Improved hemimorphite flotation using xanthate as a collector with S(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) activation
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摘要
The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation results indicated that hemimorphite floats when the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process is used; a maximum recovery of approximately 90% was obtained.Zeta-potential,contact-angle,scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS),and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) measurements were used to characterize the activation products on the hemimorphite surface and their subsequent interaction with sodium butyl xanthate(SBX).The results showed that a Zn S coating formed on the hemimorphite surface after the sample was conditioned in an Na2 S solution.However,the formation of a Zn S coating on the hemimorphite surface did not improve hemimorphite flotation.With the subsequent addition of lead cations,Pb S species formed on the mineral surface.The formation of the Pb S species on the surface of hemimorphite significantly increased the adsorption capacity of SBX,forming lead xanthate(referred to as chemical adsorption) and leading to a substantial improvement in hemimorphite flotation.Our results indicate that the addition of lead cations is a critical step in the successful flotation of hemimorphite using the sulfidization–lead ion activation–xanthate process.
The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation results indicated that hemimorphite floats when the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process is used; a maximum recovery of approximately 90% was obtained.Zeta-potential,contact-angle,scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS),and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) measurements were used to characterize the activation products on the hemimorphite surface and their subsequent interaction with sodium butyl xanthate(SBX).The results showed that a Zn S coating formed on the hemimorphite surface after the sample was conditioned in an Na2 S solution.However,the formation of a Zn S coating on the hemimorphite surface did not improve hemimorphite flotation.With the subsequent addition of lead cations,Pb S species formed on the mineral surface.The formation of the Pb S species on the surface of hemimorphite significantly increased the adsorption capacity of SBX,forming lead xanthate(referred to as chemical adsorption) and leading to a substantial improvement in hemimorphite flotation.Our results indicate that the addition of lead cations is a critical step in the successful flotation of hemimorphite using the sulfidization–lead ion activation–xanthate process.
The flotation of hemimorphite using the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process,which includes sulfidization with sodium sulfide,activation by lead cations,and subsequent flotation with xanthate,was investigated.The flotation results indicated that hemimorphite floats when the S(Ⅱ)–Pb(Ⅱ)–xanthate process is used; a maximum recovery of approximately 90% was obtained.Zeta-potential,contact-angle,scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectrometry(SEM–EDS),and diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) measurements were used to characterize the activation products on the hemimorphite surface and their subsequent interaction with sodium butyl xanthate(SBX).The results showed that a Zn S coating formed on the hemimorphite surface after the sample was conditioned in an Na2 S solution.However,the formation of a Zn S coating on the hemimorphite surface did not improve hemimorphite flotation.With the subsequent addition of lead cations,Pb S species formed on the mineral surface.The formation of the Pb S species on the surface of hemimorphite significantly increased the adsorption capacity of SBX,forming lead xanthate(referred to as chemical adsorption) and leading to a substantial improvement in hemimorphite flotation.Our results indicate that the addition of lead cations is a critical step in the successful flotation of hemimorphite using the sulfidization–lead ion activation–xanthate process.
引文
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[3]Q.M.Feng and G.F.Zhang,Original pulp flotation technology of the oxidized ore of zinc and lead(in Chinese),China Basic Sci.,(2011),No.1,p.25.
[4]T.L.Rao,Basical characteristics of lead-zinc mineral resources and the vista on geological prospecteing of super large scale lead-zinc deposits in Yunnan,China Min.Mag.,17(2008),No.3,p.107.
[5]H.M.Shao,X.Y.Shen,Y.Sun,Y.Liu,and Y.C.Zhai,Reaction condition optimization and kinetic investigation of roasting zinc oxide ore using(NH4)2SO4,Int.J.Miner.Metall.Mater.,23(2016),No.10,p.1133.
[6]G.Kim,K.Park,J.Choi,A.Gomez-Flores,Y.Han,S.Q.Choi,and H.Kim,Bioflotation of malachite using different growth phases of Rhodococcus opacus:Effect of bacterial shape on detachment by shear flow,Int.J.Miner.Process.,143(2015),p.98.
[7]S.H.Hosseini and E.Forssberg,Physicochemical studies of smithsonite flotation using mixed anionic/cationic collector,Miner.Eng.,20(2007),No.6,p.621.
