Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles
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摘要
In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.
In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.
In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.
引文
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Borken-Kleefeld,J.,Chen,Y.,2015.New emission deterioration rates for gasoline cars-results from long-term measurements.Atmos.Environ.101:58-64.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.013.
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Che,W.,Zheng,J.,Wang,S.,Zhong,L.,Lau,A.,2011.Assessment of motor vehicle emission control policies using Model-3/CMAQ model for the Pearl River Delta region,China.Atmos.Environ.45(9):1740-1751.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.050.
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Kim Oanh,N.T.,Thuy Phuong,M.T.,Permadi,D.A.,2012.Analysis of motorcycle fleet in Hanoi for estimation of air pollution emission and climate mitigation co-benefit of technology implementation.Atmos.Environ.59:438-448.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.057.
Lau,J.,Hung,W.T.,Cheung,C.S.,2012.Observation of increases in emission from modern vehicles over time in Hong Kong using remote sensing.Environ.Pollut.163:14-23.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.021.
Li,Y.,Crawford-Brown,D.J.,2011.Assessing the co-benefits of greenhouse gas reduction:health benefits of particulate matter related inspection and maintenance programs in Bangkok,Thailand.Sci.Total Environ.409(10):1774-1785.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.051.
Liu,H.,He,K.,Wang,Q.,Huo,H.,Lents,J.,Davis,N.,et al.,2007.Comparison of vehicle activity and emission inventory between Beijing and Shanghai.J.Air Waste Manag.Assoc.57:1172-1177.https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1172.
Liu,H.,He,K.,He,D.,Fu,L.,Zhou,Y.,Walshc,M.,et al.,2008.Analysis of the impacts of fuel sulfur on vehicle emissions in China.Fuel 87:3147-3154.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.019.
Liu,H.,He,K.,Lents,J.M.,Wang,Q.,Tolvett,S.,2009.Characteristics of diesel truck emission in China based on portable emissions measurement systems.Environ.Sci.Technol.43:9507-9511.https://doi.org/10.1021/es902044x.
Liu,H.,R?nkk?,T.,Keskinen,J.,2013.Impact of vehicle development and fuel quality on exhaust nanoparticle emissions of traffic.Environ.Sci.Technol.47:8091-8092.https://doi.org/10.1021/es401805r.
Mishra,D.,Goyal,P.,2014.Estimation of vehicular emissions using dynamic emission factors:a case study of Delhi,India.Atmos.Environ.98:1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.047.
Nagpure,A.S.,Gurjar,B.R.,2012.Development and evaluation of vehicular air pollution inventory model.Atmos.Environ.59:160-169.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.044.
NBSC(National Bureau of Statistics of China),2011.China Statistical Yearbook.China Statistics Press,Beijing,China,pp.16-24(in Chinese).
Schifter,I.,Díaz,L.,Vera,M.,Guzmán,E.,Durán,J.,Ramos,F.,et al.,2003.Evaluation of the vehicle inspection/maintenance program in the metropolitan area of Mexico City.Environ.Sci.Technol.37(1):196-200.https://doi.org/10.1021/es020549t.
Shrestha,S.R.,Kim Oanh,N.T.,Xu,Q.,Rupakheti,M.,Lawrence,M.G.,2013.Analysis of the vehicle fleet in the Kathmandu Valley for estimation of environment and climate co-benefits of technology intrusions.Atmos.Environ.81:579-590.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.050.
Singer,B.C.,Harley,R.A.,2000.A fuel-based inventory of motor vehicle exhaust emissions in the Los Angeles area during summer 1997.Atmos.Environ.34:1783-1795.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00358-1.
Singh,R.B.,Sloan,J.J.,2006.A high-resolution NOx emission factor model for North American motor vehicles.Atmos.Environ.40(27):5214-5223.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.012.
Tung,H.D.,Tong,H.Y.,Hung,W.T.,Anh,N.T.,2011.Development of emission factors and emission inventories for motorcycles and light duty vehicles in the urban region in Vietnam.Sci.Total Environ.409(14):2761-2767.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.013.
