被国民党批评的“3S”之一:波兰记者苏伊丝与中国
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摘要
波兰记者苏伊丝是被多位国民党宣传要员视为与斯特朗、史沫特莱并称的外国记者。又因为她们三人都为女性,且其英文姓氏都以S打头,故被国际宣传处处长曾虚白等人怒指为"3S"。然而,相比众多关于斯特朗和史沫特莱的论文和专著,国内外却几乎没有针对苏伊丝的任何研究。本文依据中英文中有关苏伊丝的档案和书籍,勾勒了她的生平,并着重叙述了她对中国革命事业所作出的贡献。
Ilona Ralf Sues, a Polish journalist, was regarded as a person who was as dangerous as Agnes Smedley and Anna Louise Strong by quite many Kuomintang propaganda officials. Since all of them were female and their surname start with 'S,' they were called as "3 S" by Zeng Xubai, who was the director of the International Publicity Office during the Anti-Japanese War. However, while there are so many articles and books on Smedley and Strong, there is almost no scholarship about Sues in China and abroad. According to the archives and books in Chinese and English, this article attempts to demonstrate her life with an emphasis on her contribution to the Communist Revolution in China.
Ilona Ralf Sues, a Polish journalist, was regarded as a person who was as dangerous as Agnes Smedley and Anna Louise Strong by quite many Kuomintang propaganda officials. Since all of them were female and their surname start with 'S,' they were called as "3 S" by Zeng Xubai, who was the director of the International Publicity Office during the Anti-Japanese War. However, while there are so many articles and books on Smedley and Strong, there is almost no scholarship about Sues in China and abroad. According to the archives and books in Chinese and English, this article attempts to demonstrate her life with an emphasis on her contribution to the Communist Revolution in China.
引文
[1]曾虚白:《曾虚白自传》,台北:联经出版社,1990年,第263页。
[2]曾虚白:《曾虚白自传》,台北:联经出版社,1990年第264页。
[3]沈剑虹:《半生忧患——沈剑虹回忆录》,台北:联经出版事业公司,1989年,第82页。
[4]董显光:《董显光自传——一个中国农夫的自述》,曾虚白译,台湾新生报出版部,1981,第83页。
[5]如引文所示,苏伊丝的英文名有Ilona Rall Sues和Ilona Rall Suess两种写法。中文名则有休斯,苏艾士,苏依士,苏埃斯,苏伊丝等写法。因董显光与苏伊丝较为熟悉,他的音译应最为准确,故本文以苏伊丝称之。
[6]据苏伊丝在美国申请社会保险号(Social Security Number)时所填写的信息.见U. S.,Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936—2007[database on-line]. Provo, UT,USA:Ancestry. com Operations,Inc.,2015.
[7]“Ilona Rall Sues:Author of'Shark's Fins and Millet,”,Iowa Digital Library. Available athttp://digital. lib. uiowa. edu/cdm/ref/collection/tc/id/22559.
[8]原文误写为Harry Timperleyn见Ilona Rall Sues,Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown. 1944, 135.
[9]Hollington Kong Tong, China and the World Press, New York:n. p.,1948,32-33.
[10]陆海莉:《抗战时期朱德和传教士的交往》,《党政论坛》,2009年9月,第26页。
[11]董显光:《董显光自传——一个中国农夫的自述》,曾虚白译,台北:台湾新生报出版部,1981年,第80—82页
[12]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,p. 178.
[13]陆海莉:《抗战时期朱德和传教士的交往》,《党政论坛》,2009年9月,第26页。
[14]Sues,Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets,Boston:Little Brown, 1944,pp. 191-192.
[15]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,p. 194.
[16]《长江日报》,2008年10月14日,第17版;亦见陆海莉,《抗战时期朱德和传教士的交往》,《党政论坛》,2009年9月,第26、27页。
[17]Sues,Ilona Rall, Shark's Fins and Millets.Boston:Little Brown, 1944, p. 244.
[18]原文称之为Yenan Central Hospital,似指延安中央医院。但延安中央医院1939年4月份才开始筹建。因此苏伊丝访问的应为延安中央医院的前身——陕甘宁边区医院。
[19]Sues,Ilona Rall.“A Letter from China.” China Today(July1938).
[20]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,pp. 284-285.
[21]Sues,Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets.Boston:Little Brown, 1944, p. 285.
[22]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,pp. 285-286.
[23]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown, 1944, p. 262.
[24]《“'走进博物馆系列'——吴德施主教在武汉”》,八路局武汉办事处旧址纪念馆网,http://www. wh8b-jng. com/index.php/index/ashow_26. html。
[25]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,pp. 321-322.
[26]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,p. 322.
[27]Garner,Karen. Precious Fire:Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution, Amherst and Boston:University of Massachusetts Press, 2003, p.188.
[28]彭秀良:《被尘封的国际友人——蒲爱德》,《文史天地》,2012年第2期,第43页。
[29]Garner,Karen. Precious Fire:Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution,Amherst and Boston:University of Massachusetts Press,2003,p. 189.
[30]Garner, Karen. Precious Fire:Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution,Amherst and Boston:University of Massachusetts Press, 2003,pp. 188-198.
[31]Far East Spotlight, October 1950,p. 1.
[32]Federal Bureau of Investigation,“Potentialities of Chinese Communist Intelligence Activities in the United States,”May,1954.
[33]Narell,Irena. Ashes to the Taste,New York:University Publishers,1961,p. 207.
