拟南芥RALF多肽家族的功能多样性初步分析
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摘要
绿色植物中的快速碱化因子(Rapid alkalinization factor,RALF)为一类进化保守的多肽信号分子,以基因家族形式存在。模式植物拟南芥中至少存在35个RALF基因成员,前期研究显示拟南芥RALF家族的部分成员,比如RALF1/23,RALF4/19可分别作为Cr RLK1L类蛋白受体激酶家族成员FERONIA及BUPS1/2的配体,调控细胞伸长、植物免疫应答及双受精等过程,但是RALF家族其他成员是否具有生物学活性,以及不同成员之间是否具有功能性差异均尚不清楚。因此,本研究异源表达了19个代表性的RALF,并对其生物学活性和功能性差异进行了分析。实验结果表明,19个RALF均对根的生长起到不同程度的抑制作用,进一步挑选了部分代表性RALF成员进行了活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)迸发及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)磷酸化实验分析,实验结果表明,我们确证了11个RALF蛋白参与了MAPK信号的响应,同时,证实16个RALF蛋白抑制了由flg22引起的ROS的释放。此外,不同RALF成员在下胚轴细胞伸长上的作用也存在明显差异,比如RALF10促进下胚轴的伸长。以上研究结果表明不同RALF之间既存在功能冗余性,又存在功能性差异。本研究丰富了对RALF功能复杂性和多样性的认识。
The Rapid Alkalinization Factor(RALF),which exists as a gene family,is a kind of conservative peptide molecule in greenplant. There are at least 35 RALF genes in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies show that certain members of RALF family,suchas RALF1/23 and RALF4/19 function as the ligand of Cr RLK1 L members FERONIA and BUPS1/2 respectively,thus regulate cell elongation,plant immune response and double fertilization. However,whether other RALF members have biological activity and whether distinct RALFhave varied functions are still unclear. Here,we have expressed 19 heterogeneous representative RALFs and analyzed their biological activitiesand functional diversity. The experimental results showed that all 19 RALF proteins inhibited root growth at various extents. Some representativeRALF members were further selected for flg22-induced ROS release and MAPK phosphorylation level assays. From the results,we confirmedthat 11 RALF proteins participated in the response of MAPK signal,and also confirmed that 16 RALF proteins inhibited the ROS releasecaused by flg22. In addition,there were significant differences in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation,for instance,RALF10 promotedhypocotyl elongation. The above results suggest that different RALF have both functional redundancy and differences. This study complementsand improves the understanding of the complexity and diversity of RALF functions.
The Rapid Alkalinization Factor(RALF),which exists as a gene family,is a kind of conservative peptide molecule in greenplant. There are at least 35 RALF genes in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies show that certain members of RALF family,suchas RALF1/23 and RALF4/19 function as the ligand of Cr RLK1 L members FERONIA and BUPS1/2 respectively,thus regulate cell elongation,plant immune response and double fertilization. However,whether other RALF members have biological activity and whether distinct RALFhave varied functions are still unclear. Here,we have expressed 19 heterogeneous representative RALFs and analyzed their biological activitiesand functional diversity. The experimental results showed that all 19 RALF proteins inhibited root growth at various extents. Some representativeRALF members were further selected for flg22-induced ROS release and MAPK phosphorylation level assays. From the results,we confirmedthat 11 RALF proteins participated in the response of MAPK signal,and also confirmed that 16 RALF proteins inhibited the ROS releasecaused by flg22. In addition,there were significant differences in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation,for instance,RALF10 promotedhypocotyl elongation. The above results suggest that different RALF have both functional redundancy and differences. This study complementsand improves the understanding of the complexity and diversity of RALF functions.
引文
[1]Ryan CA, Pearce G, Scheer J, et al. Polypeptide hormones[J].The Plant Cell, 2002, 14:S251-S264.
[2]Pearce G, Moura DS, Stratmann J, et al. RALF, a 5-kDa ubiquitouspolypeptide in plants, arrests root growth and development[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2001, 98(22):12843-12847.
