The autophagy gene ATG8 affects morphogenesis and oxidative stress tolerance in Sporisorium scitamineum
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摘要
The basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut that leads to severe economic losses in the major sugarcane growing areas in China,India and Brazil,etc.Autophagy is a conserved pathway in eukaryotes for bulk degradation and cellular recycling,and was shown to be important for fungal cell growth,development,and pathogenicity.However,physiological function of autophagy has not been studied in S.scitamineum.In this study,we identified a conserved Atg8 protein,named as SsAtg8 and characterized its function.Our results showed that autophagy was blocked in the ssatg8Δ mutant,in nitrogen starvation.The ssatg8Δ mutant formed pseudohypha frequently and was hypersensitive to oxidative stress.However,mating or filamenation was unaffected in the ssatg8Δ mutant in vitro.Overall we demonstrate that autophagy is dispensable for S.scitamineum mating/filamentation,while critical for oxidative stress tolerance and proper morphology in sporidial stage.
The basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut that leads to severe economic losses in the major sugarcane growing areas in China,India and Brazil,etc.Autophagy is a conserved pathway in eukaryotes for bulk degradation and cellular recycling,and was shown to be important for fungal cell growth,development,and pathogenicity.However,physiological function of autophagy has not been studied in S.scitamineum.In this study,we identified a conserved Atg8 protein,named as SsAtg8 and characterized its function.Our results showed that autophagy was blocked in the ssatg8Δ mutant,in nitrogen starvation.The ssatg8Δ mutant formed pseudohypha frequently and was hypersensitive to oxidative stress.However,mating or filamenation was unaffected in the ssatg8Δ mutant in vitro.Overall we demonstrate that autophagy is dispensable for S.scitamineum mating/filamentation,while critical for oxidative stress tolerance and proper morphology in sporidial stage.
The basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes sugarcane smut that leads to severe economic losses in the major sugarcane growing areas in China,India and Brazil,etc.Autophagy is a conserved pathway in eukaryotes for bulk degradation and cellular recycling,and was shown to be important for fungal cell growth,development,and pathogenicity.However,physiological function of autophagy has not been studied in S.scitamineum.In this study,we identified a conserved Atg8 protein,named as SsAtg8 and characterized its function.Our results showed that autophagy was blocked in the ssatg8Δ mutant,in nitrogen starvation.The ssatg8Δ mutant formed pseudohypha frequently and was hypersensitive to oxidative stress.However,mating or filamenation was unaffected in the ssatg8Δ mutant in vitro.Overall we demonstrate that autophagy is dispensable for S.scitamineum mating/filamentation,while critical for oxidative stress tolerance and proper morphology in sporidial stage.
引文
Apostol I,Heinstein P F,Low P S.1989.Rapid stimulation of an oxidative burst during elicitation of cultured plant cells:Role in defense and signal transduction.Plant Physiology,90,109-116.
Asakura M,Ninomiya S,Sugimoto M,Oku M,Yamashita S,Okuno T,Sakai Y,Takano Y.2009.Atg26-mediated pexophagy is required for host invasion by the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare.The Plant Cell,21,1291-1304.
Ashford T P,Porter K R.1962.Cytoplasmic components in hepatic cell lysosomes.Journal of Cell Biology,12,198-202.
Chung K R,Shilts T,Li W,Timmer L W.2002.Engineering a genetic transformation system for Colletotrichum acutatum,the causal fungus of lime anthracnose and postbloom fruit drop of citrus.FEMS Microbiology Letters,213,33-39.
Deng Y Z,Ramos-Pamplona M,Naqvi N I.2009.Autophagyassisted glycogen catabolism regulates asexual differentiation in Magnaporthe oryzae.Autophagy,5,33-43.
Dufresne M,Bailey J A,Dron M,Langin T.1998.clk1,a serine/threonine protein kinase-encoding gene,is involved in pathogenicity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on common bean.Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,11,99-108.
