The scientific connotation of oil and gas formations under deep fluids and organic-inorganic interaction
|
摘要
As a relatively stable craton block in the earth system, the petroliferous basin is influenced by the evolution of the earth system from the early development environment of source rocks, hydrocarbon formation, and reservoir dissolution to hydrocarbon accumulation or destruction. As a link between the internal and external factors of the basin, deep fluids run through the whole process of hydrocarbon formation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interaction. The nutrients carried by deep fluids promote the bloom of hydrocarbon-generating organisms and extra addition of carbon and hydrogen source, which are beneficial to the development of high-quality source rock and enhancement of the hydrocarbon generation potential. The energy carried by the deep fluid promotes the early maturation of the source rock and facilitates the hydrocarbon generation by activation and hydrogenation in high-mature hydrocarbon sources. The dissolution alteration of carbonate rocks and clastic reservoirs by CO_2-rich deep fluids improves the deep reservoir space, thus extending the oil and gas reservoir space into greater depth. The extraction of deeply retained crude oil by deep supercritical CO_2 and the displacement of CH_4 in shale have both improved the hydrocarbon fluidity in deep and tight reservoirs. Simultaneously, the energy and material carried by deep fluids(C, H, and catalytic substances) not only induce inorganic CH_4 formation by Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis and "hydrothermal petroleum" generation from organic matter by thermal activity but also cause the hydrothermal alteration of crude oil from organic sources. Therefore, from the perspective of the interaction of the earth's sphere, deep fluids not only input a significant amount of exogenous C and H into sedimentary basins but also improve the reservoir space for oil and gas, as well as their enrichment and accumulation efficiencies.
As a relatively stable craton block in the earth system, the petroliferous basin is influenced by the evolution of the earth system from the early development environment of source rocks, hydrocarbon formation, and reservoir dissolution to hydrocarbon accumulation or destruction. As a link between the internal and external factors of the basin, deep fluids run through the whole process of hydrocarbon formation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interaction. The nutrients carried by deep fluids promote the bloom of hydrocarbon-generating organisms and extra addition of carbon and hydrogen source, which are beneficial to the development of high-quality source rock and enhancement of the hydrocarbon generation potential. The energy carried by the deep fluid promotes the early maturation of the source rock and facilitates the hydrocarbon generation by activation and hydrogenation in high-mature hydrocarbon sources. The dissolution alteration of carbonate rocks and clastic reservoirs by CO_2-rich deep fluids improves the deep reservoir space, thus extending the oil and gas reservoir space into greater depth. The extraction of deeply retained crude oil by deep supercritical CO_2 and the displacement of CH_4 in shale have both improved the hydrocarbon fluidity in deep and tight reservoirs. Simultaneously, the energy and material carried by deep fluids(C, H, and catalytic substances) not only induce inorganic CH_4 formation by Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis and "hydrothermal petroleum" generation from organic matter by thermal activity but also cause the hydrothermal alteration of crude oil from organic sources. Therefore, from the perspective of the interaction of the earth's sphere, deep fluids not only input a significant amount of exogenous C and H into sedimentary basins but also improve the reservoir space for oil and gas, as well as their enrichment and accumulation efficiencies.
As a relatively stable craton block in the earth system, the petroliferous basin is influenced by the evolution of the earth system from the early development environment of source rocks, hydrocarbon formation, and reservoir dissolution to hydrocarbon accumulation or destruction. As a link between the internal and external factors of the basin, deep fluids run through the whole process of hydrocarbon formation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interaction. The nutrients carried by deep fluids promote the bloom of hydrocarbon-generating organisms and extra addition of carbon and hydrogen source, which are beneficial to the development of high-quality source rock and enhancement of the hydrocarbon generation potential. The energy carried by the deep fluid promotes the early maturation of the source rock and facilitates the hydrocarbon generation by activation and hydrogenation in high-mature hydrocarbon sources. The dissolution alteration of carbonate rocks and clastic reservoirs by CO_2-rich deep fluids improves the deep reservoir space, thus extending the oil and gas reservoir space into greater depth. The extraction of deeply retained crude oil by deep supercritical CO_2 and the displacement of CH_4 in shale have both improved the hydrocarbon fluidity in deep and tight reservoirs. Simultaneously, the energy and material carried by deep fluids(C, H, and catalytic substances) not only induce inorganic CH_4 formation by Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis and "hydrothermal petroleum" generation from organic matter by thermal activity but also cause the hydrothermal alteration of crude oil from organic sources. Therefore, from the perspective of the interaction of the earth's sphere, deep fluids not only input a significant amount of exogenous C and H into sedimentary basins but also improve the reservoir space for oil and gas, as well as their enrichment and accumulation efficiencies.
引文
Abrajano T A,Sturchio N C,Bohlke J K,Lyon G L,Poreda R J,Stevens CM.1988.Methane-hydrogen gas seeps,Zambales Ophiolite,Philippines:Deep or shallow origin?Chem Geol,71:211-222
Akinlua A,Torto N,Ajayi T R.2008.Supercritical fluid extraction of aliphatic hydrocarbons from Niger Delta sedimentary rock.J Supercrit Fluid,45:57-63
Al-Aasm I.2003.Origin and characterization of hydrothermal dolomite in the Western Canada sedimentary basin.J Geochem Explor,78-79:9-15
Alemu B L,Aagaard P,Munz I A,Skurtveit E.2011.Caprock interaction with CO2:A laboratory study of reactivity of shale with supercritical CO2and brine.Appl Geochem,26:1975-1989
Algeo T J,Rowe H.2012.Paleoceanographic applications of trace-metal concentration data.Chem Geol,324-325:6-18
Anders E,Hayatsu R,Studier M H.1973.Organic compounds in meteorites:They may have formed in the solar nebula,by catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide,hydrogen,and ammonia.Science,182:781-790
Anderson R B,K?llbel H,Rálek M.1984.The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.New York:Academic Press.1-30
Armitage P J,Faulkner D R,Worden R H,Aplin A C,Butcher A R,Iliffe J.2011.Experimental measurement of,and controls on,permeability and permeability anisotropy of caprocks from the CO2storage project at the Krechba Field,Algeria.J Geophys Res,116:B12208
Bauld J.1984.Microbial mats in marginal marine environments:Shark Bay,Western Australia,and Spencer Gulf,South Australia.In:Cohen Y,Castenholz R W,Halvorson H O,eds.Microbial Mats:Stromatolites.New York:Alan Liss.39-58
Bertier P,Swennen R,Laenen B,Lagrou D,Dreesen R.2006.Experimental identification of CO2-water-rock interactions caused by sequestration of CO2in Westphalian and Buntsandstein sandstones of the Campine Basin(NE-Belgium).J Geochem Explor,89:10-14
Bishop A N,Love G D,Mc Aulay A D,Snape C E,Farrimond P.1998.Release of kerogen-bound hopanoids by hydropyrolysis.Org Geochem,29:989-1001
