沙化土壤施用羊粪生物质炭及堆肥的养分渗流特征
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摘要
通过室内模拟试验研究了施用羊粪生物质炭和堆肥对沙化土壤性质以及养分淋溶变化的影响。结果表明,施用羊粪生物质炭和堆肥能够显著增加土壤p H、有机质含量、土壤总氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量。在试验的初始阶段,土壤中铵态氮含量明显增加而硝态氮变化不大;随着试验的进行,铵态氮含量逐渐降低,硝态氮含量逐渐升高。此外,施用羊粪生物质炭和堆肥可以提高土壤总磷和有效磷的含量,同时,还可以促进土壤有效磷的产生。对比而言,当只施加羊粪堆肥时,改良效果最为显著。总之,施用生物质炭和堆肥可有效地改善土壤性质和增加土壤肥力,并抑制养分的淋溶,对沙化土壤治理效果较为理想。
In this article,the effects of biochar and composting derived from sheep dung on soil properties and nutrient leaching in a desertified soil were studied by an indoor simulation experiment. The results showed that the application of dung biochar and composting can significantly increase the soil pH,organic matter content,soil total nitrogen,alkali solution nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. At the early stage,ammonium nitrogen content in soil increased while no significant change of nitrate nitrogen content was observed; Thereafter the ammonium nitrogen content decreased gradually while nitrate content increased. In addition,the application of dung biochar and compost can improve the content of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus in soil. When only manure manure is applied,the best effects of improving soil fertility and nutrients were achieved. In conclusion,the amendment of dung biochar and composting seems to be a promising approach to remediate the dissertified soil since they are not only able to improve the soil properties and increase soil fertility,but also inhibit the downward leaching of nutrients in soil.
In this article,the effects of biochar and composting derived from sheep dung on soil properties and nutrient leaching in a desertified soil were studied by an indoor simulation experiment. The results showed that the application of dung biochar and composting can significantly increase the soil pH,organic matter content,soil total nitrogen,alkali solution nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. At the early stage,ammonium nitrogen content in soil increased while no significant change of nitrate nitrogen content was observed; Thereafter the ammonium nitrogen content decreased gradually while nitrate content increased. In addition,the application of dung biochar and compost can improve the content of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus in soil. When only manure manure is applied,the best effects of improving soil fertility and nutrients were achieved. In conclusion,the amendment of dung biochar and composting seems to be a promising approach to remediate the dissertified soil since they are not only able to improve the soil properties and increase soil fertility,but also inhibit the downward leaching of nutrients in soil.
引文
[1]周家福.川西北沙化草地生态恢复过程中植被与土壤变化研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2008.
[2]第四次中国荒漠化和沙化状况公报[R].北京:国家林业局,2011.
[3]王艳,杨剑虹,潘洁,等.川西北草原退化沙化土壤剖面特征分析[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(1):92-95.
[4]刘朔,陈天文,蔡凡隆,等.川西北高寒草地沙化进程中土壤物理性质的变化—以理塘县为例[J].四川林业科技,2013,34(2):43-47.
[5]王艳,杨剑虹,潘洁,等.川西北高寒草原退化沙化成因分析─以红原县为例[J].草原与草坪,2009,132(1):20-26.
[6]宋明元,吕贻忠.土壤改良措施对科尔沁风沙土保水性及玉米生长的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(1):180-184.
[7]程登喜.利用高分子吸水材料改良沙化地效应研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007.
[8]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(1):68-79.
[9]潘根兴,林振衡,李恋卿,等.试论我国农业和农村有机废弃物生物质碳产业化[J].中国农业科技导报,2011,13(1):75-82.
[10]王典,张祥,姜存仓,等.生物质炭改良土壤及对作物效应的研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(8):963-967.
[11]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179.
[12]吕永兴,吴创之,周意,等.中等规模的鸡粪气化实验研究[J].现代化工,2010,30(S2):271-275.
[13] Cantrell K B,Hunt P G,Uchimiya M,et al. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,107:419-428.
[14]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):779-785.
