Optical properties and radiative rates of Nd~(3+) doped zinc-sodium phosphate glasses
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摘要
Preparation using melt quenching technique and optical characterizations of Nd~(3+) doped Zn-Na phosphate glasses are presented. The structure of the present glasses was studied using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. UV-vis spectra of the present glasses were analyzed at different concentrations of Nd_2 O_3. The effect of neodymium concentration on the density and energy band gap was investigated. The density of the present glasses slightly increases with the increasing of Nd_2 O_3. A small variation of energy band gap with the increasing of neodymium content is observed as well, while E_g values decrease with the increase of Nd_2 O_3 content. The E_g values lie between 4.36 and 4.69 eV. Based on the measured optical spectra, Judd-Ofelt theory was used to determine the optical parameters such as line strengths, optical intensity parameters(Ω_t), transition probabilities, and transition lifetimes. Hypersensitive transitions were identified in the absorption spectrum, the greatest line strengths are recorded at the transitions~2 G_(7/2)+ ~4 G_(5/2), ~4 S_(3/2) + ~4 F_(7/2) and ~4 D_(1/2) + ~4 D_(3/2)+ ~4 D_(5/2) + ~2 I_(11/2) with wavelengths of 580, 475 and 355 nm,respectively. Lifetimes of the important ~4 F_(3/2) laser-level were determined; which show decreasing trend with the increasing of Nd_2 O_3 content and are found to be between 0.838 and 1.595 ms. The uncertainty of the present results was estimated. The RMS deviations were determined, which show lower values than those in the literature.
Preparation using melt quenching technique and optical characterizations of Nd~(3+) doped Zn-Na phosphate glasses are presented. The structure of the present glasses was studied using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. UV-vis spectra of the present glasses were analyzed at different concentrations of Nd_2 O_3. The effect of neodymium concentration on the density and energy band gap was investigated. The density of the present glasses slightly increases with the increasing of Nd_2 O_3. A small variation of energy band gap with the increasing of neodymium content is observed as well, while E_g values decrease with the increase of Nd_2 O_3 content. The E_g values lie between 4.36 and 4.69 eV. Based on the measured optical spectra, Judd-Ofelt theory was used to determine the optical parameters such as line strengths, optical intensity parameters(Ω_t), transition probabilities, and transition lifetimes. Hypersensitive transitions were identified in the absorption spectrum, the greatest line strengths are recorded at the transitions~2 G_(7/2)+ ~4 G_(5/2), ~4 S_(3/2) + ~4 F_(7/2) and ~4 D_(1/2) + ~4 D_(3/2)+ ~4 D_(5/2) + ~2 I_(11/2) with wavelengths of 580, 475 and 355 nm,respectively. Lifetimes of the important ~4 F_(3/2) laser-level were determined; which show decreasing trend with the increasing of Nd_2 O_3 content and are found to be between 0.838 and 1.595 ms. The uncertainty of the present results was estimated. The RMS deviations were determined, which show lower values than those in the literature.
Preparation using melt quenching technique and optical characterizations of Nd~(3+) doped Zn-Na phosphate glasses are presented. The structure of the present glasses was studied using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy. UV-vis spectra of the present glasses were analyzed at different concentrations of Nd_2 O_3. The effect of neodymium concentration on the density and energy band gap was investigated. The density of the present glasses slightly increases with the increasing of Nd_2 O_3. A small variation of energy band gap with the increasing of neodymium content is observed as well, while E_g values decrease with the increase of Nd_2 O_3 content. The E_g values lie between 4.36 and 4.69 eV. Based on the measured optical spectra, Judd-Ofelt theory was used to determine the optical parameters such as line strengths, optical intensity parameters(Ω_t), transition probabilities, and transition lifetimes. Hypersensitive transitions were identified in the absorption spectrum, the greatest line strengths are recorded at the transitions~2 G_(7/2)+ ~4 G_(5/2), ~4 S_(3/2) + ~4 F_(7/2) and ~4 D_(1/2) + ~4 D_(3/2)+ ~4 D_(5/2) + ~2 I_(11/2) with wavelengths of 580, 475 and 355 nm,respectively. Lifetimes of the important ~4 F_(3/2) laser-level were determined; which show decreasing trend with the increasing of Nd_2 O_3 content and are found to be between 0.838 and 1.595 ms. The uncertainty of the present results was estimated. The RMS deviations were determined, which show lower values than those in the literature.