Wang,H.,Chen,C.,Huang,C.,Fu,L.,2008.On-road vehicle emission inventory and its uncertainty analysis for Shanghai,China.Sci.Total Environ.398(1-3):60-67.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.038.
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Wu,Y.,Zhang,S.,Hao,J.,Liu,H.,Wu,X.,Hu,J.,et al.,2017.On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China:a review and outlook.Sci.Total Environ.574:332-349.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.040.
Yang,H.,Chien,S.,Lo,M.,Lan,J.,Lu,W.,Ku,Y.,2007.Effects of biodiesel on emissions of regulated air pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under engine durability testing.Atmos.Environ.41(34):7232-7240.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.019.
Yao,Z.,Wei,H.,Perugu,H.,Liu,H.,Li,Z.,2014.Sensitivity analysis of project level MOVES running emission rates for light and heavy duty vehicles.J.Traffic Transp.Eng.(Engl.Ed.)1(2):81-96.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-7564(15)30092-1.
Zachariadis,T.,Ntziachristos,L.,Samaras,Z.,2001.The effect of age and technological change on motor vehicle emissions.J.Traffic Transp.Eng.6(3):221-227.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00025-0.
Zhang,Q.,Wei,Y.,Tian,W.,Yang,K.,2008.GIS-based emission inventories of urban scale:a case study of Hangzhou,China.Atmos.Environ.42:5150-5165.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.012.
Zhang,Q.,Sun,G.,Fang,S.,Tian,W.,Li,X.,Wang,H.,2013a.Air pollutant emissions from vehicles in China under various energy scenarios.Sci.Total Environ.450-451:250-258.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.098.
Zhang,S.,Wu,Y.,Liu,H.,Wu,X.,Zhou,Y.,Yao,Z.,et al.,2013b.Historical evaluation of vehicle emission control in Guangzhou based on a multi-year emission inventory.Atmos.Environ.76:32-42.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.047.
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Berkowicz,R.,Olesen,H.R.,Jensen,S.S.,2003.User's guide to Win OSPM.Ministry of the Environment National Environmental Research Institute.
Berkowicz,R.,Ketzel,M.,Jensen,S.S.,Hvidberg,M.,Raaschou-Nielsen,O.,2008.Evaluation and application of OSPM for traffic pollution assessment for a large number of street locations.Environ.Model.Softw.23(3),296-303.
Beydoun,M.,Guldmann,J.-M.,2006.Vehicle characteristics and emissions:logit and regression analyses of I/M data from Massachusetts,Maryland,and Illinois.Transp.Res.D Transp.Environ.11(1):59-76.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2005.09.003.
Bin,O.,2003.A logit analysis of vehicle emissions using inspection and maintenance testing data.Transp.Res.D Transp.Environ.8(3):215-227.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(03)00004-X.
Borken-Kleefeld,J.,Chen,Y.,2015.New emission deterioration rates for gasoline cars-results from long-term measurements.Atmos.Environ.101:58-64.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.013.
Cai,C.,Geng,F.,Tie,X.,Yu,X.,An,J.,2010.Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai,China.Atmos.Environ.44:5005-5014.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.059.
Chang,H.-L.,Yeh,T.-H.,2006.Regional motorcycle age and emissions inspection performance:a Cox regression analysis.Transp.Res.D Transp.Environ.11(5):324-332.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.06.004.
Che,W.,Zheng,J.,Wang,S.,Zhong,L.,Lau,A.,2011.Assessment of motor vehicle emission control policies using Model-3/CMAQ model for the Pearl River Delta region,China.Atmos.Environ.45(9):1740-1751.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.050.
Chen,Y.,Borken-Kleefeld,J.,2016.NOx emissions from diesel passenger cars worsen with age.Environ.Sci.Technol.50(7):3327-3332.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04704.