Bohdanowic C.1934.Natural gas occurrence in Russia(U.S.S.R).AAPGBull,18:746-759
Bondar E,Koel M.1998.Application of supercritical fluid extraction to organic geochemical studies of oil shales.Fuel,77:211-213
Browning T J,Bouman H A,Henderson G M,Mather T A,Pyle D M,Schlosser C,Woodward E M S,Moore C M.2014.Strong responses of Southern Ocean phytoplankton communities to volcanic ash.Geophys Res Lett,41:2851-2857
Burne R V,Moore L S.1987.Microbialites:Organosedimentary deposits of benthic microbial communities.Palaios,2:241-254
Cai Y W,Wang H J,Wang X M,He K,Zhang S C,Wu C D.2017.Formation conditions and main controlling factors of uranium in marine source rocks(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,32:199-208
Che Y,Jiang H C,Mu X,Li J L.2001.Gas reservoir type and reservoirforming rule of Huagou gas field(in Chinese).Petrol Geol Recov Eff,8:32-34
Clifton C G,Walters C C,Simoneit B R T.1990.Hydrothermal petroleums from Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming,U.S.A..Appl Geochem,5:169-191
Dai J,Yang S,Chen H,Shen X.2005.Geochemistry and occurrence of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins.Org Geochem,36:1664-1688
Dasgupta R,Hirschmann M M,Withers A C.2004.Deep global cycling of carbon constrained by the solidus of anhydrous,carbonated eclogite under upper mantle conditions.Earth Planet Sci Lett,227:73-85
Davies G R,Smith Jr.L B.2006.Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies:An overview.AAPG Bull,90:1641-1690
Dehghanpour H,Zubair H A,Chhabra A,Ullah A.2012.Liquid intake of organic shales.Energy Fuels,26:5750-5758
Demaison G J,Moore G T.1980.Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis.Org Geochem,2:9-31
Dick G J,Anantharaman K,Baker B J,Li M,Reed D C,Sheik C S.2013.The microbiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes:Ecological and biogeographic linkages to seafloor and water column habitats.Front Microbiol,4:124
Dick G J,Tebo B M.2010.Microbial diversity and biogeochemistry of the Guaymas Basin deep-sea hydrothermal plume.Environ Microbiol,12:1334-1347
Didyk B M,Simoneit B R T.1990.Petroleum characteristics of the oil in a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal chimney.Appl Geochem,5:29-40
Duan Z,Li D.2008.Coupled phase and aqueous species equilibrium of the H2O-CO2-Na Cl-Ca CO3system from 0 to 250°C,1 to 1000 bar with Na Cl concentrations up to saturation of halite.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,72:5128-5145
Etiope G.2017.Abiotic methane in continental serpentinization sites:An overview.Procedia Earth Planet Sci,17:9-12
Fang Y,Liao Y,Wu L,Geng A.2014.The origin of solid bitumen in the Honghuayuan Formation(O1h)of the Majiang paleo-reservoir-Evidence from catalytic hydropyrolysates.Org Geochem,68:107-117
Feng Z H,Huo Q L,Wang X.2001.A study of helium reservoir formation characteristic in the north part of Songliao Basin(in Chinese).Nat Gas Ind,21:29-30
Fitzsimmons J N,John S G,Marsay C M,Hoffman C L,Nicholas S L,Toner B M,German C R,Sherrell R M.2017.Iron persistence in a distal hydrothermal plume supported by dissolved-particulate exchange.Nat Geosci,10:195-201
Frezzotti M L,Huizenga J M,Compagnoni R,Selverstone J.2014.Diamond formation by carbon saturation in C-O-H fluids during cold subduction of oceanic lithosphere.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,143:68-86
Frogner P,Reynir Gíslason S,óskarsson N.2001.Fertilizing potential of volcanic ash in ocean surface water.Geology,29:487-490
Frost D J,Mc Cammon C A.2008.The redox state of Earth’s mantle.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,36:389-420
Fu Q,Sherwood Lollar B,Horita J,Lacrampe-Couloume G,Seyfried Jr.WE.2007.Abiotic formation of hydrocarbons under hydrothermal conditions:Constraints from chemical and isotope data.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,71:1982-1998
Gao Y,Liu L,Hu W.2009.Petrology and isotopic geochemistry of dawsonite-bearing sandstones in Hailaer basin,northeastern China.Appl Geochem,24:1724-1738
Gao Y Q,Liu L,Yang H D,You L,Liu N.2007.Characteristics and origin of dawsonite in Gudian carbon dioxide gas field of Songliao Basin(in Chinese).Acta Petrol Sin,28:62-67
Goebel E D,Coveney R M J,Angino E E,Zeller E J.1983.Naturally occurring hydrogen gas from a borehole on the western flank of Nemaha anticline in Kansas.AAPG Bull,67-68:1324
Pagès A,Grice K,Ertefai T,Skrzypek G,Jahnert R,Greenwood P.2014.Organic geochemical studies of modern microbial mats from Shark Bay:Part I:Influence of depth and salinity on lipid biomarkers and their isotopic signatures.Geobiology,12:469-487
Han C R.2001.Technic and Engineering of Hydrocracking(in Chinese).Beijing:China Petrochemical Press.224-226
Hawkes H E.1972.Free hydrogen in genesis of petroleum.AAPG Bull,56:2268-2270
He Z L,Wei X C,Qian Y X,Bao Z Y,Fan M,Jiao C L,Peng S T,Chen D.2011.Forming mechanism and distribution prediction of quality marine carbonate reservoirs(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,32:489-498
Hecht L,Freiberger R,Gilg H A,Grundmann G,Kostitsyn YA.1999.Rare earth element and isotope(C,O,Sr)characteristics of hydrothermal carbonates:Genetic implications for dolomite-hosted talc mineralization at G?pfersgrün(Fichtelgebirge,Germany).Chem Geol,155:115-130
Heller R,Zoback M.2014.Adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on gas shale and pure mineral samples.J Unconv Oil Gas Resour,8:14-24
Hoffmann L J,Breitbarth E,Ardelan M V,Duggen S,Olgun N,Hassell?v M,W?ngberg S?.2012.Influence of trace metal release from volcanic ash on growth of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Emiliania huxleyi.Mar Chem,132-133:28-33
Hooper E C D.1991.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sediments.J Pet Geol,14:161-180
Horita J,Berndt M E.1999.Abiogenic methane formation and isotopic fractionation under hydrothermal conditions.Science,285:1055-1057
Hu W X.2016.Origin and indicators of deep-seated fluids in sedimentary basins(in Chinese).Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem,35:817-826
Hu W X,Chen Q,Wang X L,Cao J.2010.REE models for the discrimination of fluids in the formation and evolution of dolomite reservoirs(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,31:810-818
Hu W X,Zhu J Q,Wang X L,You X L,He K.2014.Characteristics,origin and geological implications of the Cambrian microbial dolomite in Keping area,Tarim Basin(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,35:860-869
Huang B,Tian H,Huang H,Yang J,Xiao X,Li L.2015.Origin and accumulation of CO2and its natural displacement of oils in the continental basins,northern South China Sea.AAPG Bull,99:1349-1369
Huang B,Xiao X,Zhu W.2004.Geochemistry,origin,and accumulation of CO2in natural gases of the Yinggehai Basin,offshore South China Sea.AAPG Bull,88:1277-1293
Hurley N F,Budros R.1990.Albion-Scipio and Stoney Point Fields-USAMichigan Basin.AAPG Special Volumes.1-37
Hyatt J A.1984.Liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as organic solvents.J Org Chem,49:5097-5101
Jacquemyn C,El Desouky H,Hunt D,Casini G,Swennen R.2014.Dolomitization of the Latemar platform:Fluid flow and dolomite evolution.Mar Pet Geol,55:43-67
Jeffrey A W A,Kaplan I R.1988.Hydrocarbons and inorganic gases in the Gravberg-1 well,Siljan Ring,Sweden.Chem Geol,71:237-255
Jiang Y Q,Tao Y Z,Gu Y B,Qiang Z T,Jiang N,Lin G,Jiang C.2016.Hydrothermal dolomitization in Sinian Dengying Formation,GaoshitiMoxi area,Sichuan Basin,SW China(in Chinese).Petrol Explor Develop,43:1-10
Jiao N Z.2012.Carbon fixation and sequestration in the ocean,with special reference to the microbial carbon pump(in Chinese).Sci Sin Terr,42:1473-1486
Jin Z,Yuan Y,Sun D,Liu Q,Li S.2014.Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the Lower Paleozoic sequences,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Mar Pet Geol,49:121-128
Jin Z J,Zhang L P,Yang L,Hu W X.2004.A preliminary study of mantlederived fluids and their effects on oil/gas generation in sedimentary basins.J Pet Sci Eng,41:45-55