[3]Matos JL, Fiori CS, Silva-Filho MC, et al. A conserved dibasic siteis essential for correct processing of the peptide hormone RALF1in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Federation of European BiochemicalSocieties Letters, 2008, 582(23-24):3343-3347.
[4]Do Canto AM, Ceciliato PHO, Ribeiro B, et al. Biological activityof nine recombinant RALF peptides:implications for theirperception and function in Arabidopsis[J]. Plant Physiology andBiochemistry, 2014, 75:45-54.
[5]Cao J, Shi F. Evolution of the RALF gene family in plants:gene duplication and selection patterns[J]. EvolutionaryBioinformatics, 2012, 8:271-292.
[6]Wu JS, Kurten EL, Monshausen G, et al. Na RALF, a peptide signalessential for the regulation of root hair tip apoplastic pH in Nicotiana attenuata, is required for root hair development and plant growth innative soils[J]. The Plant Journal, 2007, 52(5):877-890.
[7]Srivastava R, Liu JX, Guo H, et al. Regulation and processing of aplant peptide hormone, RALF23, in Arabidopsis[J]. The PlantJournal, 2009, 59(6):930-939.
[8]Campbell L, Turner SR. A comprehensive analysis of RALFproteins in green plants suggests there are two distinct functionalgroups[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 8:37.
[9]Pearce G, Yamaguchi Y, Munske G, et al. Structure-activity studiesof RALF, Rapid Alkalinization Factor, reveal an essential-YISYmotif[J]. Peptides, 2010, 31(11):1973-1977.
[10]The receptor kinase FER is a RALF-regulated scaffold controllingplant immune signaling[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6322):287-289.
[11]Mecchia M A, Santos-Fernandez G, Duss N N, et al. RALF4/19peptides interact with LRX proteins to control pollen tube growth inArabidopsis[J]. Science, 2017, 358(6370):1600-1603.
[12]Ge Z, Bergonci T, Zhao Y, et al. Arabidopsis pollen tube integrityand sperm release are regulated by RALF-mediated signaling[J].Science, 2017, 358(6370):1596-1600.
[13]Haruta M, Sabat G, Stecker K, et al. A peptide hormone andits receptor protein kinase regulate plant cell expansion[J].Science, 2014, 343(6169):408-411.
[14]Du CQ, Li XS, Chen J, et al. Receptor kinase complex transmitsRALF peptide signal to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113(51):E8326-E8334.
[15]Chen J, Yu F, Liu Y, et al. FERONIA interacts with ABI2-typephosphatases to facilitate signaling cross-talk between abscisicacid and RALF peptide in Arabidopsis[J]. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113(37):E5519-E5527.
[16]Tang DZ, Wang GX, Zhou JM. Receptor kinases in plant-pathogeninteractions:more than pattern recognition[J]. The Plant Cell,2017, 29(4):618-637.
[17]Thynne E, Saur IML, Simbaqueba J, et al. Fungal phytopathogensencode functional homologues of plant rapid alkalinization factor(RALF)peptides[J]. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2017, 18(6):811-824.
[18]Henzler T, Steudle E. Transport and metabolic degradation ofhydrogen peroxide in Chara corallina:model calculations andmeasurements with the pressure probe suggest transport of H2O2across water channels[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2000,51(353):2053-2066.
[19]Mori IC, Schroeder JI. Reactive oxygen species activation ofplant Ca2+channels.Asignalingmechanisminpolargrowth,hormone transduction, stress signaling, and hypotheticallymechanotransduction[J]. Plant Physiology, 2004, 135(2):702-708.
[20]Deslauriers SD, Larsen PB. FERONIA is a key modulator ofbrassinosteroid and ethylene responsiveness in Arabidopsishypocotyls[J]. Molecular Plant, 2010, 3(3):626-640.
[21]Duan QH, Kita D, Li C, et al. FERONIA receptor-like kinaseregulates RHO GTPase signaling of root hair development[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, 107(41):17821-17826.
[2]Pearce G, Moura DS, Stratmann J, et al. RALF, a 5-kDa ubiquitouspolypeptide in plants, arrests root growth and development[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2001, 98(22):12843-12847.