Chiang,H.-L.,Tsai,J.-H.,Yao,Y.-C.,Ho,W.-Y.,2008.Deterioration of gasoline vehicle emissions and effectiveness of tune-up for high-polluted vehicles.J.Traffic Transp.Eng.13(1):47-53.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.07.004.
Eisinger,D.S.,2005.Evaluating inspection and maintenance programs:a policy-making framework.J.Air Waste Manag.Assoc.55(2):147-162.https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464609.
Faiz,A.,Ale,B.,Nagarkoti,R.,2006.The role of inspection and maintenance in controlling vehicular emissions in Kathmandu valley,Nepal.Atmos.Environ.40(31):5967-5975.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.064.
Guo,H.,Zhang,Q.,Shi,Y.,Wang,D.,Ding,S.,Yan,S.,2006.Characterization of on-road CO,HC and NO emissions for petrol vehicle fleet in China city.J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 7:532-541.https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.B0532.
Guo,H.,Zhang,Q.,Shi,Y.,Wang,D.,2007a.On-road remote sensing measurements and fuel-based motor vehicle emission inventory in Hangzhou,China.Atmos.Environ.41:3095-3107.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.045.
Guo,H.,Zhang,Q.-Y.,Shi,Y.,Wang,D.-H.,2007b.Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission(IVE)model with on-road remote sensing measurements.J.Environ.Sci.19(7):818-826.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60137-5.
Houtte,J.V.,Niemeier,D.,2008.A critical review of the effectiveness of I/M programs for monitoring PM emissions from heavy duty vehicles.Environ.Sci.Technol.42(21):7856-7865.https://doi.org/10.1021/es8001794.
Huang,K.,Zhuang,G.,Lin,Y.,Fu,S.,Wang,Q.,Liu,T.,et al.,2012.Typical types and formation mechanisms of haze in an Eastern Asia megacity,Shanghai.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12:105-124.https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-105-2012.
Huo,H.,Zhang,Q.,He,K.,Yao,Z.,Wang,X.,Zheng,B.,et al.,2011.Modeling vehicle emissions in different types of Chinese cities:importance of vehicle fleet and local features.Environ.Pollut.159(10):2954-2960.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.025.
Kim Oanh,N.T.,Thuy Phuong,M.T.,Permadi,D.A.,2012.Analysis of motorcycle fleet in Hanoi for estimation of air pollution emission and climate mitigation co-benefit of technology implementation.Atmos.Environ.59:438-448.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.057.
Lau,J.,Hung,W.T.,Cheung,C.S.,2012.Observation of increases in emission from modern vehicles over time in Hong Kong using remote sensing.Environ.Pollut.163:14-23.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.021.
Li,Y.,Crawford-Brown,D.J.,2011.Assessing the co-benefits of greenhouse gas reduction:health benefits of particulate matter related inspection and maintenance programs in Bangkok,Thailand.Sci.Total Environ.409(10):1774-1785.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.051.
Liu,H.,He,K.,Wang,Q.,Huo,H.,Lents,J.,Davis,N.,et al.,2007.Comparison of vehicle activity and emission inventory between Beijing and Shanghai.J.Air Waste Manag.Assoc.57:1172-1177.https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1172.
Liu,H.,He,K.,He,D.,Fu,L.,Zhou,Y.,Walshc,M.,et al.,2008.Analysis of the impacts of fuel sulfur on vehicle emissions in China.Fuel 87:3147-3154.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.019.
Liu,H.,He,K.,Lents,J.M.,Wang,Q.,Tolvett,S.,2009.Characteristics of diesel truck emission in China based on portable emissions measurement systems.Environ.Sci.Technol.43:9507-9511.https://doi.org/10.1021/es902044x.
Liu,H.,R?nkk?,T.,Keskinen,J.,2013.Impact of vehicle development and fuel quality on exhaust nanoparticle emissions of traffic.Environ.Sci.Technol.47:8091-8092.https://doi.org/10.1021/es401805r.
Mishra,D.,Goyal,P.,2014.Estimation of vehicular emissions using dynamic emission factors:a case study of Delhi,India.Atmos.Environ.98:1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.047.
