Seasonal and interannual variability of water mass sources of Indonesian throughflow in the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea
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摘要
So far, large uncertainties of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) reside in the eastern Indonesian seas, such as the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea. In this study, the water sources of the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea are diagnosed at seasonal and interannual timescales and at different vertical layers, using the state-of-the-art simulations of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM) for Earth Simulator(OFES). Asian monsoon leaves clear seasonal footprints on the eastern Indonesian seas. Consequently, the subsurface waters(around 24.5σ_θ and at ～150 m) in both the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea stem from the South Pacific(SP) during winter monsoon, but during summer monsoon the Maluku Sea is from the North Pacific(NP), and the Halmahera Sea is a mixture of waters originating from the NP and the SP. The monsoon impact decreases with depth, so that in the Maluku Sea, the intermediate water(around 26.8σ_θ and at ～480 m) is always from the northern Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea water is mainly from the SP in winter and the Banda Sea in summer. The deep waters(around27.2σ_θ and at ～1 040 m) in both seas are from the SP, with weak seasonal variability. At the interannual timescale,the subsurface water in the Maluku Sea originates from the NP/SP during El Ni?o/La Ni?a, while the subsurface water in the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. Similar to the seasonal variability, the intermediate water in Maluku Sea mainly comes from the Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. The deep waters in both seas are from the SP. Our findings are helpful for drawing a comprehensive picture of the water properties in the Indonesian seas and will contribute to a better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the maritime continent.
So far, large uncertainties of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) reside in the eastern Indonesian seas, such as the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea. In this study, the water sources of the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea are diagnosed at seasonal and interannual timescales and at different vertical layers, using the state-of-the-art simulations of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM) for Earth Simulator(OFES). Asian monsoon leaves clear seasonal footprints on the eastern Indonesian seas. Consequently, the subsurface waters(around 24.5σ_θ and at ～150 m) in both the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea stem from the South Pacific(SP) during winter monsoon, but during summer monsoon the Maluku Sea is from the North Pacific(NP), and the Halmahera Sea is a mixture of waters originating from the NP and the SP. The monsoon impact decreases with depth, so that in the Maluku Sea, the intermediate water(around 26.8σ_θ and at ～480 m) is always from the northern Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea water is mainly from the SP in winter and the Banda Sea in summer. The deep waters(around27.2σ_θ and at ～1 040 m) in both seas are from the SP, with weak seasonal variability. At the interannual timescale,the subsurface water in the Maluku Sea originates from the NP/SP during El Ni?o/La Ni?a, while the subsurface water in the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. Similar to the seasonal variability, the intermediate water in Maluku Sea mainly comes from the Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. The deep waters in both seas are from the SP. Our findings are helpful for drawing a comprehensive picture of the water properties in the Indonesian seas and will contribute to a better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the maritime continent.
So far, large uncertainties of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) reside in the eastern Indonesian seas, such as the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea. In this study, the water sources of the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea are diagnosed at seasonal and interannual timescales and at different vertical layers, using the state-of-the-art simulations of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM) for Earth Simulator(OFES). Asian monsoon leaves clear seasonal footprints on the eastern Indonesian seas. Consequently, the subsurface waters(around 24.5σ_θ and at ～150 m) in both the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea stem from the South Pacific(SP) during winter monsoon, but during summer monsoon the Maluku Sea is from the North Pacific(NP), and the Halmahera Sea is a mixture of waters originating from the NP and the SP. The monsoon impact decreases with depth, so that in the Maluku Sea, the intermediate water(around 26.8σ_θ and at ～480 m) is always from the northern Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea water is mainly from the SP in winter and the Banda Sea in summer. The deep waters(around27.2σ_θ and at ～1 040 m) in both seas are from the SP, with weak seasonal variability. At the interannual timescale,the subsurface water in the Maluku Sea originates from the NP/SP during El Ni?o/La Ni?a, while the subsurface water in the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. Similar to the seasonal variability, the intermediate water in Maluku Sea mainly comes from the Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. The deep waters in both seas are from the SP. Our findings are helpful for drawing a comprehensive picture of the water properties in the Indonesian seas and will contribute to a better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the maritime continent.
