权力与框架对风险寻求的影响:解释水平的作用
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摘要
通过四个实验探讨了权力与框架对风险寻求的影响,检验了解释水平的中介机制。首先,探讨了框架对权力影响风险寻求的调节作用(实验1);然后,通过实验分段检验权力影响解释水平(实验2A),解释水平影响风险寻求(实验2B);最后,改变权力的启动方式并排除情绪的潜在影响,重复验证框架的调节作用,并通过中介分析验证解释水平的中介作用(实验3)。结果发现:损失框架下,高权力比低权力个体更冒险,但收益框架下高低权力个体都更保守;解释水平是损失框架下权力影响风险寻求的部分中介机制。研究结果表明,框架对权力影响风险寻求具有调节作用,解释水平是权力影响风险寻求的心理机制之一,研究也为权力的社会距离理论提供了支持证据。
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of power and frame on risk seeking and test the mediating role of construal level. Firstly,the moderating role of frame was explored (Experiment 1); Secondly,two experiments were designed to test the effect of power on construal level (Experiment2A),and the effect of construal level on risk seeking (Experiment2B). Lastly,Experiment 3 provided converging evidence to support the moderating role of frame and mediating role of construal level (via mediation analysis) in the effect of power on risk-seeking,with different power priming methods and ruling out the alternative explanation of the emotion. The results showed that,there was a significant interaction effect between power and frame on the risk seeking,specifically,under the loss frame,both high-power and low-power were more risky,and high-power was even more risky than low-power; under the gain frame,both high-power and low-power intended to be conservative. Furthermore,the results showed that the power influenced the construal level,and the construal level influenced the risk seeking.These findings suggest that frame plays the moderating role and the construal level plays the partial mediating role in the effect of power on risk seeking,in addition,the results can be regarded as the direct empirical evidence for the power theory of social distance.
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of power and frame on risk seeking and test the mediating role of construal level. Firstly,the moderating role of frame was explored (Experiment 1); Secondly,two experiments were designed to test the effect of power on construal level (Experiment2A),and the effect of construal level on risk seeking (Experiment2B). Lastly,Experiment 3 provided converging evidence to support the moderating role of frame and mediating role of construal level (via mediation analysis) in the effect of power on risk-seeking,with different power priming methods and ruling out the alternative explanation of the emotion. The results showed that,there was a significant interaction effect between power and frame on the risk seeking,specifically,under the loss frame,both high-power and low-power were more risky,and high-power was even more risky than low-power; under the gain frame,both high-power and low-power intended to be conservative. Furthermore,the results showed that the power influenced the construal level,and the construal level influenced the risk seeking.These findings suggest that frame plays the moderating role and the construal level plays the partial mediating role in the effect of power on risk seeking,in addition,the results can be regarded as the direct empirical evidence for the power theory of social distance.
引文
段锦云,朱月龙,陈婧(2013).心理距离对风险决策框架效应的影响.心理科学,36(6),1404-1407.
段锦云,卢志巍,张涵碧(2016).权力感对风险决策框架效应的影响.心理科学,39(2),412-417.
管延华,迟毓凯,戴金浩(2014).权力对风险决策偏好的影响.心理研究,7(4),42-47.
何贵兵,梁社红,刘剑(2002).风险偏好预测中的性别差异和框架效应.应用心理学,8(4),19-23.
李纾,房永青,张迅捷(2000).再探框架对风险决策行为的影响.心理学报,32(2),229-234.
孙彦,许洁虹,陈向阳(2009).封面故事、选项框架和损益概率对风险偏好的影响.心理学报,41(3),189-195.
王剑杰,王重鸣(1999).投资决策任务和决策者风险知觉与决策效能的结构关系.心理科学,22(6),553-554.
王雪,蔡頠,孙嘉卿,吴嵩,封子奇,金盛华(2014).社会心理学视角下权力理论的发展与比较.心理科学进展,22(1),139-149.
韦庆旺,俞国良(2009).权力的社会认知研究述评.心理科学进展,17(6),1336-1343.
谢晓非,王晓田(2002).成就动机与机会-威胁认知.心理学报,34(2),192-199.
徐惊蛰,谢晓非(2011).解释水平视角下的自己-他人决策差异.心理学报,43(1),11-20.
钟毅平,陈潇,颜小聪(2013).个体权力高低对其损失规避的影响.心理科学,36(2),429-433.
Anderson,C.,&Berdahl,J.L.(2002).The experience of power.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,83(6),1362-1377.
Anderson,C.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2006).Power,optimism,and risk-taking.European Journal of Social Psychology,36(4),511-536.
Baron,R.M.,&Kenny,D.A.(1986).The moderatormediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
Bri?ol,P.,Petty,R.E.,Valle,C.,Rucker,D.D.,&Becerra,A.(2007).The effects of message recipients'power before and after persuasion:A self-validation analysis.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,93(6),1040-1053.
Eaton,A.A.,Visser,P.S.,Krosnick,J.A.,&Anand,S.(2009).Social power and attitude strength over the life course.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,35(12),1646-1660.
