Effects of land-use types on soil organic carbon stocks: a case study across an altitudinal gradient within a farm-pastoral area on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China
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摘要
A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) to different land-use patterns in this region are unclear. Here, we determined the SOC(0–20 cm) content of grasslands and forests that are being converted from farmlands, as well as in abandoned arable land and arable land in this region. The factors influencing the reclaimed lands were analyzed along altitudes from 2030 to 3132 m. Our results showed that SOC content was higher for grassland and abandoned arable land than forest and arable land. The SOC content increased with the increase in altitude for total land-use patterns. Further, the grassland and abandoned arable land had higher SOC content than the forest with almost parallel trends along the increase in altitude. However, the proportion of regulated factors of altitude and species richness varied among forest, grassland, and abandoned arable land. Our results indicated that the land-use pattern of returning farmland to grassland and abandoned arable land was more effective in terms of the SOC storage in the superficial layer in this altitude range in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thereby being beneficial to optimizing land management in this region.
A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) to different land-use patterns in this region are unclear. Here, we determined the SOC(0–20 cm) content of grasslands and forests that are being converted from farmlands, as well as in abandoned arable land and arable land in this region. The factors influencing the reclaimed lands were analyzed along altitudes from 2030 to 3132 m. Our results showed that SOC content was higher for grassland and abandoned arable land than forest and arable land. The SOC content increased with the increase in altitude for total land-use patterns. Further, the grassland and abandoned arable land had higher SOC content than the forest with almost parallel trends along the increase in altitude. However, the proportion of regulated factors of altitude and species richness varied among forest, grassland, and abandoned arable land. Our results indicated that the land-use pattern of returning farmland to grassland and abandoned arable land was more effective in terms of the SOC storage in the superficial layer in this altitude range in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thereby being beneficial to optimizing land management in this region.
A crucial region for China's ‘Grain-forGreen Policy' is located within a traditional farmpastoral area, between 2000 to 3000 m above sea level, on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.However, the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) to different land-use patterns in this region are unclear. Here, we determined the SOC(0–20 cm) content of grasslands and forests that are being converted from farmlands, as well as in abandoned arable land and arable land in this region. The factors influencing the reclaimed lands were analyzed along altitudes from 2030 to 3132 m. Our results showed that SOC content was higher for grassland and abandoned arable land than forest and arable land. The SOC content increased with the increase in altitude for total land-use patterns. Further, the grassland and abandoned arable land had higher SOC content than the forest with almost parallel trends along the increase in altitude. However, the proportion of regulated factors of altitude and species richness varied among forest, grassland, and abandoned arable land. Our results indicated that the land-use pattern of returning farmland to grassland and abandoned arable land was more effective in terms of the SOC storage in the superficial layer in this altitude range in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thereby being beneficial to optimizing land management in this region.
引文
Bao SD(2000)Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.China Agriculture Press,Beijing,China.(In Chinese)
Bonnett SAF,Ostle N,Freeman C(2006)Seasonal variations in decomposition processes in a valley-bottom riparian peatland.Science of the Total Environment 370:561-73.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.032
Bronick CJ,Lal R(2005)Soil structure and management:a review.Geoderma 124(1-2):3-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
Castelle AJ,Galloway JN(1990)Carbon dioxide dynamics in acid forest soils in Shenandoah National Park,Virginia.Soil Science Society of America Journal 54:252-257.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400010040x
Chadwick OA,Kelly EF,Merritts DM et al.(1994)Carbon dioxide consumption during soil development.Biogeochemistry 24:115-127.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003268
Chan,KY(2007)Bulk Density,in Encyclopedia of Soil Science.2nd Edition.Taylor&Francis.pp 191-193.
Cui H,Wang G,Yang Y,et al.(2015)Variation in community characteristics and its influencing factors of alpine grasslands along an elevation gradient.Chinese Journal of Ecology 11:006.https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.2015.0292
De Deyn GB,Cornelissen JHC,Bardgett RD(2008)Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes.Ecology Letters 11:516-531.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x
Deng L,Liu G,Shangguan Z(2014)Land-use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China's‘Grain-for-Green’Program:a synthesis.Global Change Biology 20(11):3544-3556.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12508
Ewert F,Rounsevell MDA,Reginster I,et al.(2005)Future scenarios of European agricultural land use I.Estimating changes in crop productivity.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment 107(2-3):101-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.003
Freibauer A,Rounsevell MDA,Smith P,et al.(2004)Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe.Geoderma122:1-23.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.021
Fu B,Chen L,Ma K,et al.(2000)The relationships between land use and soil conditions in the hilly area of the loess plateau in northern Shaanxi,China.Catena 39(1):69-78.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00084-3
Garten CT,Post WM,Hanson PJ,et al.(1999)Forest soil carbon inventories and dynamics along an elevation gradient in the southern Appalachian Mountains.Biogeochemistry 45(2):115-145.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01106778
Guo LB,Gifford RM(2002)Soil carbon stocks and land use change:a meta analysis.Global Change Biology 8:345-360.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x
Hagedorn F,Schleppi P,Waldner P,et al.(2000)Export of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from Gleysol dominated catchments-the significance of water flow paths.Biogeochemistry 50(2):137-161.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006398105953
Hope D,Billett MF,Cresser MS(1994)A review of the export of carbon in river water-fluxes and processes.Environmental Pollution 84(3):301-24.https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90142-2
Hope D,Palmer SM,Billett MF,et al.(2004)Variations in dissolved CO2 and CH4 in a first-order stream and catchment:an investigation of soil-stream linkages.Hydrological Processes 18:3255-3275.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5657
IPCC(2000)Land Use,Land-Use Change,and Forestry.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK.