引文
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5.Pisarska J, Soltys M, Zur L, Pisarski WA, Jayasankar CK. Excitation and luminescence of rare earth-doped lead phosphate glasses. Appl Phys B. 2014; 116:837.
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7.Brahmachary K, Rajesh D, Ratnakaram Y. Radiative properties and luminescence spectra of Sm~(3+)ion in zinc aluminum sodium-phosphate(ZANP)glasses.J Lumin. 2015:161:202.
8.Ratnakaram Y, Babu S, Bharat LK, Nayak C Fluorescence characteristics of Nd~(3+)doped multicomponent fluoro-phosphate glasses for potential solid-state laser applications. J Lumin. 2016;175:57.
9.Jayasimhadri M, Moorthy LR, Ravikumar R. An investigation of the optical properties of Nd~(3+)ions in alkali tellurofluorophosphate glasses. Opt Mater.2007:29:1321.
10.Kesavulu C, Kim H, Lee S, Kaewkhao J, Wantana N, Kaewnuam E, et al. Spectroscopic investigations of Nd~(3+)doped gadolinium calcium silica borate glasses for the NIR emission at 1059 nm. J Alloys Compd. 2017;695:590.
11.Lalla E, Len-Luis S, Monteseguro V, Prez-Rodrguez C, Cceres J, Lavn V, et al.Optical temperature sensor based on the Nd~(3+)infrared thermalized emissions in a fluorotellurite glass.J Lumin. 2015;166:209.
12.Li G, Wang YH, Zeng W,Chen WB, Han SC, Guo HJ, et al. Effects of Nd~(3+)codoping on the long-lasting phosphorescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of green emitting NaBaScSi_2O_7:Eu~(2+)phosphor. Mater Res Bull. 2016:84:1.
13.Nakauchi D, Okada G, Koshimizu M, Yanagida T. Optical and scintillation properties of Nd-doped SrAl_2O_4 crystals. J Rare Earths. 2016;34:757.
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15.Fares H, Jlassi I, Hraiech S, Elhouichet H, Frid M. Radiative parameters of Nd~(3+)-doped titanium and tungsten modified tellurite glasses for 1.06μm laser materials. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf. 2014:147:224.
16.Ramteke D, Annapurna K, Deshpande V, Gedam R. Effect of Nd~(3+)on spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glasses. J Rare Earths. 2014:32:1148.
17.Gui Y, Yang QH, Shao YJ, Yuan Y. Spectroscopic properties of neodymiumdoped alumina(Nd~(3+):Al_2O_3)translucent ceramics.)Lumin. 2017;184:232.
18.Shi DM, Zhao YG. Spectroscopic properties and energy transfer of Nd~(3+)/Ho~(3+)-doped Ga_2O_3-GeO_2 glass by co-doping Yb~(3+)ion. J Rare Earths. 2016:34:368.
19.Tang G, Yang ZY, Luo L, Chen W. Optical properties and local structure of Dy~(3+)-doped chalcogenide and chalcohalide glasses. J Rare Earths. 2008;26:889.
20.Liang CH, Debieu O, An Y-T, Khomenkova L, Cardin J, Gourbilleau F. Effect of the Si excess on the structure and the optical properties of Nd-doped Si-rich silicon oxide. J Lumin. 2012:132:3118.
21.Yu Y, Wang J, Li JD, Zhu YN, Li XQ, Song XL, et al. Structural characterization and optical properties of long-lasting CaAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Nd~(3+)phosphors synthesized by microwave-assisted chemical co-precipitation. J Rare Earths. 2017;35:652.
22.Galleani G, Santagneli SH, Ribeiro SJ, Messaddeq Y, Maia LJ, Nunes LA. Optical and structural properties of neodymium-doped KPO_3-MoO_3 glasses. J NonCryst Solids. 2017;458:65.
23.Algradee M, Alwany AEB, Sultan M, Elgoshimy M, Al-moraisy Q, Physical and optical properties for Nd_2O_3 doped lithium-zinc-phosphate glasses. Optik.2017:142:13.