Jin Z J,Hu W X,Zhang L P,Tao M X.2007.Deep Fluid Activities and Their Effectiveness on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press
Jin Z J,Zhu D Y,Hu W X,Zhang X F,Wang Y,Yan X B.2006.Geological and geochemical signatures of hydrothermal activity and their influence on carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin(in Chinese).Acta Geol Sin,80:245-253
Jones R W,Edison T A.1978.Microscopic observations of kerogen related to geochemical parameters with emphasis on thermal maturation.Pacific Section SEPM.1-12
Jung J W,Espinoza D N,Santamarina J C.2010.Properties and phenomena relevant to CH4-CO2replacement in hydrate-bearing sediments.J Geophys Res,115:B10102
Kerrick D M,Connolly J A D.1998.Subduction of ophicarbonates and recycling of CO2and H2O.Geology,26:375-378
Kvenvolden K A,Rapp J B,Hostettler F D,Morton J L,King J D,Claypool G E.1986.Petroleum associated with polymetallic sulfide in sediment from Gorda Ridge.Science,234:1231-1234
Lancet M S,Anders E.1970.Carbon isotope fractionation in the FischerTropsch synthesis and in meteorites.Science,170:980-982
Lee C T A,Jiang H,Ronay E,Minisini D,Stiles J,Neal M.2018.Volcanic ash as a driver of enhanced organic carbon burial in the Cretaceous.Sci Rep,8:4197
Lewan M.1993.Laboratory simulation of petroleum formation:Hydrous pyrolysis.In:Engel M H,Macko S A,eds.Organic GeochemistryPrinciple and Applications.New York:Plenum Press.419-422
Lewan M D,Winters J C,Mc Donald J H.1979.Generation of oil-like pyrolyzates from organic-rich shales.Science,203:897-899
Li J,Cui J,Yang Q,Cui G,Wei B,Wu Z,Wang Y,Zhou H.2017.Oxidative weathering and microbial diversity of an inactive seafloor hydrothermal sulfide chimney.Front Microbiol,8:1378
Li S G.2015.Tracing deep carbon recycling by Mg isotopes(in Chinese).Earth Sci Front,22:143-159
Liu G Y,Zhang L P,Jin Z J,2005.Primary study on the effects of deepsourced fluid’s movement on hydrocarbon migration(in Chinese).Petrol Geol Exper,27:269-275
Liu L,Gao Y Q,Qu X Y,Meng Q A,Gao F H,Ren Y G,Zhu D F.2006.Petrology and carbon-oxygen isotope of inorganic CO2gas reservoir in Wuerxun depression,Hailaer basin(in Chinese).Acta Petrol Sin,22:2229-2236
Liao Y,Fang Y,Wu L,Geng A,Hsu C S.2012.The characteristics of the biomarkers andδ13C of n-alkanes released from thermally altered solid bitumens at various maturities by catalytic hydropyrolysis.Org Geochem,46:56-65
Liu N,Liu L,Qu X,Yang H,Wang L,Zhao S.2011.Genesis of authigene carbonate minerals in the Upper Cretaceous reservoir,Honggang Anticline,Songliao Basin:A natural analog for mineral trapping of natural CO2storage.Sediment Geol,237:166-178
Liu Q,Dai J,Jin Z,Li J,Wu X,Meng Q,Yang C,Zhou Q,Feng Z,Zhu D.2016.Abnormal carbon and hydrogen isotopes of alkane gases from the Qingshen gas field,Songliao Basin,China,suggesting abiogenic alkanes?J Asian Earth Sci,115:285-297
Liu Q,Liu W,Dai J.2007.Characterization of pyrolysates from maceral components of Tarim coals in closed system experiments and implications to natural gas generation.Org Geochem,38:921-934
Liu Q,Zhu D,Jin Z,Meng Q,Wu X,Yu H.2017.Effects of deep CO2on petroleum and thermal alteration:The case of the Huangqiao oil and gas field.Chem Geol,469:214-229
Liu S,Huang W,Jansa L F,Wang G,Song G,Zhang C,Sun W,Ma W.2014.Hydrothermal dolomite in the Upper Sinian(Upper Proterozoic)Dengying Formation,East Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed,88:1466-1487
Liu S A,Wu H,Shen S,Jiang G,Zhang S,Lv Y,Zhang H,Li S.2017.Zinc isotope evidence for intensive magmatism immediately before the endPermian mass extinction.Geology,45:343-346
Love G D,Snape C E,Carr A D,Houghton R C.1995.Release of covalently-bound alkane biomarkers in high yields from kerogen via catalytic hydropyrolysis.Org Geochem,23:981-986
Lu J,Wilkinson M,Haszeldine R S,Fallick A E.2009.Long-term performance of a mudrock seal in natural CO2storage.Geology,37:35-38
Luo P,Wang S,Li P W,Song J M,Jin T F,Wang G Q,Yang S S.2013.Review and prospectives of microbial carbonate reservoirs(in Chinese).Act Sediment Sin,31:807-823
Luo Y R.2004.Databook of Chemical Bond Energy(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1-396
Ma A L,Li Y Z,Zhang X K,Zhang Z M.2015.Carbon dioxide origin,alkane gas geochemical characteristics and pool-forming model of presalt J oilfield in offshore Santos basin,Brazil(in Chinese).Chin Offshore Oil Gas,27:13-20
Makhanov K,Habibi A,Dehghanpour H,Kuru E.2014.Liquid uptake of gas shales:A workflow to estimate water loss during shut-in periods after fracturing operations.J Unconv Oil Gas Resour,7:22-32
Martin J H,Fitzwater S E.1988.Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic.Nature,331:341-343
Marty B,Gunnlaugsson E,Jambon A,Oskarsson N,Ozima M,Pineau F,Torssander P.1991.Gas geochemistry of geothermal fluids,the Hengill area,southwest rift zone of Iceland.Chem Geol,91:207-225
Mc Collom T M,Seewald J S,Lollar B S,Lacrampe-Couloume G.2006.Isotopic signatures of abiotic organic synthesis under geologic conditions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,70:A0407
Meng Q,Sun Y,Tong J,Fu Q,Zhu J,Zhu D,Jin Z.2015.Distribution and geochemical characteristics of hydrogen in natural gas from the Jiyang Depression,Eastern China.Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed,89:1616-1624
Meng Q Q,Tao C,Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Wang Q,Zheng L J.2011.Primary study on relatively preconcentration of trace hydrogen in natural gas(in Chinese).Petrol Geol Exper,33:314-316
Michaelis W,Jenisch A,Richnow H H.1990.Hydrothermal petroleum generation in Red Sea sediments from the Kebrit and Shaban Deeps.Appl Geochem,5:103-114
Middag R,de Baar H J W,Laan P,Cai P H,van Ooijen J C.2011.Dissolved manganese in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,58:2661-2677
Middleton R S,Carey J W,Currier R P,Hyman J D,Kang Q,Karra S,Jiménez-Martínez J,Porter M L,Viswanathan H S.2015.Shale gas and non-aqueous fracturing fluids:Opportunities and challenges for supercritical CO2.Appl Energy,147:500-509
Milesi V,Prinzhofer A,Guyot F,Benedetti M,Rodrigues R.2016.Contribution of siderite-water interaction for the unconventional generation of hydrocarbon gases in the Solim?es basin,north-west Brazil.Mar Pet Geol,71:168-182
Monin J C,Barth D,Perrut M,EspitaliéM,Durand B.1988.Extraction of hydrocarbons from sedimentary rocks by supercritical carbon dioxide.Org Geochem,13:1079-1086
Moore C M,Mills M M,Arrigo K R,Berman-Frank I,Bopp L,Boyd P W,Galbraith E D,Geider R J,Guieu C,Jaccard S L,Jickells T D,La Roche J,Lenton T M,Mahowald N M,Mara?ón E,Marinov I,Moore JK,Nakatsuka T,Oschlies A,Saito M A,Thingstad T F,Tsuda A,Ulloa O.2013.Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation.Nat Geosci,6:701-710
Moore J,Adams M,Allis R,Lutz S,Rauzi S.2005.Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2in natural reservoirs:An example from the Springerville-St.Johns Field,Arizona,and New Mexico,U.S.A..Chem Geol,217:365-385
Morel F M M,Milligan A J,Saito M A.2003.Marine bioinorganic chemistry:The role of trace metals in the ocean cycles of major nutrients.Treat Geochem,6:113-143
Neal C,Stanger G.1983.Hydrogen generation from mantle source rocks in Oman.Earth Planet Sci Lett,66:315-320
Newell K D,Doveton J H,Merriam D F,Lollar B S,Waggoner W M,Magnuson L M.2007.H2-rich and hydrocarbon gas recovered in a deep Precambrian well in Northeastern Kansas.Nat Resour Res,16:277-292
Nishijima A,Kameoka T,Sato T,Matsubayashi N,Nishimura Y.1998.Catalyst design and development for upgrading aromatic hydrocarbons.Catal Today,45:261-269
Nyg?rd R,Gutierrez M,Bratli R K,H?eg K.2006.Brittle-ductile transition,shear failure and leakage in shales and mudrocks.Mar Pet Geol,23:201-212
Oelkers E H,Cole D R.2008.Carbon dioxide sequestration a solution to a global problem.Elements,4:305-310
