难解的痼疾--当代印度妇女遭受强奸侵害问题研究
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摘要
近年来,印度社会针对妇女的强奸侵害事件频繁发生,并陆续受到社会的重视和关注。特别是自2012年印度德里公交集体强奸案公之于世后,有关印度社会针对妇女的强奸问题成为学者们关注与研究的重要领域,在印度社会乃至整个世界迅速得以展开。由于印度社会长期的强奸盲视和犯罪宽容,当代印度妇女遭受强奸侵害问题,历经马图拉强奸案、后马图拉时代、达米尼强奸案与后达米尼时代四个主要阶段,已经形成了一种男权制度制约下顽固的强奸文化,并演变为一个重大的政治问题,陷入案发率高居不下的困局状态。未来如何继续应对和处理这些问题,建立一个对妇女公平公正的社会,印度政府任重而道远。
In recent years,rape perpetrated against women has occurred frequently in India,and raised attention in society. Especially since the Bus Gang Rape in Delhi in 2012,rape against women has attracted scholars attention and related research has quickly expanded in India and even across the whole world. Contemporary Indian womens historical experiences with rape have gone through four stages:Mathura Rape Case,Post Mathura era,Damini Rape Case,and Post Damini era,all which indicate that rape and sexual violence were long overlooked in India. All suggest that a stubborn rape culture persists in India under the patriarchal system,and has become a major political issue. While rape continues to rise across India,the Indian government has to face up to the question of how to combat rape and deal with the issues that impede the increase of social status of women.
In recent years,rape perpetrated against women has occurred frequently in India,and raised attention in society. Especially since the Bus Gang Rape in Delhi in 2012,rape against women has attracted scholars attention and related research has quickly expanded in India and even across the whole world. Contemporary Indian womens historical experiences with rape have gone through four stages:Mathura Rape Case,Post Mathura era,Damini Rape Case,and Post Damini era,all which indicate that rape and sexual violence were long overlooked in India. All suggest that a stubborn rape culture persists in India under the patriarchal system,and has become a major political issue. While rape continues to rise across India,the Indian government has to face up to the question of how to combat rape and deal with the issues that impede the increase of social status of women.
引文
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[3]Aneja,Sonia.Legal Study of Rape Laws in India:Victimization and Judicial Approach[M].Saarbrücken:LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing,2015.
[4]陈致中主编.中国周边舆情调查研究[M].北京:经济日报出版社,2015.
[5]毛克疾.什么?印度在强奸案发率排行榜中垫底?[N/OL].观察者·新闻中心,2015-03-13.
[6]吴顺煌.为啥你对印度的印象只剩下“强奸”?[EB/OL].新浪财经意见领袖,2015-04-01.
[7]Bagchi,Indrani.The Struggle for Womens Empowerment in India[J].Current History,2014,113(762).
[8]Online Desk.Indian Men Are Free to Rape Their Wives!Sacrament or Profane?[EB/OL].The New Indian Express,01st May 2015.
[9]Raj,Anita,McDougal,Lotus.Sexual Violence and Rape in India[J].Lancet,2014,383(383).
[10]Pandey,Dr.P.K..Marital Rape in India——Needs Legal Recognition[J/OL].SSRN Electronic Journal,July 4,2013.
[11]Malik,Neeraj.Marital Rape Laws and Women Security in India:A Critical Analysis[J].GJRA-GLOBAL Journal Research Analysis,2015,4(10).
[12]Murthi,Meera.Who Is to Blame?Rape of Hindu-Muslim Women in Interethnic Violence in India[J].Psychology of Women Quarterly,2009,33(4).
[13]Sakhrani,Monica.Reading Rape Post Mathura[J].Indian Journal of Gender Studies,2016,23(2).
[14]Ray,Aparajita.42%of Indian Girls Are Sexually Abused before 19:Unicef[EB/OL].The Times of India,2014-09-12.
[15]Mehta,Siddharth.Rape Law in India:Problems in Prosecution Due to Loopholes in the Law[J].SSRN Electronic Journal,April 13,2013.
[16]Baxi,Pratiksha.Public Secrets of Law:Rape Trials in India[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014.
[17]佟吉清.限制女性着装自由是滥用“场合说”[N].中国妇女报,2013-04-02:(A03).