24.Campbell J, Suratwala T. Nd-doped phosphate glasses for high-energy/highpeak-power lasers. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2000;263-264:318.
25.Ceci-Ginistrelli E, Smith C, Pugliese D, Lousteau J, Boetti NGW, Clarkson A, et al.Nd-doped phosphate glass cane laser:from materials fabrication to power scaling tests. J Alloys Compd. 2017;722:599.
26.Damodaraiah S, Prasad VR, Ratnakaram Y. Impact of Bi_2O_3 on structural properties and lasing effects in Nd~(3+)doped bismuth phosphate glasses at1.053μm emission. Spectrochim Acta A. 2017:181:264.
27.Kozhanov VO, Zaderko AN, Boldyrieva OY, Lisnyak VV. Judd-Ofelt analysis of Nd~(3+)doped phosphate glass:the effect of Ba/Sr ratio. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst.2016;639:78.
28.Novais A, Dantas N, Guedes I, Vermelho M. Spectroscopic properties of highly nd-doped lead phosphate glass. J Alloys Compd. 2015;648:338.
29.Rasool Sk N, Sasikala T, Mohan BA, Rama ML, Jayasankar C. Optical spectroscopy, 1.06μm emission properties of Nd~(3+)-doped phosphate based glasses.Spectrochim Acta A. 2017;180:193.
30.Miao YL, Sun ZR, Jiang XL, Deng PZ, Gao FX. Spectroscopic properties of Nd-doped phosphate glass with a high emission cross section. Chin Phys Soc. 2002; 11:613.
31.Yin QW, Kang S, Wang X, Li SG, He DB, Hu LL Effect of PbO on the spectral and thermo-optical properties of Nd3+-doped phosphate laser glass. Opt Mater.2017;66:23.
32.Saddeek YB, El-Maaref A, Aly K, ElOkr M, Showahy A. Investigations on spectroscopic and elasticity studies of Nd_2O_3 doped fCANPgphosphate glasses.J Alloys Compd. 2017:694:325.
33.Rao AS, Rao BRV, Prasad M, Kumar JS, Jayasimhadri M, Rao J, et al. Spectroscopic and optical properties of Nd~(3+)doped fluorine containing alkali and alkaline earth zinc-aluminophosphate optical glasses. Phys B. 2009;404:3717.
34.Tabanli S, Bilir G, Eryurek G. Optical properties and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Nd_2O_3 nanocrystals embedded in polymethyl methacrylate. J Rare Earths.2018:36:170.
35.Sun ZC, Mei BC, Li WW, Liu XY, Su LB. Synthesis and optical characterizations of Nd, Y:CaF_2 transparent ceramics. Opt Mater. 2017;71:35.
36.Binnemans K, Deun RV, Grller-Walrand C, Adam J. Optical properties of nd~(3+)-doped fluorophosphate glasses. J Alloys Compd. 1998;275-277:455.
37.Judd B. Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions. Phys Rev. 1962;127:750.
38.Ofelt G. Intensities of crystal spectra of rare earth ions. J Chem Phys. 1962;37:511.
39.Borsella E, Vecchio AD, Garca MA, Sada C, Gonella F, Polloni R, et al. Copper doping of silicate glasses by the ion-exchange technique:a photoluminescence spectroscopy study.J Appl Phys. 2002;91:90.
40.ElBatal FH, Ibrahim S, Abdelghany AM. Optical and FTIR spectra of NdF3-doped borophosphate glasses and effect of gamma irradiation. J Mol Struct.2012:1030:107.
41.Lai YM, Liang XF, Yang SY, Wang JX, Cao LH, Dai B. Raman and FTIR spectra of iron phosphate glasses containing cerium. J Mol Struct. 2011;992:84.
42.Magdas D, Cozar O, Chis V, Ardelean I, Vedeanu N. The structural dual role of Fe_2O_3 in some lead-phosphate glasses. Vib Spectrosc. 2008;48:251.
43.Doweidar H, Moustafa Y, El-Egili K, Abbas I. Infrared spectra of Fe_2O_3PbOP_2O_5glasses. Vib Spectrosc. 2005;37:91.