[15] Shinogi Y,Kanri Y. Pyrolysis of plant,animal and human waste:physical and chemical characterization of the pyrolytic products[J]. Bioresource Technology,2003,90(3):241-247.
[16]鲁如坤,土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[17]潘凤娥,索龙,胡俊鹏,等.生物质炭对砖红壤p H及养分含量影响研究[J].热带农业科学,2015,35(9):25-29.
[18] Streubel J D,Collins H P,Garcia-perez M,et al.Influence of contrasting biochar types on five soils at increasing rates of application[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75:1402-1413.
[19]谢祖彬,刘琦,许燕萍,等.生物炭研究进展及其研究方向[J].土壤,2011,43:857-861.
[20]郭伟,陈红霞,张庆忠,等.华北高产农田施用生物质炭对耕层土壤总氮和碱解氮含量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(3):425-428.
[21] Clough T J,Condron L M. Biochar and the nitrogen cycle:Introduction[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39:1218-1223.
[22]潘逸凡,杨敏,董达,等.生物质炭对土壤氮素循环的影响及其机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2666-2673.
[23] Sudhakar Y, Dikshit A K. Kinetics of endosulfan sorption onto wood charcoal[J]. Journal of Environment Science and Health,1999,34:587-615.
[24] Glaser B. Manioc peel and charcoal:a potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41:l5-21.
[25]刘玉学,吕豪豪,石岩,等.生物质炭对土壤养分淋溶的影响及潜在机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):304-310.
[26] Deluca T H,Mackenzie M D,Gundale M J,et al.Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):448-453.
[27]靖彦,陈效民,李秋霞,等.施用生物质炭对红壤中硝态氮垂直运移的影响及其模拟[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(11):3161-3167.
[28]潘凤娥,胡俊鹏,索龙,等.添加玉米秸秆及其生物质炭对砖红壤N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(2):396-402.
[29]卢焱焱,王明伟,陈小云,等.生物质炭与氮肥配施对红壤线虫群落的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):263-274.
[30]王欣,尹带霞,张凤,等.生物炭对土壤肥力与环境质量的影响机制与风险解析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):248-257.
[31] Sarah A D,Miguel L C,Keshav C D,et al. Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from poultry litter amended with acidified biochar[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2011,8:1491-1502.
[32]孔丝纺,姚兴成,张江勇,等.生物质炭的特性及其应用的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015(4):716-723.
[33]王典,张祥,朱盼,等.添加生物质炭对黄棕壤和红壤上油菜生长的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014,(3):63-67.
[34] Deluca T H,Mackenzie M D,Gundale M J. Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations[J]. Earthscan Ltd,2009:251-270.
[35]秦胜金,刘景双,王国平,等.影响土壤磷有效性变化作用机理[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):1012-1016.
[36]章明奎,Walelign D B,唐红娟,等.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-137.
[37]周桂玉,窦森,刘志杰,等.生物质炭结构性质及其对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):2075-2080.
[38]花莉,金素素,洛晶晶,等.生物质炭输入对土壤微域特征及土壤腐殖质的作用效应研究[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):1795-1799.
[39]陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2930-2934.
[40]赵明松,张甘霖,王德彩,等.徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):1-11.
[41] Brodowski S,John B,Flessa H,et al. Aggregateoccluded black carbon in soil[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2006,57:539-546.
[2]第四次中国荒漠化和沙化状况公报[R].北京:国家林业局,2011.
[3]王艳,杨剑虹,潘洁,等.川西北草原退化沙化土壤剖面特征分析[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(1):92-95.
[4]刘朔,陈天文,蔡凡隆,等.川西北高寒草地沙化进程中土壤物理性质的变化—以理塘县为例[J].四川林业科技,2013,34(2):43-47.
[5]王艳,杨剑虹,潘洁,等.川西北高寒草原退化沙化成因分析─以红原县为例[J].草原与草坪,2009,132(1):20-26.
[6]宋明元,吕贻忠.土壤改良措施对科尔沁风沙土保水性及玉米生长的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(1):180-184.
[7]程登喜.利用高分子吸水材料改良沙化地效应研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007.
[8]武玉,徐刚,吕迎春,等.生物炭对土壤理化性质影响的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(1):68-79.