[3]Matos JL, Fiori CS, Silva-Filho MC, et al. A conserved dibasic siteis essential for correct processing of the peptide hormone RALF1in Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Federation of European BiochemicalSocieties Letters, 2008, 582(23-24):3343-3347.
[4]Do Canto AM, Ceciliato PHO, Ribeiro B, et al. Biological activityof nine recombinant RALF peptides:implications for theirperception and function in Arabidopsis[J]. Plant Physiology andBiochemistry, 2014, 75:45-54.
[5]Cao J, Shi F. Evolution of the RALF gene family in plants:gene duplication and selection patterns[J]. EvolutionaryBioinformatics, 2012, 8:271-292.
[6]Wu JS, Kurten EL, Monshausen G, et al. Na RALF, a peptide signalessential for the regulation of root hair tip apoplastic pH in Nicotiana attenuata, is required for root hair development and plant growth innative soils[J]. The Plant Journal, 2007, 52(5):877-890.
[7]Srivastava R, Liu JX, Guo H, et al. Regulation and processing of aplant peptide hormone, RALF23, in Arabidopsis[J]. The PlantJournal, 2009, 59(6):930-939.
[8]Campbell L, Turner SR. A comprehensive analysis of RALFproteins in green plants suggests there are two distinct functionalgroups[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 8:37.
[9]Pearce G, Yamaguchi Y, Munske G, et al. Structure-activity studiesof RALF, Rapid Alkalinization Factor, reveal an essential-YISYmotif[J]. Peptides, 2010, 31(11):1973-1977.
[10]The receptor kinase FER is a RALF-regulated scaffold controllingplant immune signaling[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6322):287-289.
[11]Mecchia M A, Santos-Fernandez G, Duss N N, et al. RALF4/19peptides interact with LRX proteins to control pollen tube growth inArabidopsis[J]. Science, 2017, 358(6370):1600-1603.
[12]Ge Z, Bergonci T, Zhao Y, et al. Arabidopsis pollen tube integrityand sperm release are regulated by RALF-mediated signaling[J].Science, 2017, 358(6370):1596-1600.
[13]Haruta M, Sabat G, Stecker K, et al. A peptide hormone andits receptor protein kinase regulate plant cell expansion[J].Science, 2014, 343(6169):408-411.
[14]Du CQ, Li XS, Chen J, et al. Receptor kinase complex transmitsRALF peptide signal to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113(51):E8326-E8334.
[15]Chen J, Yu F, Liu Y, et al. FERONIA interacts with ABI2-typephosphatases to facilitate signaling cross-talk between abscisicacid and RALF peptide in Arabidopsis[J]. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113(37):E5519-E5527.
[16]Tang DZ, Wang GX, Zhou JM. Receptor kinases in plant-pathogeninteractions:more than pattern recognition[J]. The Plant Cell,2017, 29(4):618-637.
[17]Thynne E, Saur IML, Simbaqueba J, et al. Fungal phytopathogensencode functional homologues of plant rapid alkalinization factor(RALF)peptides[J]. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2017, 18(6):811-824.
[18]Henzler T, Steudle E. Transport and metabolic degradation ofhydrogen peroxide in Chara corallina:model calculations andmeasurements with the pressure probe suggest transport of H2O2across water channels[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2000,51(353):2053-2066.
[19]Mori IC, Schroeder JI. Reactive oxygen species activation ofplant Ca2+channels.Asignalingmechanisminpolargrowth,hormone transduction, stress signaling, and hypotheticallymechanotransduction[J]. Plant Physiology, 2004, 135(2):702-708.
[20]Deslauriers SD, Larsen PB. FERONIA is a key modulator ofbrassinosteroid and ethylene responsiveness in Arabidopsishypocotyls[J]. Molecular Plant, 2010, 3(3):626-640.
[21]Duan QH, Kita D, Li C, et al. FERONIA receptor-like kinaseregulates RHO GTPase signaling of root hair development[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010, 107(41):17821-17826.