44.Ramadan RM, Abdelghany AM, ElBatal HA. Gamma rays interactions with bismuth phosphate glasses doped with 3d transition metal oxides. Silicon.2018;10:891.
45.Marzouk MA, ElBatal FH, ElBatal HA. Investigation of ZnO-P_2O_5 glasses containing variable Bi_2O_3 contents through combinedo, structural, crystallization analysis and interactions with gamma rays. Silicon. 2018;10:615.
46.Abdelghany A, ElBatal F, Azooz M, Ouis M, ElBatal H. Optical and infrared absorption spectra of 3d transition metal ions-doped sodium borophosphate glasses and effect of gamma irradiation. Spectrochim Acta A. 2012;98:148.
47.Mott N, Davis E. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials. 1 st ed. Oxford:Clarendon Press:Oxford University Press; 1971.
48.Sabri NS, Yahya AK, Talari MK. Anomalous optical properties of xSrO{10PbO{(90x)B_2O_3 glass system. Trans Indian Inst Metals. 2017;70:557.
49.Elbashar YH, Badr AM, Elshaikh HA, Mostafa AG, Ibrahim AM. Dielectric and optical properties of CuO containing sodium zinc phosphate glasses. J Process Appl Ceram.2016;10:277.
50.Saritha D, Markandeya Y, Salagram M, Vithal M, Singh A, Bhikshamaiah G.Effect of Bi_2O_3 on physical, optical and structural studies of ZnOBi_2O_3B_2O_3glasses.J Non-Cryst Solids. 2008;354:5573.
51.Aly KA. Discussion on the interrelationship between structural, optical, electronic and elastic properties of materials.J Alloys Compd. 2015:630:178.
52.Walsh B. Advances in spectroscopy for lasers and sensing. In:Judd-Ofelt Theory:Principles and Practices. Springer Netherlands; 2006:403-433.
53.Farouk M, El-Maboud AA, Ibrahim M, Ratep A, Kashif I. Optical properties of lead bismuth borate glasses doped with neodymium oxide. Spectrochim Acta A.2015;149:338.
54.Mariselvam K, Kumar RA, Suresh K. Optical properties of Nd~(3+)doped barium lithium fluoroborate glasses for near infrared(NIR)emission.Phys B.2018;534:68.
55.Pal I, Agarwal A, Sanghi S, Sanjay, Aggarwal MP. Spectroscopic and radiative properties of Nd~(3+)ions doped zinc bismuth borate glasses. Indian J Pure Appl Phys. 2013;51:18.
56.Shaaban Kh, El-Maaref A, Abdelawwad M, Saddeek Y, Wilke H, Hillmer H.Spectroscopic properties and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Dy3+ions in molybdenum borosilicate glasses. J Lumin. 2018:196:477.
57.Ratnakaram Y, Srihari N, Kumar A, Naidu D, Chakradhar R. Optical absorption and photoluminescence properties of Nd~(3+)doped mixed alkali phosphate glasses-spectroscopic investigations. Spectrochim Acta A. 2009;72:171.
58.Kumar A, Rai D, Rai S. Optical properties of Nd~(3+)ions doped in oxyfluoroborate glass. Spectrochim Acta A. 2002;58:1379.
59.Kumar GA, Biju P, Venugopal C, Unnikrishnan N. Spectroscopic parameters of Nd~(3+)ion in phosphate glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1997;211:47.
60.Muoz F, Saitoh A, Jimnez-Riobo RJ, Balda R. Synthesis and properties of Nddoped oxynitride phosphate laser glasses.J Non-Cryst Solids. 2017;473:125.
61.Boetti NG, Negro D, Lousteau J, Freyria FS, Bonelli B, Abrate S, et al. Spectroscopic investigation of Nd~(3+)single doped and Eu~(3+)/Nd~(3+)co-doped phosphate glass for solar pumped lasers.J Non-Cryst Solids. 2013;377:100.
62.Jha P, Pandey O, Singh K. FTIR spectral analysis and mechanical properties of sodium phosphate glass-ceramics. J Mol Struct. 2015:1083:278.