Ogawa H,Amagai Y,Koike I,Kaiser K,Benner R.2001.Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria.Science,292:917-920
Olgun N?,Duggen S,Andronico D,Kutterolf S,Croot P L,Giammanco S,Censi P,Randazzo L.2013.Possible impacts of volcanic ash emissions of Mount Etna on the primary productivity in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea:Results from nutrient-release experiments in seawater.Mar Chem,152:32-42
Pedersen R B,Rapp H T,Thorseth I H,Lilley M D,Barriga F J A S,Baumberger T,Flesland K,Fonseca R,Früh-Green G L,Jorgensen S L.2010.Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.Nat Commun,1:126
Peter J M,Peltonen P,Scott S D,Simoneit B R T,Kawka O E.1991.14Cages of hydrothermal petroleum and carbonate in Guaymas Basin,Gulf of California:Implications for oil generation,expulsion,and migration.Geology,19:253-256
Price L C,Wenger L M.1992.The influence of pressure on petroleum generation and maturation as suggested by aqueous pyrolysis.Org Geochem,19:141-159
Qian Y X,Feng,J F,He Z L,Zhang,K Y,Jin T,Dong S F,You D H,Zhang Y D.2017.Applications of petrography and isotope analysis of microdrill samples to the study of genesis of grape-like dolomite of the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,38:665-676
Qing H,Bosence D W J,Rose E P F.2001.Dolomitization by penesaline sea water in Early Jurassic peritidal platform carbonates,Gibraltar,western Mediterranean.Sedimentology,48:153-163
Reeves E P,Seewald J S,Sylva S P.2012.Hydrogen isotope exchange between n-alkanes and water under hydrothermal conditions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,77:582-599
Rona P A,Klinkhammer G,Nelsen T A,Trefry J H,Elderfield H.1986.Black smokers,massive sulphides and vent biota at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Nature,321:33-37
Saxby J D,Riley K W.1984.Petroleum generation by laboratory-scale pyrolysis over six years simulating conditions in a subsiding basin.Nature,308:177-179
Schimmelmann A,Lewan M D,Wintsch R P.1999.D/H isotope ratios of kerogen,bitumen,oil,and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I,II,IIS,and III.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,63:3751-3766
Schimmelmann A,Mastalerz M,Gao L,Sauer P E,Topalov K.2009.Dike intrusions into bituminous coal,Illinois Basin:H,C,N,O isotopic responses to rapid and brief heating.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,73:6264-6281
Shangguan Z G,Huo W G.2002.δD values of escaped H2from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai geothermal area and its origin.Chin Sci Bull,47:148-150
Shen Y,Farquhar J,Zhang H,Masterson A,Zhang T,Wing B A.2011.Multiple S-isotopic evidence for episodic shoaling of anoxic water during Late Permian mass extinction.Nat Commun,2:210
Sherwood Lollar B,Onstott T C,Lacrampe-Couloume G,Ballentine C J.2014.The contribution of the Precambrian continental lithosphere to global H2production.Nature,516:379-382
Shiraki R,Dunn T L.2000.Experimental study on water-rock interactions during CO2flooding in the Tensleep Formation,Wyoming,USA.Appl Geochem,15:265-279
Shu X H,Zhang J T,Li G R,Long S X,Wu S X,Li H T.2012.Characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal dolomites of Qixia and Maokou Formations in northern Sichuan Basin(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,33:442-448
Shuai Y H,Zhang S C,Su A G,Wang H T,Cai B Y,Wang H.2010.Geochemical evidence for strong ongoing methanogenesis in Sanhu region of Qaidam Basin.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,53:84-90
Simoneit B R T.1984.Hydrothermal effects on organic matter-High vs low temperature components.Org Geochem,6:857-864
Simoneit B R T.1990.Selected papers from the symposium:Organic matter in hydrothermal systems-maturation,migration and biogeochemistry at the third chemical congress of North America and the195th American chemical society national meeting.Appl Geochem,5:1-15
Simoneit B R T,Lonsdale P F.1982.Hydrothermal petroleum in mineralized mounds at the seabed of Guaymas Basin.Nature,295:198-202
Simoneit B R T,Aboul-Kassim T A T,Tiercelin J J.2000.Hydrothermal petroleum from lacustrine sedimentary organic matter in the East African Rift.Appl Geochem,15:355-368
Simoneit B R T,Kvenvolden K A.1994.Comparison of14C ages of hydrothermal petroleums.Org Geochem,21:525-529
Simoneit B R T,Lein A Y,Peresypkin V I,Osipov G A.2004.Composition and origin of hydrothermal petroleum and associated lipids in the sulfide deposits of the Rainbow field(Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36°N).Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:2275-2294
S?owakiewicz M,Tucker M E,Pancost R D,Perri E,Mawson M.2013.Upper Permian(Zechstein)microbialites:Supratidal through deep subtidal deposition,source rock,and reservoir potential.AAPG Bull,97:1921-1936
Song J M,Liu S G,Li Z W,Luo P,Yang D,Sun W,Peng H L,Yu Y Q.2017.Characteristics and controlling factors of microbial carbonate reservoirs in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin,China(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,38:741-752
Suda K,Ueno Y,Yoshizaki M,Nakamura H,Kurokawa K,Nishiyama E,Yoshino K,Hongoh Y,Kawachi K,Omori S,Yamada K,Yoshida N,Maruyama S.2014.Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems:The CH4-H2-H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring.Earth Planet Sci Lett,386:112-125
Thayer T P.1966.Serpentinization considered as a constant-volume metasomatic process.Miner Soc Amer,51:685-710
Tissot B T,Durand B,Espitalie J,Combaz A.1974.Influence of nature and diagenesis of organic matter in formation of petroleum.AAPG Bull,58:499-506
Van Cappellen P,Ingall E D.1994.Benthic phosphorus regeneration,net primary production,and ocean anoxia:A model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorus.Paleoceanography,9:677-692
Vasconcelos C,Mc Kenzie J A.1997.Microbial mediation of modern dolomite precipitation and diagenesis under anoxic conditions(Lagoa Vermelha,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil).J Sediment Res,67:378-390
Von Damm K L.1990.Seafloor hydrothermal activity:Black smoker chemistry and chimneys.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,18:173-204
Wang S Y,Li X F,1999.Study on the geochemical characteristics of natural gas and gas-bearing system in the Sinian strata in Weiyuan and Ziyang area(in Chinese).Nat Gas Geosci,10:63-69
Wei J,Ge Q,Yao R,Wen Z,Fang C,Guo L,Xu H,Sun J.2017.Directly converting CO2into a gasoline fuel.Nat Commun,8:15174
Weitkamp J,Raichle A,Traa Y.2001.Novel zeolite catalysis to create value from surplus aromatics:Preparation of C2+-n-alkanes,a highquality synthetic steamcracker feedstock.Appl Catal A-General,222:277-297
Welhan J A,Craig H.1979.Methane and hydrogen in East Pacific rise hydrothermal fluids.Geophys Res Lett,6:829-831
Wilkinson M,Haszeldine R S,Fallick A E,Odling N,Stoker S J,Gatliff RW.2009.CO2-mineral reaction in a natural analogue for CO2storageImplications for modeling.J Sediment Res,79:486-494
Woolnough W G.1934.Natural gas in Australia and New Guinea.AAPGBull,18:226-242
Worden R H.2006.Dawsonite cement in the Triassic Lam Formation,Shabwa Basin,Yemen:A natural analogue for a potential mineral product of subsurface CO2storage for greenhouse gas reduction.Mar Pet Geol,23:61-77
Wu L L,Liao Y H,Fang Y X,Geng A S.2013.The comparison of biomarkers released by hydropyrolysis and Soxhlet extraction from source rocks of different maturities.Chin Sci Bull,58:373-383
Xu Y C,Shen P,Li Y C,1989.The oldest gas pool of China-Weiyuan Sinian gas pool,Sichuan province(in Chinese).Acta Sediment Sin,7:3-14
Yamanaka T,Ishibashi J,Hashimoto J.2000.Organic Geochemistry of hydrothermal petroleum generated in the submarine Wakamiko caldera,southern Kyushu,Japan.Org Geochem,31:1117-1132
Yang C Q,Yao J X,2004.Modes of CO2gas reservoir formation in Sanshui Basin(in Chinese).Nat Gas Ind,24:36-39