引文
Arief D,Murray S P.1996.Low-frequency fluctuations in the Indonesian throughflow through Lombok Strait.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12455-12464,doi:10.1029/96JC00051
Du Yan,Qu Tangdong.2010.Three inflow pathways of the Indonesian throughflow as seen from the simple ocean data assimilation.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):233-256,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.04.001
England M H,Huang F.2005.On the interannual variability of the indonesian throughflow and its linkage with ENSO.Journal of Climate,18(9):1435-1444,doi:10.1175/JCLI3322.1
Fang Guohong,Susanto R D,Wirasantosa S,et al.2010.Volume,heat,and freshwater transports from the South China Sea to Indonesian seas in the boreal winter of 2007-2008.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C12):C12020,doi:10.1029/2010JC006225
Godfrey J S.1989.A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the world ocean allowing for island circulations.Geophysical&Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics,45(1-2):89-112
Godfrey J S.1996.The effect of the Indonesian throughflow on ocean circulation and heat exchange with the atmosphere:A review.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12217-12237,doi:10.1029/95JC03860
Gordon A L.2005.Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas.Oceanography,18(4):13,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Gordon A L,Fine R A.1996.Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas.Nature,379(6561):146-149,doi:10.1038/379146a0
Gordon A L,Huber B A,Metzger E J,et al.2012.South China Sea throughflow impact on the Indonesian throughflow.Geophysical Research Letters,39(11):L11602
Gordon A L,Sprintall J,Van Aken H M,et al.2010.The Indonesian throughflow during 2004-2006 as observed by the INSTANTprogram.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):115-128,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2009.12.002
Hanley D E,Bourassa M A,O'Brien J J,et al.2003.A quantitative evaluation of ENSO indices.Journal of Climate,16(8):1249-1258,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1249:AQEOEI>2.0.CO;2
Liu Qinyan,Huang Ruixin,Wang Dongxiao,et al.2006.Interplay between the indonesian throughflow and the South China Sea throughflow.Chinese Science Bulletin,51(S2):50-58,doi:10.1007/s11434-006-9050-x
Liu Qinyan,Feng Ming,Wang Dongxiao,et al.2015.Interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow transport:A revisit based on 30 year expendable bathythermograph data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,120(12):8270-8282,doi:10.1002/2015JC011351
Luick J L,Cresswell G R.2001.Current measurements in the Maluku Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C7):13953-13958,doi:10.1029/2000JC000694
Meyers G.1996.Variation of Indonesian throughflow and the El Ni?o-Southern oscillation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12255-12263,doi:10.1029/95JC03729
Miyama T,Awaji T,Akitomo K,et al.1995.Study of seasonal transport variations in the Indonesian seas.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,100(C10):20517-20541,doi:10.1029/95JC01667
Murray S P,Arief D.1988.Throughflow into the Indian Ocean through the Lombok Strait,January 1985-January 1986.Nature,333(6172):444-447,doi:10.1038/333444a0
Pujiana K,Gordon A L,Sprintall J,et al.2009.Intraseasonal variability in Makassar Strait thermocline.Journal of Marine Research,67(6):757-777
Qu Tangdong,Du Yan,Meyers G,et al.2005.Connecting the tropical pacific with Indian Ocean through South China Sea.Geophysical Research Letters,32(24):L24609,doi:10.1029/2005GL024698
Qu Tangdong,Du Yan,Sasaki H.2006.South China Sea throughflow:A heat and freshwater conveyor.Geophysical Research Letters,33(23):L23617,doi:10.1029/2006GL028350
Qu Tangdong,Mitsudera H,Yamagata T.1999.A climatology of the circulation and water mass distribution near the Philippine coast.Journal of Physical Oceanography,29(7):1488-1505,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1488:ACOTCA>2.0.CO;2
Qu Tangdong,Mitsudera H,Yamagata T.2000.Intrusion of the North Pacific waters into the South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,105(C3):6415-6424,doi:10.1029/1999JC900323