Janzen HH(2004)Carbon cycling in earth systems-a soil science perspective.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment104:399-417.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.040
Jones JB,Mulholland PJ(1998)Influence of drainage basin topography and elevation on carbon dioxide and methane supersaturation of stream water.Biogeochemisrty 40:57-72.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005914121280
Jones MB,Donnelly A(2004)Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystems and the influence of management,climate and elevated CO2.New Phytologist 164:423-39.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01201.x
Kidanemariam A,Gebrekidan H,Mamo T,et al.(2012)Impact of altitude and land use type on some physical and chemical properties of acidic soils in Tsegede Highlands,Northern Ethiopia.Open Journal of Soil Science 2(03):223.https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2012.23027
King JA,Bradley RI,Harrison R(2005)Current trends of soil organic carbon in English arable soils.Soil Use and Management 21:189-95.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00124.x
Kirschbaum MUF,Guo L,Gifford RM(2008)Observed and modelled soil carbon and nitrogen changes after planting a Pinus radiata stand onto former pasture.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40:247-257.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.08.021
Laganière J,Angers DA,Pare D(2010)Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation:a meta-analysis.Global Change Biology 16:439-453.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01930.x
Lal R(2004)Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 70:103-16.https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FRES.0000048480.24274.0f
Lemenih M,Itanna F(2004)Soil carbon stocks and turnovers in various vegetation type and arable lands along an elevation gradient in southern Ethiopia.Geoderma 123(1-2):177-188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.02.004
Lemma B,Kleja DB,Nilsson I,et al.(2006)Soil carbon sequestration under different exotic tree species in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia.Geoderma 136:886-898.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.06.008
Li DJ,Niu SL,Luo YQ(2012)Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation:a meta analysis.New Phytologist 195:172-181.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x
Liu GS,Jiang NH,Zhang LD,et al.(1996)Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis&Description of Soil Profiles.Standards Press of China,Beijing.(In Chinese)
Liu SL,Du YG,Zhang FW,et al.(2016)Distribution of soil carbon in different grassland types of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 13(10).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-015-3764-7
Liu JG,Li SX,Ouyang ZY,et al.(2008)Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosystem services.Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences105(28):9477-9482.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706436105
Ma HP,Yang XL,Guo QQ,et al.(2016)Soil organic carbon pool along different altitudinal level in the Sygera Mountains,Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 13(3).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3421-6
Manojlovi?M,?abilovski R,Sitaula B(2011)Soil organic carbon in serbian mountain soils:effects of land use and altitude.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 20(4):977-986.
Martinea-Mena M,Rogel JA,Castillo V,et al.(2002)Organic carbon and nitrogen losses influenced by vegetation removal in a semiarid Mediterranean soil.Biogeochemistry 61:309-321.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020257208048
Meyer JL,Wallace JB,Eggert SL(1998)Leaf litter as a source of dissolved organic carbon in streams.Ecosystems 1(3):240-249.https://doi.org/10.1007/s100219900019
Paul EA,Morris SJ,Six J,et al.(2003)Interpretation of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in agricultural and afforested soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal 67:1620-1628.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.1620
Paul KI,Polglase PJ,Nyakuengama JG,et al.(2002)Change in soil carbon following afforestation.Forest Ecology and Management 168:241-257.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00740-X
Post WM,Kwon KC(2000)Soil carbon sequestration and landuse change:processes and potential.Global Change Biology 6:317-327.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x
Shen C,Xiong J,Zhang H,et al.(2013)Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 57:204-211.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.07.013
Six J,Conant RT,Paul EA,et al.(2002)Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:implications for C-saturation of soils.Plant and Soil 241:155-76.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016125726789
Smal H,Olszewska M(2008)The effect of afforestation with Scots pine(Pinus silvestris L.)of sandy post-arable soils on their selected properties.II.Reaction,carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus.Plant and Soil 305:171-187.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9538-z
Smith P,Andrén O,Karlsson T,et al.(2005)Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated.Global Chang Biology 11:2153-2163.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01052.x
Smith P(2004)Soils as carbon sinks-the global context.Soil Use and Management 20(Suppl):212-218.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00361.x
Stumm W,Morgan JJ(1981)Aquatic Chemistry-An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters.New York,USA:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
Tan Z,Lal R,Smeck NE,et al.(2004)Relationships between surface soil organic carbon pool and site variables.Geoderma121(3-4):187-195.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.11.003
Thurman EM(1985)Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters.Dordrecht,Holland:Nijhoff/Junk Publishers.