Zhang G,Zhang X,Hu D,Li D,Algeo T J,Farquhar J,Henderson C M,Qin L,Shen M,Shen D,Schoepfer S D,Chen K,Shen Y.2017.Redox chemistry changes in the Panthalassic Ocean linked to the end-Permian mass extinction and delayed Early Triassic biotic recovery.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,114:1806-1810
Zhang L F,Tao R B,Zhu J J,2017.Some problems of deep carbon cycle in subduction zone(in Chinese).Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem,36:185-196
Zhang Q X,Li Y L,Hu,Z L,Zhang Q M.1989.The deep thermal origin and water-facies migration of petroleum in the Meishan Formatoin in the Yinggehai Basin(in Chinese).Chin Offshore Oil Gas,3:25-33
Zhang S,He K,Hu G,Mi J,Ma Q,Liu K,Tang Y.2018.Unique chemical and isotopic characteristics and origins of natural gases in the Paleozoic marine formations in the Sichuan Basin,SW China:Isotope fractionation of deep and high mature carbonate reservoir gases.Mar Pet Geol,89:68-82
Zhang S,Mi J,He K.2013.Synthesis of hydrocarbon gases from four different carbon sources and hydrogen gas using a gold-tube system by Fischer-Tropsch method.Chem Geol,349-350:27-35
Zhang Z S,1987.The helium resource and its development and protection in China(in Chinese).Resour Develop Mark,3:28-31
Zhao F Y,Jiang S G,Li S Z,Cao W,Wang G,Zhang H X,Gao S.2017.Correlation of inorganic CO2reservoirs in East China to subduction of(Paleo-)Pacific Plate(in Chinese).Earth Sci Front,24:370-384
Zhao W Z,Shen A J,Zhou J G,Wang X F,Lu J M.2014.Types,characteristics,origin and exploration significance of reef-shoal reservoirs:A case study of Tarim Basin,NW China and Sichuan Basin,SW China(in Chinese).Petrol Explor Develop,41:257-267
Zhong L,Cantrell K,Mitroshkov A,Shewell J.2014.Mobilization and transport of organic compounds from reservoir rock and caprock in geological carbon sequestration sites.Environ Earth Sci,71:4261-4272
Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Hu W X.2010.Hydrothermal recrystallization of the Lower Ordovician dolomite and its significance to reservoir in northern Tarim Basin.Sci China Earth Sci,53:368-381
Zhu D,Liu Q,Jin Z,Meng Q,Hu W.2017.Effects of deep fluids on hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins.Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed,91:301-319
Zhu D,Meng Q,Jin Z,Liu Q,Hu W.2015a.Formation mechanism of deep Cambrian dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim basin,northwestern China.Mar Pet Geol,59:232-244
Zhu D,Meng Q,Liu Q,Zhou B,Jin Z,Hu W.2018.Natural enhancement and mobility of oil reservoirs by supercritical CO2and implication for vertical multi-trap CO2geological storage.J Pet Sci Eng,161:77-95
Zhu D,Meng Q,Jin Z,Hu W.2015b.Fluid environment for preservation of pore spaces in a deep dolomite reservoir.Geofluids,15:527-545
Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Hu W X,Zhang X F.2008.Effects of deep fluid on carbonates reservoir in Tarim Basin(in Chinese).Geol Rev,54:348-354
Zhu J,Li S,Sun X,Zhu J,Xin M,Xu H.1994.Discovery of early tertiary hydrothermal activity and its significance in oil/gas geology,Dongpu Depression,Henan Province,China.Chin J Geochem,13:270-283
Akinlua A,Torto N,Ajayi T R.2008.Supercritical fluid extraction of aliphatic hydrocarbons from Niger Delta sedimentary rock.J Supercrit Fluid,45:57-63
Al-Aasm I.2003.Origin and characterization of hydrothermal dolomite in the Western Canada sedimentary basin.J Geochem Explor,78-79:9-15
Alemu B L,Aagaard P,Munz I A,Skurtveit E.2011.Caprock interaction with CO2:A laboratory study of reactivity of shale with supercritical CO2and brine.Appl Geochem,26:1975-1989
Algeo T J,Rowe H.2012.Paleoceanographic applications of trace-metal concentration data.Chem Geol,324-325:6-18
Anders E,Hayatsu R,Studier M H.1973.Organic compounds in meteorites:They may have formed in the solar nebula,by catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide,hydrogen,and ammonia.Science,182:781-790
Anderson R B,K?llbel H,Rálek M.1984.The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.New York:Academic Press.1-30
Armitage P J,Faulkner D R,Worden R H,Aplin A C,Butcher A R,Iliffe J.2011.Experimental measurement of,and controls on,permeability and permeability anisotropy of caprocks from the CO2storage project at the Krechba Field,Algeria.J Geophys Res,116:B12208
Bauld J.1984.Microbial mats in marginal marine environments:Shark Bay,Western Australia,and Spencer Gulf,South Australia.In:Cohen Y,Castenholz R W,Halvorson H O,eds.Microbial Mats:Stromatolites.New York:Alan Liss.39-58
Bertier P,Swennen R,Laenen B,Lagrou D,Dreesen R.2006.Experimental identification of CO2-water-rock interactions caused by sequestration of CO2in Westphalian and Buntsandstein sandstones of the Campine Basin(NE-Belgium).J Geochem Explor,89:10-14
Bishop A N,Love G D,Mc Aulay A D,Snape C E,Farrimond P.1998.Release of kerogen-bound hopanoids by hydropyrolysis.Org Geochem,29:989-1001
Bohdanowic C.1934.Natural gas occurrence in Russia(U.S.S.R).AAPGBull,18:746-759
Bondar E,Koel M.1998.Application of supercritical fluid extraction to organic geochemical studies of oil shales.Fuel,77:211-213
Browning T J,Bouman H A,Henderson G M,Mather T A,Pyle D M,Schlosser C,Woodward E M S,Moore C M.2014.Strong responses of Southern Ocean phytoplankton communities to volcanic ash.Geophys Res Lett,41:2851-2857
Burne R V,Moore L S.1987.Microbialites:Organosedimentary deposits of benthic microbial communities.Palaios,2:241-254
Cai Y W,Wang H J,Wang X M,He K,Zhang S C,Wu C D.2017.Formation conditions and main controlling factors of uranium in marine source rocks(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,32:199-208
Che Y,Jiang H C,Mu X,Li J L.2001.Gas reservoir type and reservoirforming rule of Huagou gas field(in Chinese).Petrol Geol Recov Eff,8:32-34
Clifton C G,Walters C C,Simoneit B R T.1990.Hydrothermal petroleums from Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming,U.S.A..Appl Geochem,5:169-191
Dai J,Yang S,Chen H,Shen X.2005.Geochemistry and occurrence of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins.Org Geochem,36:1664-1688
Dasgupta R,Hirschmann M M,Withers A C.2004.Deep global cycling of carbon constrained by the solidus of anhydrous,carbonated eclogite under upper mantle conditions.Earth Planet Sci Lett,227:73-85
Davies G R,Smith Jr.L B.2006.Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies:An overview.AAPG Bull,90:1641-1690
Dehghanpour H,Zubair H A,Chhabra A,Ullah A.2012.Liquid intake of organic shales.Energy Fuels,26:5750-5758
Demaison G J,Moore G T.1980.Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis.Org Geochem,2:9-31
Dick G J,Anantharaman K,Baker B J,Li M,Reed D C,Sheik C S.2013.The microbiology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes:Ecological and biogeographic linkages to seafloor and water column habitats.Front Microbiol,4:124
Dick G J,Tebo B M.2010.Microbial diversity and biogeochemistry of the Guaymas Basin deep-sea hydrothermal plume.Environ Microbiol,12:1334-1347
Didyk B M,Simoneit B R T.1990.Petroleum characteristics of the oil in a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal chimney.Appl Geochem,5:29-40
Duan Z,Li D.2008.Coupled phase and aqueous species equilibrium of the H2O-CO2-Na Cl-Ca CO3system from 0 to 250°C,1 to 1000 bar with Na Cl concentrations up to saturation of halite.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,72:5128-5145
Etiope G.2017.Abiotic methane in continental serpentinization sites:An overview.Procedia Earth Planet Sci,17:9-12
Fang Y,Liao Y,Wu L,Geng A.2014.The origin of solid bitumen in the Honghuayuan Formation(O1h)of the Majiang paleo-reservoir-Evidence from catalytic hydropyrolysates.Org Geochem,68:107-117
Feng Z H,Huo Q L,Wang X.2001.A study of helium reservoir formation characteristic in the north part of Songliao Basin(in Chinese).Nat Gas Ind,21:29-30
Fitzsimmons J N,John S G,Marsay C M,Hoffman C L,Nicholas S L,Toner B M,German C R,Sherrell R M.2017.Iron persistence in a distal hydrothermal plume supported by dissolved-particulate exchange.Nat Geosci,10:195-201