[8]Y.Sun,X.Y.Shen,and Y.C.Zhai,Thermodynamics and kinetics of extracting zinc from zinc oxide ore by the ammonium sulfate roasting method,Int.J.Miner.Metall.Mater.,22(2015),No.5,p.467.
[9]J.Wang,Q.W.Zhang,and F.Saito,Improvement in the floatability of Cu O by dry grinding with sulphur,Colloids Surf.A,302(2007),No.1-3,p.494.
[10]M.Irannajad,M.Ejtemaei,and M.Gharabaghi,The effect of reagents on selective flotation of smithsonite-calcite-quartz,Miner.Eng.,22(2009),No.9-10,p.766.
[11]M.Ejtemaei,M.Irannajad,and M.Gharabaghi,Influence of important factors on flotation of zinc oxide mineral using cationic,anionic and mixed(cationic/anionic)collectors,Miner.Eng.,24(2011),No.13,p.1402.
[12]A.L.Chen,M.C.Li,Z.Qian,Y.T.Ma,J.Y.Che,and Y.L.Ma,Hemimorphite ores:A review of processing technologies for zinc extraction,JOM,68(2016),No.10,p.2688.
[13]H.Bustamante and H.L.Shergold,Surface chemistry and flotation of zinc oxide minerals:II.--Flotation with chelating reagents,Trans.Inst.Min.Metall.Sect.C,92(1983),p.C208.
[14]A.Marabini,M.Ciriachi,P.Plescia,and M.Barbaro,Chelating reagents for flotation,Miner.Eng.,20(2007),No.10,p.1014.
[15]R.Herrera-Urbina,F.J.Sotillo,and D.W.Fuerstenau,Effect of sodium sulfide additions on the pulp potential and amyl xanthate flotation of cerussite and galena,Int.J.Miner.Process.,55(1999),No.3,p.157.
[16]Q.C.Feng,S.M.Wen,J.S.Deng,and W.J.Zhao,Combined DFT and XPS investigation of enhanced adsorption of sulfide species onto cerussite by surface modification with chloride,Appl.Surf.Sci.,425(2017),p.8.
[17]S.Castro,J.Goldfarb,and J.Laskowski,Sulphidizing reactions in the flotation of oxidized copper minerals,I.Chemical factors in the sulphidization of copper oxide,Int.J.Miner.Process.,1(1974),No.2,p.141.
[18]K.Park,S.Park,J.Choi,G.Kim,M.Tong,and H.Kim,Influence of excess sulfide ions on the malachite-bubble interaction in the presence of thiol-collector,Sep.Purif.Technol.,168(2016),p.1.
[19]Z.Li,M.Chen,X.W.Li,Z.W.Lei,J.Qu,P.W.Huang,Q.W.Zhang,and F.Saito,Surface modification of basic copper carbonate by mechanochemical processing with sulfur and ammonium sulfate,Adv.Powder Technol.,28(2017),No.8,p.1877.
[20]K.Lee,D.Archibald,J.Mc Lean,and M.Reuter,Flotation of mixed copper oxide and sulphide minerals with xanthate and hydroxamate collectors,Miner.Eng.,22(2009),No.4,p.395.
[21]Q.C.Feng,S.M.Wen,W.J.Zhao,Q.B.Cao,and C.Lü,Anovel method for improving cerussite sulfidization,Int.J.Miner.Metall.Mater.,23(2016),No.6,p.609.
[22]D.D.Wu,S.M.Wen,J.S.Deng,J.Liu,and Y.B.Mao,Study on the sulfidation behavior of smithsonite,Appl.Surf.Sci.,329(2015),p.315.
[23]S.Raghavan,E.Adamec,and L.Lee,Sulfidization and flotation of chrysocolla and brochantite,Int.J.Miner.Process.,12(1984),No.1-3,p.173.
[24]J.A.Ober,Mineral Commodity Summaries 2016,U.S.Geological Survey,Reston,Virginia,2016.
[25]Y.H.Hu,Z.Y.Gao,W.Sun,and X.W.Liu,Anisotropic surface energies and adsorption behaviors of scheelite crystal,Colloids Surf.A,415(2012),p.439.
