中国分散式民用供热技术现状分析
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摘要
民用散煤污染是造成北方地区严重灰霾天气的重要原因之一,因此各地政府积极推进散煤替代,尤其是在京津冀地区大力推广所谓"清洁能源",进行煤改电/气相关工作,在周边地区则推行使用优质无烟煤或兰炭,但效果并不理想。文章对我国几种典型分散式民用供热技术进行了对比分析,认为推行煤改电/气需要考虑当地资源、地理和经济条件以及生活习惯,且最关键的是要在经济上可承受;在经济相对落后的边远农村地区推广诸如在解耦炉等环保炉具中燃烧烟煤型煤进行清洁供暖应当成为一项长期政策,以从根本上解决我国农村的散煤污染问题。
The pollution from bulk coal combustion was thought to be one of the main causes of haze weather in northern China,so governments everywhere tried to promote the search for an alternative to civil bulk coal. Specially, so-called "clean energy"was vigorously promoted and coal-to-electricity or natural gas conversion project was implemented in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, while burning high-quality anthracite and semicoke was encouraged in the surrounding areas, though giving rise to unsatisfactory influence finally. Several typical decentralized civil heating technologies in China were comparatively analyzed in this article. It is suggested that the coal-to-electricity or natural gas conversion project must be on the premise of rich resources, suitable geographic conditions, and high-level economic development as well as conforming to living habits of the local people, among which the economic affordability is one of the key factors to success. In order to solve the pollution problem of bulk coal combustion in remote low-income rural areas thoroughly, a long-term plan should be made to realize clean heating by burning bituminous briquette in environment-friendly domestic furnaces such as decoupling combustion stoves.
The pollution from bulk coal combustion was thought to be one of the main causes of haze weather in northern China,so governments everywhere tried to promote the search for an alternative to civil bulk coal. Specially, so-called "clean energy"was vigorously promoted and coal-to-electricity or natural gas conversion project was implemented in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, while burning high-quality anthracite and semicoke was encouraged in the surrounding areas, though giving rise to unsatisfactory influence finally. Several typical decentralized civil heating technologies in China were comparatively analyzed in this article. It is suggested that the coal-to-electricity or natural gas conversion project must be on the premise of rich resources, suitable geographic conditions, and high-level economic development as well as conforming to living habits of the local people, among which the economic affordability is one of the key factors to success. In order to solve the pollution problem of bulk coal combustion in remote low-income rural areas thoroughly, a long-term plan should be made to realize clean heating by burning bituminous briquette in environment-friendly domestic furnaces such as decoupling combustion stoves.
引文
1国家发展改革委,国家能源局,财政部,等.北方地区冬季清洁取暖规划(2017-2021年).[2017-12-05].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-12/20/content_5248855.htm.
2中国农村能源行业协会节能炉具专业委员会.中国供暖炉具行业发展报告(2016).北京:北京华媒至信文化发展有限公司,2016.
3武建军,郭凡辉,孙少杰,等.中国民用煤洁净化利用现状及展望.洁净煤技术,2017,23(4):1-11.
4霍沫霖,赵佳,徐朝,等.中国散烧煤消费地图及影响因素研究.中国电力,2017,50(1):1-8.
5 Li Q,Jiang J K,Qi J,et al.Improving the energy efficiency of stoves to reduce pollutant emissions from household solid fuel combustion in China.Environ Sci Technol Lett,2016,(3):369-374.
6李际,樊慧娴.2018年我国电力发展形势及2019年展望.电力,2019,41(2):19-24.
7刘淑玲,芮磊.乌鲁木齐市“煤改气”工程实施考察报告.中共乌鲁木齐市委党校学报,2013,(4):56-61.
8吴亮,吴迪,解岩,等.京津冀农村“煤改电”运行情况分析.电力需求侧管理,2018,20(4):36-41.
9刘江涛,高慧明,刘建伟,等.北京市农村“煤改气”燃气供应相关技术研究.煤气与热力,2016,36(9):27-32.
10董谷媛.“煤改电”的国网行动.国家电网,2017,173(12):26-29.
11李爱松,李忠,聂晶晶,等.北京农村空气源热泵供暖项目运行实测.暖通空调,2017,47(12):138-142.
12刘效洲,华贲,耿生斌.壁挂燃气炉污染物排放特性的实验研究.煤气与热力,2005,25(2):5-8.
13于红,张一清,宋华岭.山东省城乡居民冬季清洁采暖分析.山东工商学院学报,2018,32(5):27-33.
14国家发展改革委办公厅,国家能源局综合司.关于加大清洁煤供应确保群众温暖过冬的通知.[2017-12-25].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-12/28/c136856837.htm.