Felsenstein J.1985.Confidence limits on phylogenies:An approach using the bootstrap.Evolution,39,783-791.
He M,Kershaw M J,Soanes D M,Xia Y,Talbot N J.2012.Infection-associated nuclear degeneration in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae requires non-selective macroautophagy.PLoS ONE,7,e33270.
Hu G,Hacham M,Waterman S R,Panepinto J,Shin S,Liu X,Gibbons J,Valyi-Nagy T,Obara K,Jaffe H A,Ohsumi Y,Williamson P R.2008.PI3K signaling of autophagy is required for starvation tolerance and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.Journal of Clinical Investigation,118,1186-1197.
Ichimura Y,Kirisako T,Takao T,Satomi Y,Shimonishi Y,Ishihara N,Mizushima N,Tanida I,Kominami E,Ohsumi M,Noda T,Ohsumi Y.2000.A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation.Nature,408,488-492.
Jones D T,Taylor W R,Thornton J M.1992.The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences.Computer Applications in the Biosciences,8,275-282.
Josefsen L,Droce A,Sondergaard T E,Sorensen J L,Bormann J,Schafer W,Giese H,Olsson S.2012.Autophagy provides nutrients for nonassimilating fungal structures and is necessary for plant colonization but not for infection in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Fusarium Graminearum.Autophagy,8,326-337.
Kabeya Y,Mizushima N,Ueno T,Yamamoto A,Kirisako T,Noda T,Kominami E,Ohsumi Y,Yoshimori T.2000.LC3,a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p,is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing.EMBO Journal,19,5720-5728.
Klionsky D J.2007.Autophagy:From phenomenology to molecular understanding in less than a decade.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,8,931-937.
Klionsky D J,Cregg J M,Dunn Jr W A,Emr S D,Sakai Y,Sandoval I V,Sibirny A,Subramani S,Thumm M,Veenhuis M,Ohsumi Y.2003.A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes.Developmental Cell,5,539-545.
Kumar S,Stecher G,Tamura K.2016.MEGA7:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.Molecular Biology and Evolution,33,1870-1874.
Levine B,Klionsky D J.2004.Development by self-digestion:Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy.Developmental Cell,6,463-477.
Mizushima N.2018.A brief history of autophagy from cell biology to physiology and disease.Nature Cell Biology,20,521-527.
Nadal M,Gold S E.2010.The autophagy genes ATG8and ATG1 affect morphogenesis and pathogenicity in Ustilago maydis.Molecular Plant Pathology,11,463-478.
Navarro-Yepes J,Burns M,Anandhan A,Khalimonchuk O,del Razo L M,Quintanilla-Vega B,Pappa A,Panayiotidis M I,Franco R.2014.Oxidative stress,redox signaling,and autophagy:Cell death versus survival.Antioxidants and Redox Signaling,21,66-85.
Nguyen L N,Bormann J,Le G T,Starkel C,Olsson S,Nosanchuk J D,Giese H,Schafer W.2011.Autophagyrelated lipase FgATG15 of Fusarium graminearum is important for lipid turnover and plant infection.Fungal Genetics and Biology,48,217-224.
Palmer G E.2008.Autophagy in Candida albicans.Methods in Enzymology,451,311-322.
Richie D L,Askew D S.2008.Autophagy in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.Methods in Enzymology,451,241-250.
Roetzer A,Gratz N,Kovarik P,Schuller C.2010.Autophagy supports Candida glabrata survival during phagocytosis.Cell Microbiology,12,199-216.
Saitou N,Nei M.1987.The neighbor-joining method:A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.Molecular Biology and Evolution,4,406-425,552.
Scheel D.1998.Resistance response physiology and signal transduction.Current Opinion in Plant Biology,1,305-310.
Sundar A R,Barnabas E L,Malathi P,Viswanathan R.2012.A mini-review on smut disease of sugarcane caused by Sporisorium scitamineum.In:Botany.Chapter 5.InTech Publisher.