Freitas,A.L.,Gollwitzer,P.,&Trope,Y.(2004).The influence of abstract and concrete mindsets on anticipating and guiding others'self-regulatory efforts.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,40(6),739-752.
Galinsky,A.D.,Gruenfeld,D.H.,&Magee,J.C.(2003).From power to action.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,85(3),453-466.
Guinote,A.(2008).Power and affordances:When the situation has more power over powerful than powerless individuals.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,95(2),237-252.
Guinote,A.,&Vescio,T.K.(2010).Introduction:Power in social psychology.New York:Guilford Press
Inesi,M.E.(2010).Power and loss aversion.Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,112(1),58-69.
Kahneman,D.,&Tversky,A.(1979).Prospect theory:An analysis of decision under risk.Econometrica,47(2),263-291.
Keltner D.,Gruenfeld D.H.,&Anderson C.(2003).Power,approach,and inhibition.Psychological Review,110(2),265-284.
Lammers,J.,Galinsky,A.D.,Gordijn,E.H.,&Otten,S.(2012).Power increases social distance.Social Psychological&Personality Science,3(3),282-290.
Ledgerwood,A.,Trope,Y.,&Chaiken,S.(2010).Flexibility now,consistency later:Psychological distance and construal shape evaluative responding.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,99(1),32-51.
Lee,F.,&Tiedens,L.Z.(2001).Is it lonely at the top?The independence and interdependence of power holders.Research in Organizational Behavior,23(1),43-91.
Lermer,E.,Streicher,B.,Sachs,R.,Raue,M.,&Frey,D.(2015).The effect of construal level on risk-taking.European Journal of Social Psychology,45(1),99-109.
Lermer,E.,Streicher,B.,Sachs,R.,Raue,M.,&Frey,D.(2016).Thinking concrete increases the perceived likelihood of risks:The effect of construal level on risk estimation.Risk Analysis,36(3),623-637.
Liberman,N.,&Trope,Y.(1998).The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions:A test of temporal construal theory.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,75(1),5-18.
Magee,J.C.,&Smith,P.K.(2013).The social distance theory of power.Personality&Social Psychology Review,17(2),158-186.
Mast,M.S.(2010).Interpersonal behaviour and social perception in a hierarchy:The interpersonal power and behaviour model.European Review of Social Psychology,21(1),1-33.
Raue,M.,Streicher,B.,Lermer,E.,&Frey,D.(2015).How far does it feel?Construal level and decisions under risk.Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,4(3),256-264.
Schmid,M.M.,Jonas,K.,&Hall,J.A.(2009).Give a person power and he or she will show interpersonal sensitivity:The phenomenon and its why and when.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,97(5),835-850.
See,K.E.,Morrison,E.W.,Rothman,N.B.,&Soll,J.B.(2011).The detrimental effects of power on confidence,advice taking,and accuracy.Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,116(2),272-285.
Smith,P.K.,&Trope,Y.(2006).You focus on the forest when you're in charge of the trees:Power priming and abstract information processing.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,90(4),578-596.
Smith,P.K.,Wigboldus,D.H.,&Dijksterhuis,A.P.(2008).Abstract thinking increases one's sense of power.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(2),378-385.
Spencer,S.J.,Zanna,M.P.,&Fong,G.T.(2005).Establishing a causal chain:Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,89(6),845-851.
Trope,Y.,&Liberman,N.(2003).Temporal construal.Psychological Review,110(3),403-421.
Tversky,A.,&Kahneman,D.(1981).The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science,211(4481),453-458.
Vallacher,R.R.,&Wegner,D.M.(1989).Levels of personal agency:individual variation in action identification.Cognitive Linguistics,57(4),660-671.
Wang,X.T.(1996).Framing effects:Dynamics and task domains.Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,68(2),145-157.
Yuen,K.S.,&Lee,T.M.(2003).Could mood state affect risk-taking decisions?Journal of Affective Disorders,75(1),11-18.
段锦云,卢志巍,张涵碧(2016).权力感对风险决策框架效应的影响.心理科学,39(2),412-417.
管延华,迟毓凯,戴金浩(2014).权力对风险决策偏好的影响.心理研究,7(4),42-47.
何贵兵,梁社红,刘剑(2002).风险偏好预测中的性别差异和框架效应.应用心理学,8(4),19-23.
李纾,房永青,张迅捷(2000).再探框架对风险决策行为的影响.心理学报,32(2),229-234.
孙彦,许洁虹,陈向阳(2009).封面故事、选项框架和损益概率对风险偏好的影响.心理学报,41(3),189-195.
王剑杰,王重鸣(1999).投资决策任务和决策者风险知觉与决策效能的结构关系.心理科学,22(6),553-554.
王雪,蔡頠,孙嘉卿,吴嵩,封子奇,金盛华(2014).社会心理学视角下权力理论的发展与比较.心理科学进展,22(1),139-149.
韦庆旺,俞国良(2009).权力的社会认知研究述评.心理科学进展,17(6),1336-1343.