[26]S.C.Chelgani,B.Hart,J.Marois,and M.Ourriban,Study of pyrochlore matrix composition effects on froth flotation by SEM-EDX,Miner.Eng.,30(2012),p.62.
[27]R.Herrera-Urbina,F.J.Sotillo,and D.W.Fuerstenau,Amyl xanthate uptake by natural and sulfide-treated cerussite and galena,Int.J.Miner.Process.,55(1998),No.2,p.113.
[28]M.Barbaro,R.H.Urbina,C.Cozza,D.Fuerstenau,and A.Marabini,Flotation of oxidized minerals of copper using a new synthetic chelating reagent as collector,Int.J.Miner.Process.,50(1997),No.4,p.275.
[29]J.C.D.Gush,Flotation of oxide minerals by sulphidization-the development of a sulphidization control system for laboratory testwork,J.South Afr.Inst.Min.Metall.,105(2005),No.3,p.193.
[30]W.Nyabeze and B.Mc Fadzean,Adsorption of copper sulphate on PGM-bearing ores and its influence on froth stability and flotation kinetics,Miner.Eng.,92(2016),p.28.
[31]R.Q.Liu,W.Sun,Y.H.Hu,and D.Z.Wang,Surface chemical study of the selective separation of chalcopyrite and marmatite,Min.Sci.Technol.,20(2010),No.4,p.542.
[32]Q.C.Feng,W.J.Zhao,S.M.Wen,and Q.B.Cao,Activation mechanism of lead ions in cassiterite flotation with salicylhydroxamic acid as collector,Sep.Purif.Technol.,178(2017),p.193.
[33]M.E.Holuszko,J.P.Franzidis,E.V.Manlapig,M.A.Hampton,B.C.Donose,and A.Nguyen,The effect of surface treatment and slime coatings on Zn S hydrophobicity,Miner.Eng.,21(2008),No.12-14,p.958.
[34]E.Potapova,X.Yang,M.Westerstrand,M.Grahn,A.Holmgren,and J.Hedlund,Interfacial properties of natural magnetite particles compared with their synthetic analogue,Miner.Eng.,36(2012),p.187.
[35]S.Aghazadeh,S.K.Mousavinezhad,and M.Gharabaghi,Chemical and colloidal aspects of collectorless flotation behavior of sulfide and non-sulfide minerals,Adv.colloid Interface Sci.,225(2015),p.203.
[36]S.Antreich,S.Sassmann,and I.Lang,Limited accumulation of copper in heavy metal adapted mosses,Plant Physiol.Biochem.,101(2016),p.141.
[37]T.Hirajima,G.P.W.Suyantara,O.Ichikawa,A.M.Elmahdy,H.Miki,and K.Sasaki,Effect of Mg2+and Ca2+as divalent seawater cations on the floatability of molybdenite and chalcopyrite,Miner.Eng.,96-97(2016),p.83.
[38]P.Makreski,G.Jovanovski,B.Kaitner,A.Gajovi?,and T.Biljan,Minerals from Macedonia:XVIII.Vibrational spectra of some sorosilicates,Vib.Spectrosc.,44(2007),No.1,p.162.
[39]R.L.Frost,J.M.Bouzaid,and B.Jagannadha Reddy,Vibrational spectroscopy of the sorosilicate mineral hemimorphite Zn4(OH)2Si2O7·H2O,Polyhedron,26(2007),No.12,p.2405.
[40]E.W.Giesekke,A review of spectroscopic techniques applied to the study of interactions between minerals and reagents in flotation systems,Int.J.Miner.Process.,11(1983),No.1,p.19.
[41]P.Persson and I.Persson,Interactions between sulfide minerals and alkylxanthate ions 3.A vibration spectroscopic,calorimetric and atomic absorption spectrophotometric study of the interaction between galena and ethylxanthate ions in aqueous solution,Colloids Surf.,58(1991),No.1-2,p.161.
[42]J.O.Leppinen and J.K.Rastas,The interaction between ethyl xanthate ion and lead sulfide surface,Colloids Surf.,20(1986),No.3,p.221.
[43]C.A.Prestidge,J.Ralston,and R.S.C.Smart,The role of cyanide in the interaction of ethyl xanthate with galena,Colloids Surf.A,81(1993),p.103.
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