秦岭华北落叶松人工林耗水规律与环境因子关系研究
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摘要
以不同林龄(幼龄、中龄、老龄)华北落叶松为研究对象,依托国家级森林生态系统定位观测站,连续5年采用热扩散式茎流计法(树木蒸腾)和称重法(土壤蒸发)对华北落叶松土壤蒸发与植被蒸散耗水及其环境因子进行定量监测,定量分析蒸腾、蒸发等各蒸散的强度与环境因子的关系。结果表明:2012-2017年不同林龄土壤蒸发量和蒸腾耗水量均呈"几"字形变化规律,在7-8月达到最大,4-6月呈急剧增加趋势,9月以后有所降低;当土壤含水量>18%,地被植物并不抑制土壤水分的蒸发;当土壤含水量<18%,地被植物抑制了土壤水分的蒸发;土壤蒸发量与土壤温度和土壤含水量均呈显著的正相关。相关性分析表明林木蒸腾强度与土壤含水量、太阳辐射强度、土壤温度呈正相关,即华北落叶松林木蒸腾强度随各环境因子变量值的增加而增加;然而,林木蒸腾强度与自身属性(冠幅、胸径、株高)呈负相关关系,即随着林木的生长,其蒸腾作用受到了一定的抑制。综合分析表明:影响华北落叶松耗水最直接的因素是土壤水分含量,当土壤含水量较小时,华北落叶松首先满足自身对于土壤水分的需求。
Relying on national forest ecosystem research station, Larix principis-rupprechtii in Qinling Mountains is taken as the study area in five years. In order to quantitatively reveal the levels of transpiration and evaporation intensity and their relationship with environmental factors, the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations water consumption and related environmental factors are monitored in this region. Then the effects of vegetation structure on vegetation characteristics of water consumption are analyzed. The weighing method is used to measure the soil evaporation and thermal dissipation probe(TDP) is used to measure the sap-flow dynamics. Combing with the investigation of environmental factors, the data are analyzed. The results show that soil evaporation and water consumption of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations vegetation increase and then decrease, which are the highest in July and August, and then decrease. When the soil water content is above 18%, the ground cover plants not inhibit soil moisture evaporation. Soil evaporation model shows that the soil evaporation is positively correlated with soil moisture content and temperature. Correlation analysis shows that Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations are positively related to the soil water content, the solar radiation intensity, soil temperature, namely forest transpiration intensity will be increased with the increase in the environmental factor variable values. However, the forest transpiration intensity and own properties(crown breadth, diameter at breast height, plant height) shows a negative correlation, which is with the growth, forest transpiration will be suppressed. Overall, the main factor that affects forest water consumption is the soil moisture, if the soil water contents decrease, the forest vegetation will solve their demand for water in the first place.
Relying on national forest ecosystem research station, Larix principis-rupprechtii in Qinling Mountains is taken as the study area in five years. In order to quantitatively reveal the levels of transpiration and evaporation intensity and their relationship with environmental factors, the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations water consumption and related environmental factors are monitored in this region. Then the effects of vegetation structure on vegetation characteristics of water consumption are analyzed. The weighing method is used to measure the soil evaporation and thermal dissipation probe(TDP) is used to measure the sap-flow dynamics. Combing with the investigation of environmental factors, the data are analyzed. The results show that soil evaporation and water consumption of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations vegetation increase and then decrease, which are the highest in July and August, and then decrease. When the soil water content is above 18%, the ground cover plants not inhibit soil moisture evaporation. Soil evaporation model shows that the soil evaporation is positively correlated with soil moisture content and temperature. Correlation analysis shows that Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations are positively related to the soil water content, the solar radiation intensity, soil temperature, namely forest transpiration intensity will be increased with the increase in the environmental factor variable values. However, the forest transpiration intensity and own properties(crown breadth, diameter at breast height, plant height) shows a negative correlation, which is with the growth, forest transpiration will be suppressed. Overall, the main factor that affects forest water consumption is the soil moisture, if the soil water contents decrease, the forest vegetation will solve their demand for water in the first place.