Sasaki H,Nonaka M,Masumoto Y,et al.2008.An eddy-resolving hindcast simulation of the quasiglobal ocean from 1950 to 2003on the Earth Simulator.In:Hamilton K,Ohfuchi W,eds.High resolution Numerical Modelling of the Atmosphere and Ocean.New York:Springer,157-185
Sprintall J.2009.Indonesian Throughflow.In:Thorpe S A,ed.Ocean Currents,a Derivative of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences.2nd ed.London:Elsevier,237-243
Sprintall J,Gordon A L,Koch-Larrouy A,et al.2014.The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system.Nature Geoscience,7(7):487-492,doi:10.1038/ngeo2188
Susanto R D,Ffield A,Gordon A L,et al.2012.Variability of Indonesian throughflow within Makassar Strait,2004-2009.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C9):C09013
Susanto R D,Gordon A L.2005.Velocity and transport of the Makassar Strait throughflow.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,110(C1):C01005
Susanto R D,Wei Zexun,Adi R T,et al.2013.Observations of the Karimata Strait througflow from December 2007 to November2008.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(5):1-6,doi:10.1007/s13131-013-0307-3
Talley L D,Sprintall J.2005.Deep expression of the Indonesian Throughflow:Indonesian intermediate water in the South equatorial current.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,110(C10):C10009,doi:10.1029/2004JC002826
Tian Jiwei,Yang Qingxuan,Liang Xinfeng,et al.2006.Observation of Luzon Strait transport.Geophysical Research Letter,33(19):L19607,doi:10.1029/2006GL026272
Tozuka T,Qu Tangdong,Masumoto Y,et al.2009.Impacts of the South China Sea Throughflow on seasonal and interannual variations of the Indonesian Throughflow.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,47(1-3):73-85,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.09.001
Van Aken H M,Brodjonegoro I S,Jaya I.2009.The deep-water motion through the Lifamatola Passage and its contribution to the Indonesian throughflow.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,56(8):1203-1216,doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.02.001
Wajsowicz R C.1993.A simple model of the Indonesian throughflow and its composition.Journal of Physical Oceanography,23(24):2683-2703
Wajsowicz R C.1996.Flow of a western boundary current through multiple straits:An electrical circuit analogy for the Indonesian Throughflow and archipelago.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12295-12300,doi:10.1029/95JC02615
Wang Lu,Xie Lingling,Zhou Lei,et al.2018.Climatological analysis of water mass sources of Indonesia Throughflow in the Molukka Sea and Halmahera Sea.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),40(3):1-15
Wei Zexun,Fang Guohong,Xu Tengfei,et al.2016a.Seasonal variability of the isopycnal surface circulation in the South China Sea derived from a variable-grid global ocean circulation model.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(1):11-20,doi:10.1007/s13131-016-0791-3
Wei Jun,Li M T,Malanotte-Rizzoli P,et al.2016b.Opposite variability of indonesian Throughflow and South China Sea Throughflow in the Sulawesi Sea.Journal of Physical Oceanography,46(10):3165-3180,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0132.1
Wyrtki K.1961.Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters.In:Naga Report 2.Scripps Institution of Oceanography.La Jolla,California:University of California Press,2
Xie Lingling,Tian Jiwei,Hu Dunxin,et al.2009.A quasi-synoptic interpretation of water mass distribution and circulation in the western North Pacific II:Circulation.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,27(4):630-639
Yuan Dongliang,Zhou Hui,Wang Zheng,et al.2017.The multi-scale variability of the oceancirculation at the Pacific entrance of the Indonesian Throughflow and its scientific importance.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),(6):1156-1168
Zhang Yanhui,Yu Xiaolin,Wang Fan.2008.Origins and pathways of the subsurface and intermediate water masses of the Indonesian Throughflow derived from historical and Argo data.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,27(4):17-25
Zhao Yunxia,Wei Zexun,Wang Yonggang,et al.2015.Correlation analysis of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation and the Indonesian Throughflow.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(9):1-11doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0736-2