15张鑫.兰炭替代无烟煤高效清洁利用的研究.洁净煤技术,2015,21(3):103-106.
16张绍强.民用燃煤取暖重点要抓“高效炉具”.[2018-08-20].http://www.china-nengyuan.com/news/127668.html.
17程芳琴,彭浩,吴海滨,等.小型家用炉技术现状及检测评价方法.洁净煤技术,2018,24(1):19-25.
18 He J D,Song W L,Gao S Q,et al.Experimental study of the reduction mechanisms of NO emission in decoupling combustion.Fuel Process Technol,2006,(87):803-810.
19李静海,许光文,杨励丹,等.一种抑制氮氧化物的无烟燃煤方法及燃煤炉:中国,95102081.1.1998-04-23.
20郝江平,孙广藩,李静海,等.一种燃煤解耦燃烧装置及燃烧方法:中国,201310381627.7.2016-06-29.
21刘新华,郝江平,张楠,等.一种解耦燃烧装置及燃烧方法:中国,201710512563.2.2017-06-29.
22 Li H L,Han J,Zhang N,et al.Effects of high-temperature char layer and pyrolysis gas on NOx reduction in a typical decoupling combustion coal-fired stove.J Therm Sci,2018,28(1):40-50.
23韩健,刘新华,何京东,等.民用解耦燃煤炉中的N Ox和CO同时减排.化工学报,2019,DOI:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20181327.
2中国农村能源行业协会节能炉具专业委员会.中国供暖炉具行业发展报告(2016).北京:北京华媒至信文化发展有限公司,2016.
3武建军,郭凡辉,孙少杰,等.中国民用煤洁净化利用现状及展望.洁净煤技术,2017,23(4):1-11.
4霍沫霖,赵佳,徐朝,等.中国散烧煤消费地图及影响因素研究.中国电力,2017,50(1):1-8.
5 Li Q,Jiang J K,Qi J,et al.Improving the energy efficiency of stoves to reduce pollutant emissions from household solid fuel combustion in China.Environ Sci Technol Lett,2016,(3):369-374.
6李际,樊慧娴.2018年我国电力发展形势及2019年展望.电力,2019,41(2):19-24.
7刘淑玲,芮磊.乌鲁木齐市“煤改气”工程实施考察报告.中共乌鲁木齐市委党校学报,2013,(4):56-61.
8吴亮,吴迪,解岩,等.京津冀农村“煤改电”运行情况分析.电力需求侧管理,2018,20(4):36-41.
9刘江涛,高慧明,刘建伟,等.北京市农村“煤改气”燃气供应相关技术研究.煤气与热力,2016,36(9):27-32.
10董谷媛.“煤改电”的国网行动.国家电网,2017,173(12):26-29.
11李爱松,李忠,聂晶晶,等.北京农村空气源热泵供暖项目运行实测.暖通空调,2017,47(12):138-142.
12刘效洲,华贲,耿生斌.壁挂燃气炉污染物排放特性的实验研究.煤气与热力,2005,25(2):5-8.
13于红,张一清,宋华岭.山东省城乡居民冬季清洁采暖分析.山东工商学院学报,2018,32(5):27-33.
14国家发展改革委办公厅,国家能源局综合司.关于加大清洁煤供应确保群众温暖过冬的通知.[2017-12-25].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2017-12/28/c136856837.htm.
15张鑫.兰炭替代无烟煤高效清洁利用的研究.洁净煤技术,2015,21(3):103-106.
16张绍强.民用燃煤取暖重点要抓“高效炉具”.[2018-08-20].http://www.china-nengyuan.com/news/127668.html.
17程芳琴,彭浩,吴海滨,等.小型家用炉技术现状及检测评价方法.洁净煤技术,2018,24(1):19-25.
18 He J D,Song W L,Gao S Q,et al.Experimental study of the reduction mechanisms of NO emission in decoupling combustion.Fuel Process Technol,2006,(87):803-810.
19李静海,许光文,杨励丹,等.一种抑制氮氧化物的无烟燃煤方法及燃煤炉:中国,95102081.1.1998-04-23.
20郝江平,孙广藩,李静海,等.一种燃煤解耦燃烧装置及燃烧方法:中国,201310381627.7.2016-06-29.
21刘新华,郝江平,张楠,等.一种解耦燃烧装置及燃烧方法:中国,201710512563.2.2017-06-29.
22 Li H L,Han J,Zhang N,et al.Effects of high-temperature char layer and pyrolysis gas on NOx reduction in a typical decoupling combustion coal-fired stove.J Therm Sci,2018,28(1):40-50.
23韩健,刘新华,何京东,等.民用解耦燃煤炉中的N Ox和CO同时减排.化工学报,2019,DOI:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20181327.