[34]Narell, Irena. Ashes to the Taste, New York:University Publishers,1961,p. 207.
[35]约翰·汉密尔顿:《埃德加·斯诺传》,沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1990年,第220页至232页。
[36]伊斯雷尔·爱泼斯坦著,沈苏儒等译,《见证中国:爱泼斯坦回忆录》,北京:新世界出版社,2004年,第245至246页。
[37]Committee on the Judiciary,Institute of Pacific Relation:Hearings,Washington,U. S. Government Printing Office,1951,pp. 698-699.
[38]“Manifest of Outward-Bound Passengers,November 10th,1951,"in “The U. S.,Departing Passenger and Crew Lists,1914-966."
[39]Narell, Irena. Ashes to the Taste, New York:University Publishers,1961,pp. 207-208.
[40]Narell, Irena. Ashes to the Taste, New York:University Publishers,1961,pp. 252-253.
[2]曾虚白:《曾虚白自传》,台北:联经出版社,1990年第264页。
[3]沈剑虹:《半生忧患——沈剑虹回忆录》,台北:联经出版事业公司,1989年,第82页。
[4]董显光:《董显光自传——一个中国农夫的自述》,曾虚白译,台湾新生报出版部,1981,第83页。
[5]如引文所示,苏伊丝的英文名有Ilona Rall Sues和Ilona Rall Suess两种写法。中文名则有休斯,苏艾士,苏依士,苏埃斯,苏伊丝等写法。因董显光与苏伊丝较为熟悉,他的音译应最为准确,故本文以苏伊丝称之。
[6]据苏伊丝在美国申请社会保险号(Social Security Number)时所填写的信息.见U. S.,Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936—2007[database on-line]. Provo, UT,USA:Ancestry. com Operations,Inc.,2015.
[7]“Ilona Rall Sues:Author of'Shark's Fins and Millet,”,Iowa Digital Library. Available athttp://digital. lib. uiowa. edu/cdm/ref/collection/tc/id/22559.
[8]原文误写为Harry Timperleyn见Ilona Rall Sues,Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown. 1944, 135.
[9]Hollington Kong Tong, China and the World Press, New York:n. p.,1948,32-33.
[10]陆海莉:《抗战时期朱德和传教士的交往》,《党政论坛》,2009年9月,第26页。
[11]董显光:《董显光自传——一个中国农夫的自述》,曾虚白译,台北:台湾新生报出版部,1981年,第80—82页
[12]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,p. 178.
[13]陆海莉:《抗战时期朱德和传教士的交往》,《党政论坛》,2009年9月,第26页。
[14]Sues,Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets,Boston:Little Brown, 1944,pp. 191-192.
[15]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,p. 194.
[16]《长江日报》,2008年10月14日,第17版;亦见陆海莉,《抗战时期朱德和传教士的交往》,《党政论坛》,2009年9月,第26、27页。
[17]Sues,Ilona Rall, Shark's Fins and Millets.Boston:Little Brown, 1944, p. 244.
[18]原文称之为Yenan Central Hospital,似指延安中央医院。但延安中央医院1939年4月份才开始筹建。因此苏伊丝访问的应为延安中央医院的前身——陕甘宁边区医院。
[19]Sues,Ilona Rall.“A Letter from China.” China Today(July1938).
[20]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,pp. 284-285.
[21]Sues,Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets.Boston:Little Brown, 1944, p. 285.
[22]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,pp. 285-286.
[23]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown, 1944, p. 262.
[24]《“'走进博物馆系列'——吴德施主教在武汉”》,八路局武汉办事处旧址纪念馆网,http://www. wh8b-jng. com/index.php/index/ashow_26. html。
[25]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,pp. 321-322.
[26]Sues, Ilona Rall. Shark's Fins and Millets, Boston:Little Brown,1944,p. 322.
[27]Garner,Karen. Precious Fire:Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution, Amherst and Boston:University of Massachusetts Press, 2003, p.188.
[28]彭秀良:《被尘封的国际友人——蒲爱德》,《文史天地》,2012年第2期,第43页。
[29]Garner,Karen. Precious Fire:Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution,Amherst and Boston:University of Massachusetts Press,2003,p. 189.
[30]Garner, Karen. Precious Fire:Maud Russell and the Chinese Revolution,Amherst and Boston:University of Massachusetts Press, 2003,pp. 188-198.
[31]Far East Spotlight, October 1950,p. 1.
[32]Federal Bureau of Investigation,“Potentialities of Chinese Communist Intelligence Activities in the United States,”May,1954.
[33]Narell,Irena. Ashes to the Taste,New York:University Publishers,1961,p. 207.
[34]Narell, Irena. Ashes to the Taste, New York:University Publishers,1961,p. 207.
[35]约翰·汉密尔顿:《埃德加·斯诺传》,沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,1990年,第220页至232页。
[36]伊斯雷尔·爱泼斯坦著,沈苏儒等译,《见证中国:爱泼斯坦回忆录》,北京:新世界出版社,2004年,第245至246页。
[37]Committee on the Judiciary,Institute of Pacific Relation:Hearings,Washington,U. S. Government Printing Office,1951,pp. 698-699.
[38]“Manifest of Outward-Bound Passengers,November 10th,1951,"in “The U. S.,Departing Passenger and Crew Lists,1914-966."
[39]Narell, Irena. Ashes to the Taste, New York:University Publishers,1961,pp. 207-208.
[40]Narell, Irena. Ashes to the Taste, New York:University Publishers,1961,pp. 252-253.