[9]潘根兴,林振衡,李恋卿,等.试论我国农业和农村有机废弃物生物质碳产业化[J].中国农业科技导报,2011,13(1):75-82.
[10]王典,张祥,姜存仓,等.生物质炭改良土壤及对作物效应的研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(8):963-967.
[11]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179.
[12]吕永兴,吴创之,周意,等.中等规模的鸡粪气化实验研究[J].现代化工,2010,30(S2):271-275.
[13] Cantrell K B,Hunt P G,Uchimiya M,et al. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,107:419-428.
[14]袁金华,徐仁扣.生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):779-785.
[15] Shinogi Y,Kanri Y. Pyrolysis of plant,animal and human waste:physical and chemical characterization of the pyrolytic products[J]. Bioresource Technology,2003,90(3):241-247.
[16]鲁如坤,土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[17]潘凤娥,索龙,胡俊鹏,等.生物质炭对砖红壤p H及养分含量影响研究[J].热带农业科学,2015,35(9):25-29.
[18] Streubel J D,Collins H P,Garcia-perez M,et al.Influence of contrasting biochar types on five soils at increasing rates of application[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2011,75:1402-1413.
[19]谢祖彬,刘琦,许燕萍,等.生物炭研究进展及其研究方向[J].土壤,2011,43:857-861.
[20]郭伟,陈红霞,张庆忠,等.华北高产农田施用生物质炭对耕层土壤总氮和碱解氮含量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(3):425-428.
[21] Clough T J,Condron L M. Biochar and the nitrogen cycle:Introduction[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39:1218-1223.
[22]潘逸凡,杨敏,董达,等.生物质炭对土壤氮素循环的影响及其机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2666-2673.
[23] Sudhakar Y, Dikshit A K. Kinetics of endosulfan sorption onto wood charcoal[J]. Journal of Environment Science and Health,1999,34:587-615.
[24] Glaser B. Manioc peel and charcoal:a potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41:l5-21.
[25]刘玉学,吕豪豪,石岩,等.生物质炭对土壤养分淋溶的影响及潜在机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):304-310.
[26] Deluca T H,Mackenzie M D,Gundale M J,et al.Wildfire-produced charcoal directly influences nitrogen cycling in ponderosa pine forests[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(2):448-453.
[27]靖彦,陈效民,李秋霞,等.施用生物质炭对红壤中硝态氮垂直运移的影响及其模拟[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(11):3161-3167.
[28]潘凤娥,胡俊鹏,索龙,等.添加玉米秸秆及其生物质炭对砖红壤N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(2):396-402.
[29]卢焱焱,王明伟,陈小云,等.生物质炭与氮肥配施对红壤线虫群落的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):263-274.
[30]王欣,尹带霞,张凤,等.生物炭对土壤肥力与环境质量的影响机制与风险解析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(4):248-257.
[31] Sarah A D,Miguel L C,Keshav C D,et al. Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from poultry litter amended with acidified biochar[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2011,8:1491-1502.
[32]孔丝纺,姚兴成,张江勇,等.生物质炭的特性及其应用的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015(4):716-723.
[33]王典,张祥,朱盼,等.添加生物质炭对黄棕壤和红壤上油菜生长的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2014,(3):63-67.
[34] Deluca T H,Mackenzie M D,Gundale M J. Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations[J]. Earthscan Ltd,2009:251-270.
[35]秦胜金,刘景双,王国平,等.影响土壤磷有效性变化作用机理[J].土壤通报,2006,37(5):1012-1016.
[36]章明奎,Walelign D B,唐红娟,等.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-137.
[37]周桂玉,窦森,刘志杰,等.生物质炭结构性质及其对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):2075-2080.
[38]花莉,金素素,洛晶晶,等.生物质炭输入对土壤微域特征及土壤腐殖质的作用效应研究[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):1795-1799.
[39]陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2930-2934.
[40]赵明松,张甘霖,王德彩,等.徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):1-11.
[41] Brodowski S,John B,Flessa H,et al. Aggregateoccluded black carbon in soil[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2006,57:539-546.