Tsukada M,Ohsumi Y.1993.Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.FEBS Letters,333,169-174.
Veneault-Fourrey C,Barooah M,Egan M,Wakley G,Talbot N J.2006.Autophagic fungal cell death is necessary for infection by the rice blast fungus.Science,312,580-583.
Yan M,Dai W,Cai E,Deng Y Z,Chang C,Jiang Z,Zhang L H.2016.Transcriptome analysis of Sporisorium scitamineum reveals critical environmental signals for fungal sexual mating and filamentous growth.BMC Genomics,17,354.
Yang S L,Chung K R.2012.The NADPH oxidase-mediated production of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and resistance to oxidative stress in the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata of citrus.Molecular Plant Pathology,13,900-914.
Yao Z,Delorme-Axford E,Backues S K,Klionsky D J.2015.Atg41/Icy2 regulates autophagosome formation.Autophagy,11,2288-2299.
Yu J,Zhang Y,Cui H,Hu P,Yu X,Ye Z.2015.An efficient genetic manipulation protocol for Ustilago esculenta.FEMSMicrobiology Letters,362,doi:10.1093/femsle/fnv087
Yu Q,Jia C,Dong Y,Zhang B,Xiao C,Chen Y,Wang Y,Li X,Wang L,Zhang B,Li M.2015.Candida albicans autophagy,no longer a bystander:Its role in tolerance to ER stressrelated antifungal drugs.Fungal Genetics and Biology,81,238-249.
Asakura M,Ninomiya S,Sugimoto M,Oku M,Yamashita S,Okuno T,Sakai Y,Takano Y.2009.Atg26-mediated pexophagy is required for host invasion by the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare.The Plant Cell,21,1291-1304.
Ashford T P,Porter K R.1962.Cytoplasmic components in hepatic cell lysosomes.Journal of Cell Biology,12,198-202.
Chung K R,Shilts T,Li W,Timmer L W.2002.Engineering a genetic transformation system for Colletotrichum acutatum,the causal fungus of lime anthracnose and postbloom fruit drop of citrus.FEMS Microbiology Letters,213,33-39.
Deng Y Z,Ramos-Pamplona M,Naqvi N I.2009.Autophagyassisted glycogen catabolism regulates asexual differentiation in Magnaporthe oryzae.Autophagy,5,33-43.
Dufresne M,Bailey J A,Dron M,Langin T.1998.clk1,a serine/threonine protein kinase-encoding gene,is involved in pathogenicity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on common bean.Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,11,99-108.
Felsenstein J.1985.Confidence limits on phylogenies:An approach using the bootstrap.Evolution,39,783-791.
He M,Kershaw M J,Soanes D M,Xia Y,Talbot N J.2012.Infection-associated nuclear degeneration in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae requires non-selective macroautophagy.PLoS ONE,7,e33270.
Hu G,Hacham M,Waterman S R,Panepinto J,Shin S,Liu X,Gibbons J,Valyi-Nagy T,Obara K,Jaffe H A,Ohsumi Y,Williamson P R.2008.PI3K signaling of autophagy is required for starvation tolerance and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.Journal of Clinical Investigation,118,1186-1197.
Ichimura Y,Kirisako T,Takao T,Satomi Y,Shimonishi Y,Ishihara N,Mizushima N,Tanida I,Kominami E,Ohsumi M,Noda T,Ohsumi Y.2000.A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation.Nature,408,488-492.
Jones D T,Taylor W R,Thornton J M.1992.The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences.Computer Applications in the Biosciences,8,275-282.
Josefsen L,Droce A,Sondergaard T E,Sorensen J L,Bormann J,Schafer W,Giese H,Olsson S.2012.Autophagy provides nutrients for nonassimilating fungal structures and is necessary for plant colonization but not for infection in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Fusarium Graminearum.Autophagy,8,326-337.
Kabeya Y,Mizushima N,Ueno T,Yamamoto A,Kirisako T,Noda T,Kominami E,Ohsumi Y,Yoshimori T.2000.LC3,a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p,is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing.EMBO Journal,19,5720-5728.