Frezzotti M L,Huizenga J M,Compagnoni R,Selverstone J.2014.Diamond formation by carbon saturation in C-O-H fluids during cold subduction of oceanic lithosphere.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,143:68-86
Frogner P,Reynir Gíslason S,óskarsson N.2001.Fertilizing potential of volcanic ash in ocean surface water.Geology,29:487-490
Frost D J,Mc Cammon C A.2008.The redox state of Earth’s mantle.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,36:389-420
Fu Q,Sherwood Lollar B,Horita J,Lacrampe-Couloume G,Seyfried Jr.WE.2007.Abiotic formation of hydrocarbons under hydrothermal conditions:Constraints from chemical and isotope data.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,71:1982-1998
Gao Y,Liu L,Hu W.2009.Petrology and isotopic geochemistry of dawsonite-bearing sandstones in Hailaer basin,northeastern China.Appl Geochem,24:1724-1738
Gao Y Q,Liu L,Yang H D,You L,Liu N.2007.Characteristics and origin of dawsonite in Gudian carbon dioxide gas field of Songliao Basin(in Chinese).Acta Petrol Sin,28:62-67
Goebel E D,Coveney R M J,Angino E E,Zeller E J.1983.Naturally occurring hydrogen gas from a borehole on the western flank of Nemaha anticline in Kansas.AAPG Bull,67-68:1324
Pagès A,Grice K,Ertefai T,Skrzypek G,Jahnert R,Greenwood P.2014.Organic geochemical studies of modern microbial mats from Shark Bay:Part I:Influence of depth and salinity on lipid biomarkers and their isotopic signatures.Geobiology,12:469-487
Han C R.2001.Technic and Engineering of Hydrocracking(in Chinese).Beijing:China Petrochemical Press.224-226
Hawkes H E.1972.Free hydrogen in genesis of petroleum.AAPG Bull,56:2268-2270
He Z L,Wei X C,Qian Y X,Bao Z Y,Fan M,Jiao C L,Peng S T,Chen D.2011.Forming mechanism and distribution prediction of quality marine carbonate reservoirs(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,32:489-498
Hecht L,Freiberger R,Gilg H A,Grundmann G,Kostitsyn YA.1999.Rare earth element and isotope(C,O,Sr)characteristics of hydrothermal carbonates:Genetic implications for dolomite-hosted talc mineralization at G?pfersgrün(Fichtelgebirge,Germany).Chem Geol,155:115-130
Heller R,Zoback M.2014.Adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on gas shale and pure mineral samples.J Unconv Oil Gas Resour,8:14-24
Hoffmann L J,Breitbarth E,Ardelan M V,Duggen S,Olgun N,Hassell?v M,W?ngberg S?.2012.Influence of trace metal release from volcanic ash on growth of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Emiliania huxleyi.Mar Chem,132-133:28-33
Hooper E C D.1991.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sediments.J Pet Geol,14:161-180
Horita J,Berndt M E.1999.Abiogenic methane formation and isotopic fractionation under hydrothermal conditions.Science,285:1055-1057
Hu W X.2016.Origin and indicators of deep-seated fluids in sedimentary basins(in Chinese).Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem,35:817-826
Hu W X,Chen Q,Wang X L,Cao J.2010.REE models for the discrimination of fluids in the formation and evolution of dolomite reservoirs(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,31:810-818
Hu W X,Zhu J Q,Wang X L,You X L,He K.2014.Characteristics,origin and geological implications of the Cambrian microbial dolomite in Keping area,Tarim Basin(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,35:860-869
Huang B,Tian H,Huang H,Yang J,Xiao X,Li L.2015.Origin and accumulation of CO2and its natural displacement of oils in the continental basins,northern South China Sea.AAPG Bull,99:1349-1369
Huang B,Xiao X,Zhu W.2004.Geochemistry,origin,and accumulation of CO2in natural gases of the Yinggehai Basin,offshore South China Sea.AAPG Bull,88:1277-1293
Hurley N F,Budros R.1990.Albion-Scipio and Stoney Point Fields-USAMichigan Basin.AAPG Special Volumes.1-37
Hyatt J A.1984.Liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as organic solvents.J Org Chem,49:5097-5101
Jacquemyn C,El Desouky H,Hunt D,Casini G,Swennen R.2014.Dolomitization of the Latemar platform:Fluid flow and dolomite evolution.Mar Pet Geol,55:43-67
Jeffrey A W A,Kaplan I R.1988.Hydrocarbons and inorganic gases in the Gravberg-1 well,Siljan Ring,Sweden.Chem Geol,71:237-255
Jiang Y Q,Tao Y Z,Gu Y B,Qiang Z T,Jiang N,Lin G,Jiang C.2016.Hydrothermal dolomitization in Sinian Dengying Formation,GaoshitiMoxi area,Sichuan Basin,SW China(in Chinese).Petrol Explor Develop,43:1-10
Jiao N Z.2012.Carbon fixation and sequestration in the ocean,with special reference to the microbial carbon pump(in Chinese).Sci Sin Terr,42:1473-1486
Jin Z,Yuan Y,Sun D,Liu Q,Li S.2014.Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the Lower Paleozoic sequences,Sichuan Basin,SW China.Mar Pet Geol,49:121-128
Jin Z J,Zhang L P,Yang L,Hu W X.2004.A preliminary study of mantlederived fluids and their effects on oil/gas generation in sedimentary basins.J Pet Sci Eng,41:45-55
Jin Z J,Hu W X,Zhang L P,Tao M X.2007.Deep Fluid Activities and Their Effectiveness on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press
Jin Z J,Zhu D Y,Hu W X,Zhang X F,Wang Y,Yan X B.2006.Geological and geochemical signatures of hydrothermal activity and their influence on carbonate reservoir beds in the Tarim Basin(in Chinese).Acta Geol Sin,80:245-253
Jones R W,Edison T A.1978.Microscopic observations of kerogen related to geochemical parameters with emphasis on thermal maturation.Pacific Section SEPM.1-12
Jung J W,Espinoza D N,Santamarina J C.2010.Properties and phenomena relevant to CH4-CO2replacement in hydrate-bearing sediments.J Geophys Res,115:B10102
Kerrick D M,Connolly J A D.1998.Subduction of ophicarbonates and recycling of CO2and H2O.Geology,26:375-378
Kvenvolden K A,Rapp J B,Hostettler F D,Morton J L,King J D,Claypool G E.1986.Petroleum associated with polymetallic sulfide in sediment from Gorda Ridge.Science,234:1231-1234
Lancet M S,Anders E.1970.Carbon isotope fractionation in the FischerTropsch synthesis and in meteorites.Science,170:980-982
Lee C T A,Jiang H,Ronay E,Minisini D,Stiles J,Neal M.2018.Volcanic ash as a driver of enhanced organic carbon burial in the Cretaceous.Sci Rep,8:4197
Lewan M.1993.Laboratory simulation of petroleum formation:Hydrous pyrolysis.In:Engel M H,Macko S A,eds.Organic GeochemistryPrinciple and Applications.New York:Plenum Press.419-422
Lewan M D,Winters J C,Mc Donald J H.1979.Generation of oil-like pyrolyzates from organic-rich shales.Science,203:897-899
Li J,Cui J,Yang Q,Cui G,Wei B,Wu Z,Wang Y,Zhou H.2017.Oxidative weathering and microbial diversity of an inactive seafloor hydrothermal sulfide chimney.Front Microbiol,8:1378
Li S G.2015.Tracing deep carbon recycling by Mg isotopes(in Chinese).Earth Sci Front,22:143-159
Liu G Y,Zhang L P,Jin Z J,2005.Primary study on the effects of deepsourced fluid’s movement on hydrocarbon migration(in Chinese).Petrol Geol Exper,27:269-275
Liu L,Gao Y Q,Qu X Y,Meng Q A,Gao F H,Ren Y G,Zhu D F.2006.Petrology and carbon-oxygen isotope of inorganic CO2gas reservoir in Wuerxun depression,Hailaer basin(in Chinese).Acta Petrol Sin,22:2229-2236
Liao Y,Fang Y,Wu L,Geng A,Hsu C S.2012.The characteristics of the biomarkers andδ13C of n-alkanes released from thermally altered solid bitumens at various maturities by catalytic hydropyrolysis.Org Geochem,46:56-65
Liu N,Liu L,Qu X,Yang H,Wang L,Zhao S.2011.Genesis of authigene carbonate minerals in the Upper Cretaceous reservoir,Honggang Anticline,Songliao Basin:A natural analog for mineral trapping of natural CO2storage.Sediment Geol,237:166-178
Liu Q,Dai J,Jin Z,Li J,Wu X,Meng Q,Yang C,Zhou Q,Feng Z,Zhu D.2016.Abnormal carbon and hydrogen isotopes of alkane gases from the Qingshen gas field,Songliao Basin,China,suggesting abiogenic alkanes?J Asian Earth Sci,115:285-297
Liu Q,Liu W,Dai J.2007.Characterization of pyrolysates from maceral components of Tarim coals in closed system experiments and implications to natural gas generation.Org Geochem,38:921-934