Du Yan,Qu Tangdong.2010.Three inflow pathways of the Indonesian throughflow as seen from the simple ocean data assimilation.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):233-256,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2010.04.001
England M H,Huang F.2005.On the interannual variability of the indonesian throughflow and its linkage with ENSO.Journal of Climate,18(9):1435-1444,doi:10.1175/JCLI3322.1
Fang Guohong,Susanto R D,Wirasantosa S,et al.2010.Volume,heat,and freshwater transports from the South China Sea to Indonesian seas in the boreal winter of 2007-2008.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,115(C12):C12020,doi:10.1029/2010JC006225
Godfrey J S.1989.A Sverdrup model of the depth-integrated flow for the world ocean allowing for island circulations.Geophysical&Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics,45(1-2):89-112
Godfrey J S.1996.The effect of the Indonesian throughflow on ocean circulation and heat exchange with the atmosphere:A review.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12217-12237,doi:10.1029/95JC03860
Gordon A L.2005.Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas.Oceanography,18(4):13,doi:10.5670/oceanog
Gordon A L,Fine R A.1996.Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas.Nature,379(6561):146-149,doi:10.1038/379146a0
Gordon A L,Huber B A,Metzger E J,et al.2012.South China Sea throughflow impact on the Indonesian throughflow.Geophysical Research Letters,39(11):L11602
Gordon A L,Sprintall J,Van Aken H M,et al.2010.The Indonesian throughflow during 2004-2006 as observed by the INSTANTprogram.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,50(2):115-128,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2009.12.002
Hanley D E,Bourassa M A,O'Brien J J,et al.2003.A quantitative evaluation of ENSO indices.Journal of Climate,16(8):1249-1258,doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1249:AQEOEI>2.0.CO;2
Liu Qinyan,Huang Ruixin,Wang Dongxiao,et al.2006.Interplay between the indonesian throughflow and the South China Sea throughflow.Chinese Science Bulletin,51(S2):50-58,doi:10.1007/s11434-006-9050-x
Liu Qinyan,Feng Ming,Wang Dongxiao,et al.2015.Interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow transport:A revisit based on 30 year expendable bathythermograph data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,120(12):8270-8282,doi:10.1002/2015JC011351
Luick J L,Cresswell G R.2001.Current measurements in the Maluku Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,106(C7):13953-13958,doi:10.1029/2000JC000694
Meyers G.1996.Variation of Indonesian throughflow and the El Ni?o-Southern oscillation.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12255-12263,doi:10.1029/95JC03729
Miyama T,Awaji T,Akitomo K,et al.1995.Study of seasonal transport variations in the Indonesian seas.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,100(C10):20517-20541,doi:10.1029/95JC01667
Murray S P,Arief D.1988.Throughflow into the Indian Ocean through the Lombok Strait,January 1985-January 1986.Nature,333(6172):444-447,doi:10.1038/333444a0
Pujiana K,Gordon A L,Sprintall J,et al.2009.Intraseasonal variability in Makassar Strait thermocline.Journal of Marine Research,67(6):757-777
Qu Tangdong,Du Yan,Meyers G,et al.2005.Connecting the tropical pacific with Indian Ocean through South China Sea.Geophysical Research Letters,32(24):L24609,doi:10.1029/2005GL024698
Qu Tangdong,Du Yan,Sasaki H.2006.South China Sea throughflow:A heat and freshwater conveyor.Geophysical Research Letters,33(23):L23617,doi:10.1029/2006GL028350
Qu Tangdong,Mitsudera H,Yamagata T.1999.A climatology of the circulation and water mass distribution near the Philippine coast.Journal of Physical Oceanography,29(7):1488-1505,doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1488:ACOTCA>2.0.CO;2
Qu Tangdong,Mitsudera H,Yamagata T.2000.Intrusion of the North Pacific waters into the South China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,105(C3):6415-6424,doi:10.1029/1999JC900323
Sasaki H,Nonaka M,Masumoto Y,et al.2008.An eddy-resolving hindcast simulation of the quasiglobal ocean from 1950 to 2003on the Earth Simulator.In:Hamilton K,Ohfuchi W,eds.High resolution Numerical Modelling of the Atmosphere and Ocean.New York:Springer,157-185