谢晓非,王晓田(2002).成就动机与机会-威胁认知.心理学报,34(2),192-199.
徐惊蛰,谢晓非(2011).解释水平视角下的自己-他人决策差异.心理学报,43(1),11-20.
钟毅平,陈潇,颜小聪(2013).个体权力高低对其损失规避的影响.心理科学,36(2),429-433.
Anderson,C.,&Berdahl,J.L.(2002).The experience of power.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,83(6),1362-1377.
Anderson,C.,&Galinsky,A.D.(2006).Power,optimism,and risk-taking.European Journal of Social Psychology,36(4),511-536.
Baron,R.M.,&Kenny,D.A.(1986).The moderatormediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
Bri?ol,P.,Petty,R.E.,Valle,C.,Rucker,D.D.,&Becerra,A.(2007).The effects of message recipients'power before and after persuasion:A self-validation analysis.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,93(6),1040-1053.
Eaton,A.A.,Visser,P.S.,Krosnick,J.A.,&Anand,S.(2009).Social power and attitude strength over the life course.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,35(12),1646-1660.
Freitas,A.L.,Gollwitzer,P.,&Trope,Y.(2004).The influence of abstract and concrete mindsets on anticipating and guiding others'self-regulatory efforts.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,40(6),739-752.
Galinsky,A.D.,Gruenfeld,D.H.,&Magee,J.C.(2003).From power to action.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,85(3),453-466.
Guinote,A.(2008).Power and affordances:When the situation has more power over powerful than powerless individuals.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,95(2),237-252.
Guinote,A.,&Vescio,T.K.(2010).Introduction:Power in social psychology.New York:Guilford Press
Inesi,M.E.(2010).Power and loss aversion.Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,112(1),58-69.
Kahneman,D.,&Tversky,A.(1979).Prospect theory:An analysis of decision under risk.Econometrica,47(2),263-291.
Keltner D.,Gruenfeld D.H.,&Anderson C.(2003).Power,approach,and inhibition.Psychological Review,110(2),265-284.
Lammers,J.,Galinsky,A.D.,Gordijn,E.H.,&Otten,S.(2012).Power increases social distance.Social Psychological&Personality Science,3(3),282-290.
Ledgerwood,A.,Trope,Y.,&Chaiken,S.(2010).Flexibility now,consistency later:Psychological distance and construal shape evaluative responding.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,99(1),32-51.
Lee,F.,&Tiedens,L.Z.(2001).Is it lonely at the top?The independence and interdependence of power holders.Research in Organizational Behavior,23(1),43-91.
Lermer,E.,Streicher,B.,Sachs,R.,Raue,M.,&Frey,D.(2015).The effect of construal level on risk-taking.European Journal of Social Psychology,45(1),99-109.
Lermer,E.,Streicher,B.,Sachs,R.,Raue,M.,&Frey,D.(2016).Thinking concrete increases the perceived likelihood of risks:The effect of construal level on risk estimation.Risk Analysis,36(3),623-637.
Liberman,N.,&Trope,Y.(1998).The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions:A test of temporal construal theory.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,75(1),5-18.
Magee,J.C.,&Smith,P.K.(2013).The social distance theory of power.Personality&Social Psychology Review,17(2),158-186.
Mast,M.S.(2010).Interpersonal behaviour and social perception in a hierarchy:The interpersonal power and behaviour model.European Review of Social Psychology,21(1),1-33.
Raue,M.,Streicher,B.,Lermer,E.,&Frey,D.(2015).How far does it feel?Construal level and decisions under risk.Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition,4(3),256-264.
Schmid,M.M.,Jonas,K.,&Hall,J.A.(2009).Give a person power and he or she will show interpersonal sensitivity:The phenomenon and its why and when.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,97(5),835-850.
See,K.E.,Morrison,E.W.,Rothman,N.B.,&Soll,J.B.(2011).The detrimental effects of power on confidence,advice taking,and accuracy.Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,116(2),272-285.
Smith,P.K.,&Trope,Y.(2006).You focus on the forest when you're in charge of the trees:Power priming and abstract information processing.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,90(4),578-596.
Smith,P.K.,Wigboldus,D.H.,&Dijksterhuis,A.P.(2008).Abstract thinking increases one's sense of power.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,44(2),378-385.
Spencer,S.J.,Zanna,M.P.,&Fong,G.T.(2005).Establishing a causal chain:Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,89(6),845-851.
Trope,Y.,&Liberman,N.(2003).Temporal construal.Psychological Review,110(3),403-421.
Tversky,A.,&Kahneman,D.(1981).The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.Science,211(4481),453-458.
Vallacher,R.R.,&Wegner,D.M.(1989).Levels of personal agency:individual variation in action identification.Cognitive Linguistics,57(4),660-671.
Wang,X.T.(1996).Framing effects:Dynamics and task domains.Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,68(2),145-157.
Yuen,K.S.,&Lee,T.M.(2003).Could mood state affect risk-taking decisions?Journal of Affective Disorders,75(1),11-18.