2.Polynkin A, Polynkin P, Schulzgen A, Mansuripur M, Peyghambarian N. Wattslevel, short all-fiber laser at 1.5 nm with a large core and diffraction-limited output via intracavity spatial-mode filtering. Opt Lett. 2005:30:403.
3.Boetti NG. Nd~(3+)Doped Phosphate Glass Optical-fiber Lasers[Ph.D. thesis]. 2014.https://doi.org/10.6092/polito/porto/2543408.
4.Nian SJ, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou NY, Zou W. Glass formation and properties of sodium zinc phosphate glasses doped with ferric oxide. Adv Appl Ceram.2018:117:319.
5.Pisarska J, Soltys M, Zur L, Pisarski WA, Jayasankar CK. Excitation and luminescence of rare earth-doped lead phosphate glasses. Appl Phys B. 2014; 116:837.
6.Murthy D, Sasikala T, Jamalaiah B, Babu AM, Kumar JS, Jayasimhadri M, et al.Investigation on luminescence properties of Nd~(3+)ions in alkaline-earth titanium phosphate glasses. Opt Commun. 2011;284:603.
7.Brahmachary K, Rajesh D, Ratnakaram Y. Radiative properties and luminescence spectra of Sm~(3+)ion in zinc aluminum sodium-phosphate(ZANP)glasses.J Lumin. 2015:161:202.
8.Ratnakaram Y, Babu S, Bharat LK, Nayak C Fluorescence characteristics of Nd~(3+)doped multicomponent fluoro-phosphate glasses for potential solid-state laser applications. J Lumin. 2016;175:57.
9.Jayasimhadri M, Moorthy LR, Ravikumar R. An investigation of the optical properties of Nd~(3+)ions in alkali tellurofluorophosphate glasses. Opt Mater.2007:29:1321.
10.Kesavulu C, Kim H, Lee S, Kaewkhao J, Wantana N, Kaewnuam E, et al. Spectroscopic investigations of Nd~(3+)doped gadolinium calcium silica borate glasses for the NIR emission at 1059 nm. J Alloys Compd. 2017;695:590.
11.Lalla E, Len-Luis S, Monteseguro V, Prez-Rodrguez C, Cceres J, Lavn V, et al.Optical temperature sensor based on the Nd~(3+)infrared thermalized emissions in a fluorotellurite glass.J Lumin. 2015;166:209.
12.Li G, Wang YH, Zeng W,Chen WB, Han SC, Guo HJ, et al. Effects of Nd~(3+)codoping on the long-lasting phosphorescence and optically stimulated luminescence properties of green emitting NaBaScSi_2O_7:Eu~(2+)phosphor. Mater Res Bull. 2016:84:1.
13.Nakauchi D, Okada G, Koshimizu M, Yanagida T. Optical and scintillation properties of Nd-doped SrAl_2O_4 crystals. J Rare Earths. 2016;34:757.
14.Dias J, Melo G, Lodi T, Carvalho J, Filho PF, Barboza M, et al. Thermal and structural properties of Nd_2O_3-doped calcium boroaluminate glasses. J Rare Earths. 2016;34:521.
15.Fares H, Jlassi I, Hraiech S, Elhouichet H, Frid M. Radiative parameters of Nd~(3+)-doped titanium and tungsten modified tellurite glasses for 1.06μm laser materials. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf. 2014:147:224.
16.Ramteke D, Annapurna K, Deshpande V, Gedam R. Effect of Nd~(3+)on spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glasses. J Rare Earths. 2014:32:1148.
17.Gui Y, Yang QH, Shao YJ, Yuan Y. Spectroscopic properties of neodymiumdoped alumina(Nd~(3+):Al_2O_3)translucent ceramics.)Lumin. 2017;184:232.
18.Shi DM, Zhao YG. Spectroscopic properties and energy transfer of Nd~(3+)/Ho~(3+)-doped Ga_2O_3-GeO_2 glass by co-doping Yb~(3+)ion. J Rare Earths. 2016:34:368.
19.Tang G, Yang ZY, Luo L, Chen W. Optical properties and local structure of Dy~(3+)-doped chalcogenide and chalcohalide glasses. J Rare Earths. 2008;26:889.