Nagpure,A.S.,Gurjar,B.R.,2012.Development and evaluation of vehicular air pollution inventory model.Atmos.Environ.59:160-169.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.044.
NBSC(National Bureau of Statistics of China),2011.China Statistical Yearbook.China Statistics Press,Beijing,China,pp.16-24(in Chinese).
Schifter,I.,Díaz,L.,Vera,M.,Guzmán,E.,Durán,J.,Ramos,F.,et al.,2003.Evaluation of the vehicle inspection/maintenance program in the metropolitan area of Mexico City.Environ.Sci.Technol.37(1):196-200.https://doi.org/10.1021/es020549t.
Shrestha,S.R.,Kim Oanh,N.T.,Xu,Q.,Rupakheti,M.,Lawrence,M.G.,2013.Analysis of the vehicle fleet in the Kathmandu Valley for estimation of environment and climate co-benefits of technology intrusions.Atmos.Environ.81:579-590.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.050.
Singer,B.C.,Harley,R.A.,2000.A fuel-based inventory of motor vehicle exhaust emissions in the Los Angeles area during summer 1997.Atmos.Environ.34:1783-1795.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00358-1.
Singh,R.B.,Sloan,J.J.,2006.A high-resolution NOx emission factor model for North American motor vehicles.Atmos.Environ.40(27):5214-5223.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.012.
Tung,H.D.,Tong,H.Y.,Hung,W.T.,Anh,N.T.,2011.Development of emission factors and emission inventories for motorcycles and light duty vehicles in the urban region in Vietnam.Sci.Total Environ.409(14):2761-2767.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.013.
Wang,H.,Chen,C.,Huang,C.,Fu,L.,2008.On-road vehicle emission inventory and its uncertainty analysis for Shanghai,China.Sci.Total Environ.398(1-3):60-67.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.01.038.
Wang,F.,Ketzel,M.,Ellermann,T.,W?hlin,P.,Jensen,S.S.,Fang,D.,et al.,2010.Particle number,particle mass and NOx emission factors at a highway and an urban street in Copenhagen.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10(6),2745-2764.
Wang,X.,Westerdahl,D.,Wu,Y.,Pan,X.,Zhang,K.-M.,2011.On-road emission factor distributions of individual diesel vehicles in and around Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.45(2):503-513.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.014.
Wang,Y.,Yao,L.,Wang,L.,Liu,Z.,Ji,D.,Tang,G.,et al.,2014.Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China.Sci.China Ser.D 57:14-25.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4773-4.
Wenzel,T.,2001.Reducing emissions from in-use vehicles:an evaluation of the Phoenix inspection and maintenance program using test results and independent emissions measurements.Environ.Sci.Pol.4(6):359-376.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(01)00032-6.
Wu,Y.,Zhang,S.,Hao,J.,Liu,H.,Wu,X.,Hu,J.,et al.,2017.On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China:a review and outlook.Sci.Total Environ.574:332-349.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.040.
Yang,H.,Chien,S.,Lo,M.,Lan,J.,Lu,W.,Ku,Y.,2007.Effects of biodiesel on emissions of regulated air pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under engine durability testing.Atmos.Environ.41(34):7232-7240.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.019.
Yao,Z.,Wei,H.,Perugu,H.,Liu,H.,Li,Z.,2014.Sensitivity analysis of project level MOVES running emission rates for light and heavy duty vehicles.J.Traffic Transp.Eng.(Engl.Ed.)1(2):81-96.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-7564(15)30092-1.
Zachariadis,T.,Ntziachristos,L.,Samaras,Z.,2001.The effect of age and technological change on motor vehicle emissions.J.Traffic Transp.Eng.6(3):221-227.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00025-0.
Zhang,Q.,Wei,Y.,Tian,W.,Yang,K.,2008.GIS-based emission inventories of urban scale:a case study of Hangzhou,China.Atmos.Environ.42:5150-5165.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.012.
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