile and benevolent sexism and college women's stem outcomes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(1), 72-87.
Leaper,C.,&Arias,D. M.(2011). College women's feminist identity:A multidimensional analysis with implications for coping with sexism. Sex Roles, 64(7-8), 475-490.
Parker, L. R., Monteith, M. J., Moss-Racusin, C. A.,&van Camp, A. R.(2018). Promoting concern about gender bias with evidence-based confrontation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 8-23.
Sechrist, G. B.(2010). Making attributions to and plans to confront gender discrimination:The role of optimism.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(7), 1678-1707.
Shelton, J. N.,&Stewart, R. E.(2004). Confronting perpetrators of prejudice:The inhibitory effects of social costs. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(3), 215-223.
Shepherd, L.(2019). Responding to sexual objectification:The role of emotions in influencing willingness to undertake different types of action. Sex Roles, 80(1-2), 25-40.
Simon,S.,&O'Brien,L. T.(2015). Confronting sexism:Exploring the effect of nonsexist credentials on the costs of target confrontations. Sex Roles, 73(5-6), 245-257.
Stangor, C., van Allen, K. L., Swim, J. K.,&Sechrist, G. B.(2002). Reporting discrimination in public and private contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(1),69-74.
Swim, J. K., Cohen, L. L.,&Hyers, L. L.(1998). Experiencing everyday prejudice and discrimination. In J. K. Swim&C.Stangor(Eds). Prejudice:The target's perspective.(pp.37-60). Academic Press.
Swim, J. K.,&Hyers, L. L.(1999). Excuse me—What did you just say?! Women's public and private responses to sexist remarks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,35(1), 68-88.
Weber,D. M.,&Dickter,C. L.(2015). Confronting the"F"word:The effects of gender, ambiguity, and individual difference variables on non-targets'confrontation of heterosexist comments. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(10),1289-1312.
Weis, A. S., Redford, L., Zucker, A. N.,&Ratliff, K. A.(2018). Feminist identity, attitudes toward feminist prototypes, and willingness to intervene in everyday sexist events. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(3), 279-290.
Yetkili,O.,Abrams, D.,Travaglino, G. A.,&Giner-Sorolla,R.(2018). Imagined contact with atypical outgroup members that are anti-normative within their group can reduce prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,76, 208-219.