Townsend AR,Vitousek PM,Trumbore SE(1995)Soil organic matter dynamics along gradients in temperature and land use on the island of Hawaii.Ecology 76(3):721-733.https://doi.org/10.2307/1939339
Trumbore SE,Vitousek PM,Amundson RR(1996)Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change.Science 272(5260):393-396.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5260.393
Vesterdal L,Ritter E,Gundersen P(2002)Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land.Forest Ecology and Management 169:137-147.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00304-3
Wang JT,Zheng YM,Hu HW,et al.(2015)Soil pH determines the alpha diversity but not beta diversity of soil fungal community along altitude in a typical Tibetan forest ecosystem.Journal of Soils and Sediments 15(5):1224-1232.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1070-1
Bonnett SAF,Ostle N,Freeman C(2006)Seasonal variations in decomposition processes in a valley-bottom riparian peatland.Science of the Total Environment 370:561-73.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.032
Bronick CJ,Lal R(2005)Soil structure and management:a review.Geoderma 124(1-2):3-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005
Castelle AJ,Galloway JN(1990)Carbon dioxide dynamics in acid forest soils in Shenandoah National Park,Virginia.Soil Science Society of America Journal 54:252-257.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400010040x
Chadwick OA,Kelly EF,Merritts DM et al.(1994)Carbon dioxide consumption during soil development.Biogeochemistry 24:115-127.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00003268
Chan,KY(2007)Bulk Density,in Encyclopedia of Soil Science.2nd Edition.Taylor&Francis.pp 191-193.
Cui H,Wang G,Yang Y,et al.(2015)Variation in community characteristics and its influencing factors of alpine grasslands along an elevation gradient.Chinese Journal of Ecology 11:006.https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.2015.0292
De Deyn GB,Cornelissen JHC,Bardgett RD(2008)Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes.Ecology Letters 11:516-531.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x
Deng L,Liu G,Shangguan Z(2014)Land-use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China's‘Grain-for-Green’Program:a synthesis.Global Change Biology 20(11):3544-3556.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12508
Ewert F,Rounsevell MDA,Reginster I,et al.(2005)Future scenarios of European agricultural land use I.Estimating changes in crop productivity.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment 107(2-3):101-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.003
Freibauer A,Rounsevell MDA,Smith P,et al.(2004)Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe.Geoderma122:1-23.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.021
Fu B,Chen L,Ma K,et al.(2000)The relationships between land use and soil conditions in the hilly area of the loess plateau in northern Shaanxi,China.Catena 39(1):69-78.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00084-3
Garten CT,Post WM,Hanson PJ,et al.(1999)Forest soil carbon inventories and dynamics along an elevation gradient in the southern Appalachian Mountains.Biogeochemistry 45(2):115-145.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01106778
Guo LB,Gifford RM(2002)Soil carbon stocks and land use change:a meta analysis.Global Change Biology 8:345-360.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00486.x
Hagedorn F,Schleppi P,Waldner P,et al.(2000)Export of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from Gleysol dominated catchments-the significance of water flow paths.Biogeochemistry 50(2):137-161.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006398105953
Hope D,Billett MF,Cresser MS(1994)A review of the export of carbon in river water-fluxes and processes.Environmental Pollution 84(3):301-24.https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90142-2
Hope D,Palmer SM,Billett MF,et al.(2004)Variations in dissolved CO2 and CH4 in a first-order stream and catchment:an investigation of soil-stream linkages.Hydrological Processes 18:3255-3275.https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5657
IPCC(2000)Land Use,Land-Use Change,and Forestry.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK.