20.Liang CH, Debieu O, An Y-T, Khomenkova L, Cardin J, Gourbilleau F. Effect of the Si excess on the structure and the optical properties of Nd-doped Si-rich silicon oxide. J Lumin. 2012:132:3118.
21.Yu Y, Wang J, Li JD, Zhu YN, Li XQ, Song XL, et al. Structural characterization and optical properties of long-lasting CaAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Nd~(3+)phosphors synthesized by microwave-assisted chemical co-precipitation. J Rare Earths. 2017;35:652.
22.Galleani G, Santagneli SH, Ribeiro SJ, Messaddeq Y, Maia LJ, Nunes LA. Optical and structural properties of neodymium-doped KPO_3-MoO_3 glasses. J NonCryst Solids. 2017;458:65.
23.Algradee M, Alwany AEB, Sultan M, Elgoshimy M, Al-moraisy Q, Physical and optical properties for Nd_2O_3 doped lithium-zinc-phosphate glasses. Optik.2017:142:13.
24.Campbell J, Suratwala T. Nd-doped phosphate glasses for high-energy/highpeak-power lasers. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2000;263-264:318.
25.Ceci-Ginistrelli E, Smith C, Pugliese D, Lousteau J, Boetti NGW, Clarkson A, et al.Nd-doped phosphate glass cane laser:from materials fabrication to power scaling tests. J Alloys Compd. 2017;722:599.
26.Damodaraiah S, Prasad VR, Ratnakaram Y. Impact of Bi_2O_3 on structural properties and lasing effects in Nd~(3+)doped bismuth phosphate glasses at1.053μm emission. Spectrochim Acta A. 2017:181:264.
27.Kozhanov VO, Zaderko AN, Boldyrieva OY, Lisnyak VV. Judd-Ofelt analysis of Nd~(3+)doped phosphate glass:the effect of Ba/Sr ratio. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst.2016;639:78.
28.Novais A, Dantas N, Guedes I, Vermelho M. Spectroscopic properties of highly nd-doped lead phosphate glass. J Alloys Compd. 2015;648:338.
29.Rasool Sk N, Sasikala T, Mohan BA, Rama ML, Jayasankar C. Optical spectroscopy, 1.06μm emission properties of Nd~(3+)-doped phosphate based glasses.Spectrochim Acta A. 2017;180:193.
30.Miao YL, Sun ZR, Jiang XL, Deng PZ, Gao FX. Spectroscopic properties of Nd-doped phosphate glass with a high emission cross section. Chin Phys Soc. 2002; 11:613.
31.Yin QW, Kang S, Wang X, Li SG, He DB, Hu LL Effect of PbO on the spectral and thermo-optical properties of Nd3+-doped phosphate laser glass. Opt Mater.2017;66:23.
32.Saddeek YB, El-Maaref A, Aly K, ElOkr M, Showahy A. Investigations on spectroscopic and elasticity studies of Nd_2O_3 doped fCANPgphosphate glasses.J Alloys Compd. 2017:694:325.
33.Rao AS, Rao BRV, Prasad M, Kumar JS, Jayasimhadri M, Rao J, et al. Spectroscopic and optical properties of Nd~(3+)doped fluorine containing alkali and alkaline earth zinc-aluminophosphate optical glasses. Phys B. 2009;404:3717.
34.Tabanli S, Bilir G, Eryurek G. Optical properties and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Nd_2O_3 nanocrystals embedded in polymethyl methacrylate. J Rare Earths.2018:36:170.
35.Sun ZC, Mei BC, Li WW, Liu XY, Su LB. Synthesis and optical characterizations of Nd, Y:CaF_2 transparent ceramics. Opt Mater. 2017;71:35.
36.Binnemans K, Deun RV, Grller-Walrand C, Adam J. Optical properties of nd~(3+)-doped fluorophosphate glasses. J Alloys Compd. 1998;275-277:455.
37.Judd B. Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions. Phys Rev. 1962;127:750.
38.Ofelt G. Intensities of crystal spectra of rare earth ions. J Chem Phys. 1962;37:511.