[18]Mitra,Durba,Satish,Mrinal.Testing Chastity,Evidencing Rape Impact of Medical Jurisprudence on Rape Adjudication in India[J].Economic&Political Weekly,2014,49(41).
[19]唐华.印度用手指测试法坚定女性是否遭受强奸引发争议[EB/OL].国际在线专稿,2010-11-02.
[20]Kmietowicz,Zosia.Group Calls on Indian Government to Ban“Degrading”Finger Test after Rape[J].BMJ,Sep.8,2010,341(c4904).
[21]Kohli,Ambika.Gang Rapes and Molestation Cases in India:Creating Mores for Eve-Teasing[J].Te Awatea Review,2012,10(1&2).
[22]Smith-Sivertsen,Rebecca,Kristensen,Pernille Bo,H.Noori,Hans Peter Jonas,Riis,Vagn.Mobilisation and Protests in the Aftermath of the New Delhi Gang Rape Case[J].Roskilde University Digital Archive,Jun 10,2014.
[23]Westin,Jonna.The Story that Made It Big——A Case Study of the Reporting on the2012Delhi Gang Rape Case[D].Stockholm:Stockholm University,2013.
[24]Mark Phillips et al..Media Coverage of Violence against Women in India:A Systematic Study of a High Profile Rape Case[J].BMC Womens Health,2015,15(1).
[25]Ismail,Amani,Mishra,Smeeta.Violence against Women Digitized:An Analysis of Times of India Online Videos after the Delhi Gang Rape[J/OL].Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies,2016,6(2).
[26]赵思乐.印度女权状况到底怎样:强奸文化依旧,但妇女已走上街头[N/OL].澎湃新闻,2015-03-13.
[27]Kumar,Amit.Role of Social Media in Mass-Movement:A Case Study of Delhi Gang-Rape[J].Public Affairs&Social Media,March 2014.
[28]Ahmed,Saifuddin,Jaidka,Kokil.Protests against Delhi Gang Rape on Twitter:Analyzing Indias Arab Spring[J].eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government,2013,5(1).
[29]杨柳.印黑公交轮奸案宣判或于8月底进行愤怒民众要求死刑[EB/OL].国际在线,2013-08-21.
[30]Atluri,Tara.Bus/Bas/:The 2012 Delhi Gang Rape Case,City Space and Public Transportation[A].Exploring Urban Change in South Asia(IV):Space,Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi[C].Eds.by Chakravarty,Surajit,Negi,Rohit.Springer India,2016.
[31]Soma Chaudhuri,Sarah Fitzgerald.Rape Protests in India and the Birth of a New Repertoire[J].Social Movement Studies,2015,14(5).
[32][印度]阿马蒂亚·森、让·德雷兹著,唐奇译.不确定的荣耀[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015.
[33]Sharma,Richa,Bazilli,Susan.A Reflection on Gang Rape in India:Whats Law Got to Do with It?[J/OL].IJCJ&SD,2014,3(3).
[34]Khambati,Nisreen.Indias Two Finger Test after Rape Violates Women and Should be Eliminated from Medical Practice[J].BMJ,2014,348(g3336).
[35]Sharma,Richa,Bazilli,Susan.Violence against Women:Whats Law Got to Do with It?A Reflection on Gang Rape in India[J].Queensland University of Technology,2014,3(3).
[36]环球网综合报道.印媒:新德里强奸案数量居高不下每4小时上报一起[N/OL].环球网·国际新闻,2016-06-08.
[37]尚会鹏.中国人与印度人:文化传统的比较研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[38]杨强.印度的尴尬文明古国为何沦为强奸之国[J].环球人文地理,2013,(21).
[39]Ban Q.Man,The Damini Rape Case:Addressing Sexual Violence and Womens Rights in Indian Society[J].Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities,2014,4(7).
[40]张春续编.印度如何沦为“强奸之国”[J/0L].腾讯评论·今日话题,2013-02-05,(2328).
[41]Amartya Sen.More Than 100 Million Women are Missing[J/OL].The New York Review of Books,1990-12-20,37(20).
[42]木公.性传统无视女性意识旧习俗惯出男人特权向千年习俗求解印度性暴力[J].报刊荟萃,2013,(5).
[43]张田勘.印度女性悲剧命运的深层原因[EB/OL].中国网·观点中国观点库,2013-01-07.
