西夏“只关”考述
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摘要
西夏法律文献中的"只关"一词并非学界认为的"证实"、"机关"之意,而是司法制度中的"关留知在"程序,其渊源是中原法律的知在制度。西夏"只关"有单独适用及与担保连用两种情况,单用时是诉讼案件起始阶段的一项"关留知在"程序,适用于普通上诉、越诉、重诉以及投匦直诉的案件,收管对象为举告人,其目的是保证案件正常审理,减少诬告、滥告现象;与担保连用时则接近宋代"责保知在"制度,具有留住保证、连带责任保证以及信用保证的功能,适用于矜恤担保、官物耗减注销、僧道资格认定、袭抄、大功赏赐、印信财物遗失等方面,是一种强化的担保措施。
The word "Zhi Guan" in the legal literature of Xixia is not the meaning of "confirmation" or "organ ", but the procedure of "Shut and know" in the judicial system. Its origin was the legal system of the Central Plains. "Zhi Guan" had two applications, when used alone applied to ordinary appeals, litigation, restatement and direct prosecution. The object of collection was the plaintiff, whose purpose was to ensure normal hearing of cases and reduced false accusation and abuse. In conjunction with the guarantee, it was close to the "responsibility assurance system" in the Song Dynasty, which had the functions of retaining guarantee, joint liability guarantee and credit guarantee. It was a kind of strengthening guarantee, which was applicable to the pity crowd, official material cancellation, the qualification of monk, succession of military titles, great merit reward and loss of official seal and property.
The word "Zhi Guan" in the legal literature of Xixia is not the meaning of "confirmation" or "organ ", but the procedure of "Shut and know" in the judicial system. Its origin was the legal system of the Central Plains. "Zhi Guan" had two applications, when used alone applied to ordinary appeals, litigation, restatement and direct prosecution. The object of collection was the plaintiff, whose purpose was to ensure normal hearing of cases and reduced false accusation and abuse. In conjunction with the guarantee, it was close to the "responsibility assurance system" in the Song Dynasty, which had the functions of retaining guarantee, joint liability guarantee and credit guarantee. It was a kind of strengthening guarantee, which was applicable to the pity crowd, official material cancellation, the qualification of monk, succession of military titles, great merit reward and loss of official seal and property.
引文
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[3]天盛改旧新定律令[M].史金波,白滨,聂鸿音,译注.北京:法律出版社,2000.
[4][西夏]骨勒茂才.番汉合时掌中珠[M].黄振华,聂鸿音,史金波,整理.银川:宁夏人民出版社,1989.
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[6]李范文.夏汉字典[Z].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1997.
[7][宋]李元弼.作邑自箴[M].丛书集成续编本.
[8][元]徐元瑞.吏学指南[M].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1988.
[9][宋]陈襄.州县提纲[M].丛书集成初编本.
[10][宋]王溥,撰.唐会要[M].北京:中华书局,1955.
[11][宋]李心传,撰.建炎以来朝野杂记[M].北京:中华书局,2000.
[12][宋]李心传,撰.建炎以来系年要录[M].北京:中华书局,1956.
[13][宋]李焘,撰.续资治通鉴长编[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
[14][清]徐松,辑.宋会要辑稿[M].北京:中华书局,1957.
[15]中国社会科学院历史研究所.天一阁藏明钞本天圣令校证[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[16][宋]谢深甫,编撰.庆元条法事类[M].戴建国,点校.哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2002.
[17]天一阁博物馆.天一阁藏明钞本天圣令校证[M].北京:中华书局,2006.