39.Borsella E, Vecchio AD, Garca MA, Sada C, Gonella F, Polloni R, et al. Copper doping of silicate glasses by the ion-exchange technique:a photoluminescence spectroscopy study.J Appl Phys. 2002;91:90.
40.ElBatal FH, Ibrahim S, Abdelghany AM. Optical and FTIR spectra of NdF3-doped borophosphate glasses and effect of gamma irradiation. J Mol Struct.2012:1030:107.
41.Lai YM, Liang XF, Yang SY, Wang JX, Cao LH, Dai B. Raman and FTIR spectra of iron phosphate glasses containing cerium. J Mol Struct. 2011;992:84.
42.Magdas D, Cozar O, Chis V, Ardelean I, Vedeanu N. The structural dual role of Fe_2O_3 in some lead-phosphate glasses. Vib Spectrosc. 2008;48:251.
43.Doweidar H, Moustafa Y, El-Egili K, Abbas I. Infrared spectra of Fe_2O_3PbOP_2O_5glasses. Vib Spectrosc. 2005;37:91.
44.Ramadan RM, Abdelghany AM, ElBatal HA. Gamma rays interactions with bismuth phosphate glasses doped with 3d transition metal oxides. Silicon.2018;10:891.
45.Marzouk MA, ElBatal FH, ElBatal HA. Investigation of ZnO-P_2O_5 glasses containing variable Bi_2O_3 contents through combinedo, structural, crystallization analysis and interactions with gamma rays. Silicon. 2018;10:615.
46.Abdelghany A, ElBatal F, Azooz M, Ouis M, ElBatal H. Optical and infrared absorption spectra of 3d transition metal ions-doped sodium borophosphate glasses and effect of gamma irradiation. Spectrochim Acta A. 2012;98:148.
47.Mott N, Davis E. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials. 1 st ed. Oxford:Clarendon Press:Oxford University Press; 1971.
48.Sabri NS, Yahya AK, Talari MK. Anomalous optical properties of xSrO{10PbO{(90x)B_2O_3 glass system. Trans Indian Inst Metals. 2017;70:557.
49.Elbashar YH, Badr AM, Elshaikh HA, Mostafa AG, Ibrahim AM. Dielectric and optical properties of CuO containing sodium zinc phosphate glasses. J Process Appl Ceram.2016;10:277.
50.Saritha D, Markandeya Y, Salagram M, Vithal M, Singh A, Bhikshamaiah G.Effect of Bi_2O_3 on physical, optical and structural studies of ZnOBi_2O_3B_2O_3glasses.J Non-Cryst Solids. 2008;354:5573.
51.Aly KA. Discussion on the interrelationship between structural, optical, electronic and elastic properties of materials.J Alloys Compd. 2015:630:178.
52.Walsh B. Advances in spectroscopy for lasers and sensing. In:Judd-Ofelt Theory:Principles and Practices. Springer Netherlands; 2006:403-433.
53.Farouk M, El-Maboud AA, Ibrahim M, Ratep A, Kashif I. Optical properties of lead bismuth borate glasses doped with neodymium oxide. Spectrochim Acta A.2015;149:338.
54.Mariselvam K, Kumar RA, Suresh K. Optical properties of Nd~(3+)doped barium lithium fluoroborate glasses for near infrared(NIR)emission.Phys B.2018;534:68.
55.Pal I, Agarwal A, Sanghi S, Sanjay, Aggarwal MP. Spectroscopic and radiative properties of Nd~(3+)ions doped zinc bismuth borate glasses. Indian J Pure Appl Phys. 2013;51:18.
56.Shaaban Kh, El-Maaref A, Abdelawwad M, Saddeek Y, Wilke H, Hillmer H.Spectroscopic properties and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Dy3+ions in molybdenum borosilicate glasses. J Lumin. 2018:196:477.
57.Ratnakaram Y, Srihari N, Kumar A, Naidu D, Chakradhar R. Optical absorption and photoluminescence properties of Nd~(3+)doped mixed alkali phosphate glasses-spectroscopic investigations. Spectrochim Acta A. 2009;72:171.
58.Kumar A, Rai D, Rai S. Optical properties of Nd~(3+)ions doped in oxyfluoroborate glass. Spectrochim Acta A. 2002;58:1379.
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