Sprintall J.2009.Indonesian Throughflow.In:Thorpe S A,ed.Ocean Currents,a Derivative of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences.2nd ed.London:Elsevier,237-243
Sprintall J,Gordon A L,Koch-Larrouy A,et al.2014.The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system.Nature Geoscience,7(7):487-492,doi:10.1038/ngeo2188
Susanto R D,Ffield A,Gordon A L,et al.2012.Variability of Indonesian throughflow within Makassar Strait,2004-2009.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C9):C09013
Susanto R D,Gordon A L.2005.Velocity and transport of the Makassar Strait throughflow.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,110(C1):C01005
Susanto R D,Wei Zexun,Adi R T,et al.2013.Observations of the Karimata Strait througflow from December 2007 to November2008.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(5):1-6,doi:10.1007/s13131-013-0307-3
Talley L D,Sprintall J.2005.Deep expression of the Indonesian Throughflow:Indonesian intermediate water in the South equatorial current.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,110(C10):C10009,doi:10.1029/2004JC002826
Tian Jiwei,Yang Qingxuan,Liang Xinfeng,et al.2006.Observation of Luzon Strait transport.Geophysical Research Letter,33(19):L19607,doi:10.1029/2006GL026272
Tozuka T,Qu Tangdong,Masumoto Y,et al.2009.Impacts of the South China Sea Throughflow on seasonal and interannual variations of the Indonesian Throughflow.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,47(1-3):73-85,doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.09.001
Van Aken H M,Brodjonegoro I S,Jaya I.2009.The deep-water motion through the Lifamatola Passage and its contribution to the Indonesian throughflow.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,56(8):1203-1216,doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.02.001
Wajsowicz R C.1993.A simple model of the Indonesian throughflow and its composition.Journal of Physical Oceanography,23(24):2683-2703
Wajsowicz R C.1996.Flow of a western boundary current through multiple straits:An electrical circuit analogy for the Indonesian Throughflow and archipelago.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,101(C5):12295-12300,doi:10.1029/95JC02615
Wang Lu,Xie Lingling,Zhou Lei,et al.2018.Climatological analysis of water mass sources of Indonesia Throughflow in the Molukka Sea and Halmahera Sea.Haiyang Xuebao(in Chinese),40(3):1-15
Wei Zexun,Fang Guohong,Xu Tengfei,et al.2016a.Seasonal variability of the isopycnal surface circulation in the South China Sea derived from a variable-grid global ocean circulation model.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,35(1):11-20,doi:10.1007/s13131-016-0791-3
Wei Jun,Li M T,Malanotte-Rizzoli P,et al.2016b.Opposite variability of indonesian Throughflow and South China Sea Throughflow in the Sulawesi Sea.Journal of Physical Oceanography,46(10):3165-3180,doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0132.1
Wyrtki K.1961.Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters.In:Naga Report 2.Scripps Institution of Oceanography.La Jolla,California:University of California Press,2
Xie Lingling,Tian Jiwei,Hu Dunxin,et al.2009.A quasi-synoptic interpretation of water mass distribution and circulation in the western North Pacific II:Circulation.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,27(4):630-639
Yuan Dongliang,Zhou Hui,Wang Zheng,et al.2017.The multi-scale variability of the oceancirculation at the Pacific entrance of the Indonesian Throughflow and its scientific importance.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(in Chinese),(6):1156-1168
Zhang Yanhui,Yu Xiaolin,Wang Fan.2008.Origins and pathways of the subsurface and intermediate water masses of the Indonesian Throughflow derived from historical and Argo data.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,27(4):17-25
Zhao Yunxia,Wei Zexun,Wang Yonggang,et al.2015.Correlation analysis of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation and the Indonesian Throughflow.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(9):1-11doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0736-2