Klionsky D J.2007.Autophagy:From phenomenology to molecular understanding in less than a decade.Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,8,931-937.
Klionsky D J,Cregg J M,Dunn Jr W A,Emr S D,Sakai Y,Sandoval I V,Sibirny A,Subramani S,Thumm M,Veenhuis M,Ohsumi Y.2003.A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes.Developmental Cell,5,539-545.
Kumar S,Stecher G,Tamura K.2016.MEGA7:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.Molecular Biology and Evolution,33,1870-1874.
Levine B,Klionsky D J.2004.Development by self-digestion:Molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy.Developmental Cell,6,463-477.
Mizushima N.2018.A brief history of autophagy from cell biology to physiology and disease.Nature Cell Biology,20,521-527.
Nadal M,Gold S E.2010.The autophagy genes ATG8and ATG1 affect morphogenesis and pathogenicity in Ustilago maydis.Molecular Plant Pathology,11,463-478.
Navarro-Yepes J,Burns M,Anandhan A,Khalimonchuk O,del Razo L M,Quintanilla-Vega B,Pappa A,Panayiotidis M I,Franco R.2014.Oxidative stress,redox signaling,and autophagy:Cell death versus survival.Antioxidants and Redox Signaling,21,66-85.
Nguyen L N,Bormann J,Le G T,Starkel C,Olsson S,Nosanchuk J D,Giese H,Schafer W.2011.Autophagyrelated lipase FgATG15 of Fusarium graminearum is important for lipid turnover and plant infection.Fungal Genetics and Biology,48,217-224.
Palmer G E.2008.Autophagy in Candida albicans.Methods in Enzymology,451,311-322.
Richie D L,Askew D S.2008.Autophagy in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.Methods in Enzymology,451,241-250.
Roetzer A,Gratz N,Kovarik P,Schuller C.2010.Autophagy supports Candida glabrata survival during phagocytosis.Cell Microbiology,12,199-216.
Saitou N,Nei M.1987.The neighbor-joining method:A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.Molecular Biology and Evolution,4,406-425,552.
Scheel D.1998.Resistance response physiology and signal transduction.Current Opinion in Plant Biology,1,305-310.
Sundar A R,Barnabas E L,Malathi P,Viswanathan R.2012.A mini-review on smut disease of sugarcane caused by Sporisorium scitamineum.In:Botany.Chapter 5.InTech Publisher.
Tsukada M,Ohsumi Y.1993.Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.FEBS Letters,333,169-174.
Veneault-Fourrey C,Barooah M,Egan M,Wakley G,Talbot N J.2006.Autophagic fungal cell death is necessary for infection by the rice blast fungus.Science,312,580-583.
Yan M,Dai W,Cai E,Deng Y Z,Chang C,Jiang Z,Zhang L H.2016.Transcriptome analysis of Sporisorium scitamineum reveals critical environmental signals for fungal sexual mating and filamentous growth.BMC Genomics,17,354.
Yang S L,Chung K R.2012.The NADPH oxidase-mediated production of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and resistance to oxidative stress in the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata of citrus.Molecular Plant Pathology,13,900-914.
Yao Z,Delorme-Axford E,Backues S K,Klionsky D J.2015.Atg41/Icy2 regulates autophagosome formation.Autophagy,11,2288-2299.
Yu J,Zhang Y,Cui H,Hu P,Yu X,Ye Z.2015.An efficient genetic manipulation protocol for Ustilago esculenta.FEMSMicrobiology Letters,362,doi:10.1093/femsle/fnv087
Yu Q,Jia C,Dong Y,Zhang B,Xiao C,Chen Y,Wang Y,Li X,Wang L,Zhang B,Li M.2015.Candida albicans autophagy,no longer a bystander:Its role in tolerance to ER stressrelated antifungal drugs.Fungal Genetics and Biology,81,238-249.