[44]杨敏.完善印度法律以保护女性安全[N].中国社会科学报,2013-01-21:(A04).
[45]王江雨.印度妇女地位背后的无奈[J].南风窗,2015,(12).
[46]Prasad,Shally.Medicolegal Response to Violence against Women in India[J].Violence Against Women,1999,5(5).
[47]AOO Women.Womens Organizations against Rape in India:Report of a National Meeting[A].Women and violence[C].Compiled by Miranda Davies,London:Zed Books,1994.
[48]秦文.女性主义视角下的印度性暴力问题解析[J].南亚研究,2014,(4).
[49]Simon-Kumar,Rachel.Sexual Violence in India:The Discourses of Rape and the Discourses of Justice[J].Indian Journal of Gender Studies,2014,21(3).
[50]杨兴培.印度强奸案缘何持续发酵[N].法制日报,2013-01-08:(10).
[51]廖卓娴.“黑公交”强奸案:印度民主之殇[J].老年人,2013,(2).
[2]Gangoli,Geetanjali.Controlling Womens Sexuality:Rape Law in India[A].International Approaches to Rape[C].Ed..Nicole Westmarland,and Geetanjali Gangoli.Bristol[etc.]:Policy,2011.
[3]Aneja,Sonia.Legal Study of Rape Laws in India:Victimization and Judicial Approach[M].Saarbrücken:LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing,2015.
[4]陈致中主编.中国周边舆情调查研究[M].北京:经济日报出版社,2015.
[5]毛克疾.什么?印度在强奸案发率排行榜中垫底?[N/OL].观察者·新闻中心,2015-03-13.
[6]吴顺煌.为啥你对印度的印象只剩下“强奸”?[EB/OL].新浪财经意见领袖,2015-04-01.
[7]Bagchi,Indrani.The Struggle for Womens Empowerment in India[J].Current History,2014,113(762).
[8]Online Desk.Indian Men Are Free to Rape Their Wives!Sacrament or Profane?[EB/OL].The New Indian Express,01st May 2015.
[9]Raj,Anita,McDougal,Lotus.Sexual Violence and Rape in India[J].Lancet,2014,383(383).
[10]Pandey,Dr.P.K..Marital Rape in India——Needs Legal Recognition[J/OL].SSRN Electronic Journal,July 4,2013.
[11]Malik,Neeraj.Marital Rape Laws and Women Security in India:A Critical Analysis[J].GJRA-GLOBAL Journal Research Analysis,2015,4(10).
[12]Murthi,Meera.Who Is to Blame?Rape of Hindu-Muslim Women in Interethnic Violence in India[J].Psychology of Women Quarterly,2009,33(4).
[13]Sakhrani,Monica.Reading Rape Post Mathura[J].Indian Journal of Gender Studies,2016,23(2).
[14]Ray,Aparajita.42%of Indian Girls Are Sexually Abused before 19:Unicef[EB/OL].The Times of India,2014-09-12.
[15]Mehta,Siddharth.Rape Law in India:Problems in Prosecution Due to Loopholes in the Law[J].SSRN Electronic Journal,April 13,2013.
[16]Baxi,Pratiksha.Public Secrets of Law:Rape Trials in India[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014.
[17]佟吉清.限制女性着装自由是滥用“场合说”[N].中国妇女报,2013-04-02:(A03).
[18]Mitra,Durba,Satish,Mrinal.Testing Chastity,Evidencing Rape Impact of Medical Jurisprudence on Rape Adjudication in India[J].Economic&Political Weekly,2014,49(41).
[19]唐华.印度用手指测试法坚定女性是否遭受强奸引发争议[EB/OL].国际在线专稿,2010-11-02.
[20]Kmietowicz,Zosia.Group Calls on Indian Government to Ban“Degrading”Finger Test after Rape[J].BMJ,Sep.8,2010,341(c4904).
[21]Kohli,Ambika.Gang Rapes and Molestation Cases in India:Creating Mores for Eve-Teasing[J].Te Awatea Review,2012,10(1&2).
[22]Smith-Sivertsen,Rebecca,Kristensen,Pernille Bo,H.Noori,Hans Peter Jonas,Riis,Vagn.Mobilisation and Protests in the Aftermath of the New Delhi Gang Rape Case[J].Roskilde University Digital Archive,Jun 10,2014.