Liu Q,Zhu D,Jin Z,Meng Q,Wu X,Yu H.2017.Effects of deep CO2on petroleum and thermal alteration:The case of the Huangqiao oil and gas field.Chem Geol,469:214-229
Liu S,Huang W,Jansa L F,Wang G,Song G,Zhang C,Sun W,Ma W.2014.Hydrothermal dolomite in the Upper Sinian(Upper Proterozoic)Dengying Formation,East Sichuan Basin,China.Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed,88:1466-1487
Liu S A,Wu H,Shen S,Jiang G,Zhang S,Lv Y,Zhang H,Li S.2017.Zinc isotope evidence for intensive magmatism immediately before the endPermian mass extinction.Geology,45:343-346
Love G D,Snape C E,Carr A D,Houghton R C.1995.Release of covalently-bound alkane biomarkers in high yields from kerogen via catalytic hydropyrolysis.Org Geochem,23:981-986
Lu J,Wilkinson M,Haszeldine R S,Fallick A E.2009.Long-term performance of a mudrock seal in natural CO2storage.Geology,37:35-38
Luo P,Wang S,Li P W,Song J M,Jin T F,Wang G Q,Yang S S.2013.Review and prospectives of microbial carbonate reservoirs(in Chinese).Act Sediment Sin,31:807-823
Luo Y R.2004.Databook of Chemical Bond Energy(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1-396
Ma A L,Li Y Z,Zhang X K,Zhang Z M.2015.Carbon dioxide origin,alkane gas geochemical characteristics and pool-forming model of presalt J oilfield in offshore Santos basin,Brazil(in Chinese).Chin Offshore Oil Gas,27:13-20
Makhanov K,Habibi A,Dehghanpour H,Kuru E.2014.Liquid uptake of gas shales:A workflow to estimate water loss during shut-in periods after fracturing operations.J Unconv Oil Gas Resour,7:22-32
Martin J H,Fitzwater S E.1988.Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic.Nature,331:341-343
Marty B,Gunnlaugsson E,Jambon A,Oskarsson N,Ozima M,Pineau F,Torssander P.1991.Gas geochemistry of geothermal fluids,the Hengill area,southwest rift zone of Iceland.Chem Geol,91:207-225
Mc Collom T M,Seewald J S,Lollar B S,Lacrampe-Couloume G.2006.Isotopic signatures of abiotic organic synthesis under geologic conditions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,70:A0407
Meng Q,Sun Y,Tong J,Fu Q,Zhu J,Zhu D,Jin Z.2015.Distribution and geochemical characteristics of hydrogen in natural gas from the Jiyang Depression,Eastern China.Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed,89:1616-1624
Meng Q Q,Tao C,Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Wang Q,Zheng L J.2011.Primary study on relatively preconcentration of trace hydrogen in natural gas(in Chinese).Petrol Geol Exper,33:314-316
Michaelis W,Jenisch A,Richnow H H.1990.Hydrothermal petroleum generation in Red Sea sediments from the Kebrit and Shaban Deeps.Appl Geochem,5:103-114
Middag R,de Baar H J W,Laan P,Cai P H,van Ooijen J C.2011.Dissolved manganese in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,58:2661-2677
Middleton R S,Carey J W,Currier R P,Hyman J D,Kang Q,Karra S,Jiménez-Martínez J,Porter M L,Viswanathan H S.2015.Shale gas and non-aqueous fracturing fluids:Opportunities and challenges for supercritical CO2.Appl Energy,147:500-509
Milesi V,Prinzhofer A,Guyot F,Benedetti M,Rodrigues R.2016.Contribution of siderite-water interaction for the unconventional generation of hydrocarbon gases in the Solim?es basin,north-west Brazil.Mar Pet Geol,71:168-182
Monin J C,Barth D,Perrut M,EspitaliéM,Durand B.1988.Extraction of hydrocarbons from sedimentary rocks by supercritical carbon dioxide.Org Geochem,13:1079-1086
Moore C M,Mills M M,Arrigo K R,Berman-Frank I,Bopp L,Boyd P W,Galbraith E D,Geider R J,Guieu C,Jaccard S L,Jickells T D,La Roche J,Lenton T M,Mahowald N M,Mara?ón E,Marinov I,Moore JK,Nakatsuka T,Oschlies A,Saito M A,Thingstad T F,Tsuda A,Ulloa O.2013.Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation.Nat Geosci,6:701-710
Moore J,Adams M,Allis R,Lutz S,Rauzi S.2005.Mineralogical and geochemical consequences of the long-term presence of CO2in natural reservoirs:An example from the Springerville-St.Johns Field,Arizona,and New Mexico,U.S.A..Chem Geol,217:365-385
Morel F M M,Milligan A J,Saito M A.2003.Marine bioinorganic chemistry:The role of trace metals in the ocean cycles of major nutrients.Treat Geochem,6:113-143
Neal C,Stanger G.1983.Hydrogen generation from mantle source rocks in Oman.Earth Planet Sci Lett,66:315-320
Newell K D,Doveton J H,Merriam D F,Lollar B S,Waggoner W M,Magnuson L M.2007.H2-rich and hydrocarbon gas recovered in a deep Precambrian well in Northeastern Kansas.Nat Resour Res,16:277-292
Nishijima A,Kameoka T,Sato T,Matsubayashi N,Nishimura Y.1998.Catalyst design and development for upgrading aromatic hydrocarbons.Catal Today,45:261-269
Nyg?rd R,Gutierrez M,Bratli R K,H?eg K.2006.Brittle-ductile transition,shear failure and leakage in shales and mudrocks.Mar Pet Geol,23:201-212
Oelkers E H,Cole D R.2008.Carbon dioxide sequestration a solution to a global problem.Elements,4:305-310
Ogawa H,Amagai Y,Koike I,Kaiser K,Benner R.2001.Production of refractory dissolved organic matter by bacteria.Science,292:917-920
Olgun N?,Duggen S,Andronico D,Kutterolf S,Croot P L,Giammanco S,Censi P,Randazzo L.2013.Possible impacts of volcanic ash emissions of Mount Etna on the primary productivity in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea:Results from nutrient-release experiments in seawater.Mar Chem,152:32-42
Pedersen R B,Rapp H T,Thorseth I H,Lilley M D,Barriga F J A S,Baumberger T,Flesland K,Fonseca R,Früh-Green G L,Jorgensen S L.2010.Discovery of a black smoker vent field and vent fauna at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge.Nat Commun,1:126
Peter J M,Peltonen P,Scott S D,Simoneit B R T,Kawka O E.1991.14Cages of hydrothermal petroleum and carbonate in Guaymas Basin,Gulf of California:Implications for oil generation,expulsion,and migration.Geology,19:253-256
Price L C,Wenger L M.1992.The influence of pressure on petroleum generation and maturation as suggested by aqueous pyrolysis.Org Geochem,19:141-159
Qian Y X,Feng,J F,He Z L,Zhang,K Y,Jin T,Dong S F,You D H,Zhang Y D.2017.Applications of petrography and isotope analysis of microdrill samples to the study of genesis of grape-like dolomite of the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,38:665-676
Qing H,Bosence D W J,Rose E P F.2001.Dolomitization by penesaline sea water in Early Jurassic peritidal platform carbonates,Gibraltar,western Mediterranean.Sedimentology,48:153-163
Reeves E P,Seewald J S,Sylva S P.2012.Hydrogen isotope exchange between n-alkanes and water under hydrothermal conditions.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,77:582-599
Rona P A,Klinkhammer G,Nelsen T A,Trefry J H,Elderfield H.1986.Black smokers,massive sulphides and vent biota at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Nature,321:33-37
Saxby J D,Riley K W.1984.Petroleum generation by laboratory-scale pyrolysis over six years simulating conditions in a subsiding basin.Nature,308:177-179
Schimmelmann A,Lewan M D,Wintsch R P.1999.D/H isotope ratios of kerogen,bitumen,oil,and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I,II,IIS,and III.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,63:3751-3766
Schimmelmann A,Mastalerz M,Gao L,Sauer P E,Topalov K.2009.Dike intrusions into bituminous coal,Illinois Basin:H,C,N,O isotopic responses to rapid and brief heating.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,73:6264-6281
Shangguan Z G,Huo W G.2002.δD values of escaped H2from hot springs at the Tengchong Rehai geothermal area and its origin.Chin Sci Bull,47:148-150
Shen Y,Farquhar J,Zhang H,Masterson A,Zhang T,Wing B A.2011.Multiple S-isotopic evidence for episodic shoaling of anoxic water during Late Permian mass extinction.Nat Commun,2:210
Sherwood Lollar B,Onstott T C,Lacrampe-Couloume G,Ballentine C J.2014.The contribution of the Precambrian continental lithosphere to global H2production.Nature,516:379-382
Shiraki R,Dunn T L.2000.Experimental study on water-rock interactions during CO2flooding in the Tensleep Formation,Wyoming,USA.Appl Geochem,15:265-279