引文
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[17] 朱劲伟, 崔启武, 史继德, 等. 红松林和采伐迹地的水量平衡分析[J]. 生态学报, 1982,2(4):335-343.
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[19] 满荣洲, 董世仁. 华北油松人工林蒸腾的研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 1986,8(2):1-7.
[20] 蔡体久, 刘强. 落叶松人工林土壤水分平衡的研究[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 1996,24(1):62-67.
[21] 杨文斌, 蒋士梅. 半干旱区四种针叶林蒸腾作用的研究[J]. 生态学杂志, 1991,10(3):18-21.
[2] 熊伟, 王彦辉, 徐德应. 宁南山区华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应[J]. 林业科学, 2003,39(2):1-7.
[3] 汪耀富, 蔡寒玉, 李进平, 等. 不同供水条件下土壤水分与烤烟蒸腾耗水的关系[J]. 农业工程学报, 2007,23(1):19-23.
[4] 何其华, 何永华, 包维楷. 干旱半干旱区山地土壤水分动态变化[J]. 山地学报, 2003,21(2):149-156.
[5] 段晓男, 王效科, 欧阳志云, 等. 乌梁素海野生芦苇群落生物量及影响因子分析[J]. 植物生态学报, 2004,28(2):246-251.
[6] 司建华, 冯起, 张小由, 等. 植物蒸散耗水量测定方法研究进展[J]. 水科学进展, 2005,16(3):450-459.
[7] 赵文智, 吉喜斌, 刘鹄. 蒸散发观测研究进展及绿洲蒸散研究展望[J]. 干旱区研究, 2011,28(3):463-470.
[8] 孙长忠, 黄宝龙. 黄土高原人工植被与其水分环境相互作用关系研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 1998,20(3):7-14.
[9] 刘家琼, 蒲锦春, 刘新民. 我国沙漠中部地区主要不同生态类型植物的水分关系和旱生结构比较研究[J]. 植物学报, 1987,29(6):662-673.
[10] Jun X I A, Yi-zhong Z H U. 水资源安全的度量: 水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J]. 自然资源学报, 2002,17(3):262-269.
[11] 冯尚友, 刘国全. 水资源持续利用的框架[J]. 水科学进展, 1997,8(4):301-307.
[12] 周平, 李吉跃. 北方主要造林树种苗木蒸腾耗水特性研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 2002,24(5):50-55.
[13] MAJianxin C, LIWeihong H. 荒漠防护林典型树种液流特征及其对环境因子的响应[J]. 生态学报, 2010,30(3):579-586.
[14] 王安志, 裴铁璠. 森林蒸散测算方法研究进展与展望[J]. 应用生态学报, 2001,12(6):933-937.
[15] 杨海军, 孙立达, 余新晓. 晋西黄土区水土保持林水量平衡的研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 1993,15(3):42-50.
[16] 何新林, 郭生练. 天山山区水平衡法径流模型的研究[J]. 西北水资源与水工程, 1996,7(3):8-13.
[17] 朱劲伟, 崔启武, 史继德, 等. 红松林和采伐迹地的水量平衡分析[J]. 生态学报, 1982,2(4):335-343.
[18] 邓东周, 范志平, 王红, 等. 林木蒸腾作用测定和估算方法[J]. 生态学杂志, 2008,27(6):1 051-1 058.
[19] 满荣洲, 董世仁. 华北油松人工林蒸腾的研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 1986,8(2):1-7.
[20] 蔡体久, 刘强. 落叶松人工林土壤水分平衡的研究[J]. 东北林业大学学报, 1996,24(1):62-67.
[21] 杨文斌, 蒋士梅. 半干旱区四种针叶林蒸腾作用的研究[J]. 生态学杂志, 1991,10(3):18-21.