[23]Westin,Jonna.The Story that Made It Big——A Case Study of the Reporting on the2012Delhi Gang Rape Case[D].Stockholm:Stockholm University,2013.
[24]Mark Phillips et al..Media Coverage of Violence against Women in India:A Systematic Study of a High Profile Rape Case[J].BMC Womens Health,2015,15(1).
[25]Ismail,Amani,Mishra,Smeeta.Violence against Women Digitized:An Analysis of Times of India Online Videos after the Delhi Gang Rape[J/OL].Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies,2016,6(2).
[26]赵思乐.印度女权状况到底怎样:强奸文化依旧,但妇女已走上街头[N/OL].澎湃新闻,2015-03-13.
[27]Kumar,Amit.Role of Social Media in Mass-Movement:A Case Study of Delhi Gang-Rape[J].Public Affairs&Social Media,March 2014.
[28]Ahmed,Saifuddin,Jaidka,Kokil.Protests against Delhi Gang Rape on Twitter:Analyzing Indias Arab Spring[J].eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government,2013,5(1).
[29]杨柳.印黑公交轮奸案宣判或于8月底进行愤怒民众要求死刑[EB/OL].国际在线,2013-08-21.
[30]Atluri,Tara.Bus/Bas/:The 2012 Delhi Gang Rape Case,City Space and Public Transportation[A].Exploring Urban Change in South Asia(IV):Space,Planning and Everyday Contestations in Delhi[C].Eds.by Chakravarty,Surajit,Negi,Rohit.Springer India,2016.
[31]Soma Chaudhuri,Sarah Fitzgerald.Rape Protests in India and the Birth of a New Repertoire[J].Social Movement Studies,2015,14(5).
[32][印度]阿马蒂亚·森、让·德雷兹著,唐奇译.不确定的荣耀[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015.
[33]Sharma,Richa,Bazilli,Susan.A Reflection on Gang Rape in India:Whats Law Got to Do with It?[J/OL].IJCJ&SD,2014,3(3).
[34]Khambati,Nisreen.Indias Two Finger Test after Rape Violates Women and Should be Eliminated from Medical Practice[J].BMJ,2014,348(g3336).
[35]Sharma,Richa,Bazilli,Susan.Violence against Women:Whats Law Got to Do with It?A Reflection on Gang Rape in India[J].Queensland University of Technology,2014,3(3).
[36]环球网综合报道.印媒:新德里强奸案数量居高不下每4小时上报一起[N/OL].环球网·国际新闻,2016-06-08.
[37]尚会鹏.中国人与印度人:文化传统的比较研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
[38]杨强.印度的尴尬文明古国为何沦为强奸之国[J].环球人文地理,2013,(21).
[39]Ban Q.Man,The Damini Rape Case:Addressing Sexual Violence and Womens Rights in Indian Society[J].Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities,2014,4(7).
[40]张春续编.印度如何沦为“强奸之国”[J/0L].腾讯评论·今日话题,2013-02-05,(2328).
[41]Amartya Sen.More Than 100 Million Women are Missing[J/OL].The New York Review of Books,1990-12-20,37(20).
[42]木公.性传统无视女性意识旧习俗惯出男人特权向千年习俗求解印度性暴力[J].报刊荟萃,2013,(5).
[43]张田勘.印度女性悲剧命运的深层原因[EB/OL].中国网·观点中国观点库,2013-01-07.
[44]杨敏.完善印度法律以保护女性安全[N].中国社会科学报,2013-01-21:(A04).
[45]王江雨.印度妇女地位背后的无奈[J].南风窗,2015,(12).
[46]Prasad,Shally.Medicolegal Response to Violence against Women in India[J].Violence Against Women,1999,5(5).
[47]AOO Women.Womens Organizations against Rape in India:Report of a National Meeting[A].Women and violence[C].Compiled by Miranda Davies,London:Zed Books,1994.
[48]秦文.女性主义视角下的印度性暴力问题解析[J].南亚研究,2014,(4).
[49]Simon-Kumar,Rachel.Sexual Violence in India:The Discourses of Rape and the Discourses of Justice[J].Indian Journal of Gender Studies,2014,21(3).
[50]杨兴培.印度强奸案缘何持续发酵[N].法制日报,2013-01-08:(10).
[51]廖卓娴.“黑公交”强奸案:印度民主之殇[J].老年人,2013,(2).