Shu X H,Zhang J T,Li G R,Long S X,Wu S X,Li H T.2012.Characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal dolomites of Qixia and Maokou Formations in northern Sichuan Basin(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,33:442-448
Shuai Y H,Zhang S C,Su A G,Wang H T,Cai B Y,Wang H.2010.Geochemical evidence for strong ongoing methanogenesis in Sanhu region of Qaidam Basin.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,53:84-90
Simoneit B R T.1984.Hydrothermal effects on organic matter-High vs low temperature components.Org Geochem,6:857-864
Simoneit B R T.1990.Selected papers from the symposium:Organic matter in hydrothermal systems-maturation,migration and biogeochemistry at the third chemical congress of North America and the195th American chemical society national meeting.Appl Geochem,5:1-15
Simoneit B R T,Lonsdale P F.1982.Hydrothermal petroleum in mineralized mounds at the seabed of Guaymas Basin.Nature,295:198-202
Simoneit B R T,Aboul-Kassim T A T,Tiercelin J J.2000.Hydrothermal petroleum from lacustrine sedimentary organic matter in the East African Rift.Appl Geochem,15:355-368
Simoneit B R T,Kvenvolden K A.1994.Comparison of14C ages of hydrothermal petroleums.Org Geochem,21:525-529
Simoneit B R T,Lein A Y,Peresypkin V I,Osipov G A.2004.Composition and origin of hydrothermal petroleum and associated lipids in the sulfide deposits of the Rainbow field(Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36°N).Geochim Cosmochim Acta,68:2275-2294
S?owakiewicz M,Tucker M E,Pancost R D,Perri E,Mawson M.2013.Upper Permian(Zechstein)microbialites:Supratidal through deep subtidal deposition,source rock,and reservoir potential.AAPG Bull,97:1921-1936
Song J M,Liu S G,Li Z W,Luo P,Yang D,Sun W,Peng H L,Yu Y Q.2017.Characteristics and controlling factors of microbial carbonate reservoirs in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin,China(in Chinese).Oil Gas Geol,38:741-752
Suda K,Ueno Y,Yoshizaki M,Nakamura H,Kurokawa K,Nishiyama E,Yoshino K,Hongoh Y,Kawachi K,Omori S,Yamada K,Yoshida N,Maruyama S.2014.Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems:The CH4-H2-H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring.Earth Planet Sci Lett,386:112-125
Thayer T P.1966.Serpentinization considered as a constant-volume metasomatic process.Miner Soc Amer,51:685-710
Tissot B T,Durand B,Espitalie J,Combaz A.1974.Influence of nature and diagenesis of organic matter in formation of petroleum.AAPG Bull,58:499-506
Van Cappellen P,Ingall E D.1994.Benthic phosphorus regeneration,net primary production,and ocean anoxia:A model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorus.Paleoceanography,9:677-692
Vasconcelos C,Mc Kenzie J A.1997.Microbial mediation of modern dolomite precipitation and diagenesis under anoxic conditions(Lagoa Vermelha,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil).J Sediment Res,67:378-390
Von Damm K L.1990.Seafloor hydrothermal activity:Black smoker chemistry and chimneys.Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,18:173-204
Wang S Y,Li X F,1999.Study on the geochemical characteristics of natural gas and gas-bearing system in the Sinian strata in Weiyuan and Ziyang area(in Chinese).Nat Gas Geosci,10:63-69
Wei J,Ge Q,Yao R,Wen Z,Fang C,Guo L,Xu H,Sun J.2017.Directly converting CO2into a gasoline fuel.Nat Commun,8:15174
Weitkamp J,Raichle A,Traa Y.2001.Novel zeolite catalysis to create value from surplus aromatics:Preparation of C2+-n-alkanes,a highquality synthetic steamcracker feedstock.Appl Catal A-General,222:277-297
Welhan J A,Craig H.1979.Methane and hydrogen in East Pacific rise hydrothermal fluids.Geophys Res Lett,6:829-831
Wilkinson M,Haszeldine R S,Fallick A E,Odling N,Stoker S J,Gatliff RW.2009.CO2-mineral reaction in a natural analogue for CO2storageImplications for modeling.J Sediment Res,79:486-494
Woolnough W G.1934.Natural gas in Australia and New Guinea.AAPGBull,18:226-242
Worden R H.2006.Dawsonite cement in the Triassic Lam Formation,Shabwa Basin,Yemen:A natural analogue for a potential mineral product of subsurface CO2storage for greenhouse gas reduction.Mar Pet Geol,23:61-77
Wu L L,Liao Y H,Fang Y X,Geng A S.2013.The comparison of biomarkers released by hydropyrolysis and Soxhlet extraction from source rocks of different maturities.Chin Sci Bull,58:373-383
Xu Y C,Shen P,Li Y C,1989.The oldest gas pool of China-Weiyuan Sinian gas pool,Sichuan province(in Chinese).Acta Sediment Sin,7:3-14
Yamanaka T,Ishibashi J,Hashimoto J.2000.Organic Geochemistry of hydrothermal petroleum generated in the submarine Wakamiko caldera,southern Kyushu,Japan.Org Geochem,31:1117-1132
Yang C Q,Yao J X,2004.Modes of CO2gas reservoir formation in Sanshui Basin(in Chinese).Nat Gas Ind,24:36-39
Zhang G,Zhang X,Hu D,Li D,Algeo T J,Farquhar J,Henderson C M,Qin L,Shen M,Shen D,Schoepfer S D,Chen K,Shen Y.2017.Redox chemistry changes in the Panthalassic Ocean linked to the end-Permian mass extinction and delayed Early Triassic biotic recovery.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,114:1806-1810
Zhang L F,Tao R B,Zhu J J,2017.Some problems of deep carbon cycle in subduction zone(in Chinese).Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem,36:185-196
Zhang Q X,Li Y L,Hu,Z L,Zhang Q M.1989.The deep thermal origin and water-facies migration of petroleum in the Meishan Formatoin in the Yinggehai Basin(in Chinese).Chin Offshore Oil Gas,3:25-33
Zhang S,He K,Hu G,Mi J,Ma Q,Liu K,Tang Y.2018.Unique chemical and isotopic characteristics and origins of natural gases in the Paleozoic marine formations in the Sichuan Basin,SW China:Isotope fractionation of deep and high mature carbonate reservoir gases.Mar Pet Geol,89:68-82
Zhang S,Mi J,He K.2013.Synthesis of hydrocarbon gases from four different carbon sources and hydrogen gas using a gold-tube system by Fischer-Tropsch method.Chem Geol,349-350:27-35
Zhang Z S,1987.The helium resource and its development and protection in China(in Chinese).Resour Develop Mark,3:28-31
Zhao F Y,Jiang S G,Li S Z,Cao W,Wang G,Zhang H X,Gao S.2017.Correlation of inorganic CO2reservoirs in East China to subduction of(Paleo-)Pacific Plate(in Chinese).Earth Sci Front,24:370-384
Zhao W Z,Shen A J,Zhou J G,Wang X F,Lu J M.2014.Types,characteristics,origin and exploration significance of reef-shoal reservoirs:A case study of Tarim Basin,NW China and Sichuan Basin,SW China(in Chinese).Petrol Explor Develop,41:257-267
Zhong L,Cantrell K,Mitroshkov A,Shewell J.2014.Mobilization and transport of organic compounds from reservoir rock and caprock in geological carbon sequestration sites.Environ Earth Sci,71:4261-4272
Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Hu W X.2010.Hydrothermal recrystallization of the Lower Ordovician dolomite and its significance to reservoir in northern Tarim Basin.Sci China Earth Sci,53:368-381
Zhu D,Liu Q,Jin Z,Meng Q,Hu W.2017.Effects of deep fluids on hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins.Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed,91:301-319
Zhu D,Meng Q,Jin Z,Liu Q,Hu W.2015a.Formation mechanism of deep Cambrian dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim basin,northwestern China.Mar Pet Geol,59:232-244
Zhu D,Meng Q,Liu Q,Zhou B,Jin Z,Hu W.2018.Natural enhancement and mobility of oil reservoirs by supercritical CO2and implication for vertical multi-trap CO2geological storage.J Pet Sci Eng,161:77-95
Zhu D,Meng Q,Jin Z,Hu W.2015b.Fluid environment for preservation of pore spaces in a deep dolomite reservoir.Geofluids,15:527-545
Zhu D Y,Jin Z J,Hu W X,Zhang X F.2008.Effects of deep fluid on carbonates reservoir in Tarim Basin(in Chinese).Geol Rev,54:348-354
Zhu J,Li S,Sun X,Zhu J,Xin M,Xu H.1994.Discovery of early tertiary hydrothermal activity and its significance in oil/gas geology,Dongpu Depression,Henan Province,China.Chin J Geochem,13:270-283