Janzen HH(2004)Carbon cycling in earth systems-a soil science perspective.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment104:399-417.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.040
Jones JB,Mulholland PJ(1998)Influence of drainage basin topography and elevation on carbon dioxide and methane supersaturation of stream water.Biogeochemisrty 40:57-72.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005914121280
Jones MB,Donnelly A(2004)Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystems and the influence of management,climate and elevated CO2.New Phytologist 164:423-39.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01201.x
Kidanemariam A,Gebrekidan H,Mamo T,et al.(2012)Impact of altitude and land use type on some physical and chemical properties of acidic soils in Tsegede Highlands,Northern Ethiopia.Open Journal of Soil Science 2(03):223.https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2012.23027
King JA,Bradley RI,Harrison R(2005)Current trends of soil organic carbon in English arable soils.Soil Use and Management 21:189-95.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00124.x
Kirschbaum MUF,Guo L,Gifford RM(2008)Observed and modelled soil carbon and nitrogen changes after planting a Pinus radiata stand onto former pasture.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40:247-257.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.08.021
Laganière J,Angers DA,Pare D(2010)Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation:a meta-analysis.Global Change Biology 16:439-453.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01930.x
Lal R(2004)Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 70:103-16.https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FRES.0000048480.24274.0f
Lemenih M,Itanna F(2004)Soil carbon stocks and turnovers in various vegetation type and arable lands along an elevation gradient in southern Ethiopia.Geoderma 123(1-2):177-188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.02.004
Lemma B,Kleja DB,Nilsson I,et al.(2006)Soil carbon sequestration under different exotic tree species in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia.Geoderma 136:886-898.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.06.008
Li DJ,Niu SL,Luo YQ(2012)Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation:a meta analysis.New Phytologist 195:172-181.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x
Liu GS,Jiang NH,Zhang LD,et al.(1996)Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis&Description of Soil Profiles.Standards Press of China,Beijing.(In Chinese)
Liu SL,Du YG,Zhang FW,et al.(2016)Distribution of soil carbon in different grassland types of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 13(10).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-015-3764-7
Liu JG,Li SX,Ouyang ZY,et al.(2008)Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosystem services.Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences105(28):9477-9482.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706436105
Ma HP,Yang XL,Guo QQ,et al.(2016)Soil organic carbon pool along different altitudinal level in the Sygera Mountains,Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science 13(3).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-3421-6
Manojlovi?M,?abilovski R,Sitaula B(2011)Soil organic carbon in serbian mountain soils:effects of land use and altitude.Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 20(4):977-986.
Martinea-Mena M,Rogel JA,Castillo V,et al.(2002)Organic carbon and nitrogen losses influenced by vegetation removal in a semiarid Mediterranean soil.Biogeochemistry 61:309-321.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020257208048
Meyer JL,Wallace JB,Eggert SL(1998)Leaf litter as a source of dissolved organic carbon in streams.Ecosystems 1(3):240-249.https://doi.org/10.1007/s100219900019
Paul EA,Morris SJ,Six J,et al.(2003)Interpretation of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in agricultural and afforested soils.Soil Science Society of America Journal 67:1620-1628.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.1620
Paul KI,Polglase PJ,Nyakuengama JG,et al.(2002)Change in soil carbon following afforestation.Forest Ecology and Management 168:241-257.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00740-X
Post WM,Kwon KC(2000)Soil carbon sequestration and landuse change:processes and potential.Global Change Biology 6:317-327.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x
Shen C,Xiong J,Zhang H,et al.(2013)Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 57:204-211.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.07.013
Six J,Conant RT,Paul EA,et al.(2002)Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter:implications for C-saturation of soils.Plant and Soil 241:155-76.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016125726789
Smal H,Olszewska M(2008)The effect of afforestation with Scots pine(Pinus silvestris L.)of sandy post-arable soils on their selected properties.II.Reaction,carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus.Plant and Soil 305:171-187.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9538-z
Smith P,Andrén O,Karlsson T,et al.(2005)Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated.Global Chang Biology 11:2153-2163.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01052.x
Smith P(2004)Soils as carbon sinks-the global context.Soil Use and Management 20(Suppl):212-218.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00361.x
Stumm W,Morgan JJ(1981)Aquatic Chemistry-An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters.New York,USA:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
Tan Z,Lal R,Smeck NE,et al.(2004)Relationships between surface soil organic carbon pool and site variables.Geoderma121(3-4):187-195.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.11.003
Thurman EM(1985)Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters.Dordrecht,Holland:Nijhoff/Junk Publishers.
Townsend AR,Vitousek PM,Trumbore SE(1995)Soil organic matter dynamics along gradients in temperature and land use on the island of Hawaii.Ecology 76(3):721-733.https://doi.org/10.2307/1939339
Trumbore SE,Vitousek PM,Amundson RR(1996)Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change.Science 272(5260):393-396.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5260.393
Vesterdal L,Ritter E,Gundersen P(2002)Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land.Forest Ecology and Management 169:137-147.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00304-3
Wang JT,Zheng YM,Hu HW,et al.(2015)Soil pH determines the alpha diversity but not beta diversity of soil fungal community along altitude in a typical Tibetan forest ecosystem.Journal of Soils and Sediments 15(5):1224-1232.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1070-1