摘要
In this White Paper we present the potential of the Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry(eXTP) mission for determining the nature of dense matter; neutron star cores host an extreme density regime which cannot be replicated in a terrestrial laboratory. The tightest statistical constraints on the dense matter equation of state will come from pulse profile modelling of accretion-powered pulsars, burst oscillation sources, and rotation-powered pulsars. Additional constraints will derive from spin measurements, burst spectra, and properties of the accretion flows in the vicinity of the neutron star. Under development by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020 s.
In this White Paper we present the potential of the Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry(eXTP) mission for determining the nature of dense matter; neutron star cores host an extreme density regime which cannot be replicated in a terrestrial laboratory. The tightest statistical constraints on the dense matter equation of state will come from pulse profile modelling of accretion-powered pulsars, burst oscillation sources, and rotation-powered pulsars. Additional constraints will derive from spin measurements, burst spectra, and properties of the accretion flows in the vicinity of the neutron star. Under development by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020 s.
引文
1 A.De Rosa,P.Uttley,L.J.Gou,Y.Liu,C.Bambi,D.Barret,T.Belloni,E.Berti,S.Bianchi,I.Caiazzo,P.Casella,M.Feroci,V.Ferrari,L.Gualtieri,J.Heyl,A.Ingram,V.Karas,F.J.Lu,B.Luo,G.Matt,S.Motta,J.Neilsen,P.Pani,A.Santangelo,X.W.Shu,J.F.Wang,J.-M.Wang,Y.Q.Xue,Y.P.Xu,W.M.Yuan,Y.F.Yuan,S.-N.Zhang,S.Zhang,I.Agudo,L.Amati,N.Andersson,C.Baglio,P.Bakala,A.Baykal,S.Bhattacharyya,I.Bombaci,N.Bucciantini,F.Capitanio,R.Ciolfi,W.K.Cui,F.D’Ammando,T.Dauser,M.Del Santo,B.De Marco,T.Di Salvo,C.Done,M.Dovˇciak,A.C.Fabian,M.Falanga,A.F.Gambino,B.Gendre,V.Grinberg,A.Heger,J.Homan,R.Iaria,J.C.Jiang,C.C.Jin,E.Koerding,M.Linares,Z.Liu,T.J.Maccarone,J.Malzac,A.Manousakis,F.Marin,A.Marinucci,M.Mehdipour,M.M′endez,S.Migliari,C.Miller,G.Miniutti,E.Nardini,P.T.O’Brien,J.P.Osborne,P.O.Petrucci,A.Possenti,A.Riggio,J.Rodriguez,A.Sanna,L.J.Shao,M.Sobolewska,E.Sramkova,H.Stiele,G.Stratta,Z.Stuchlik,J.Svoboda,F.Tamburini,T.M.Tauris,F.Tombesi,G.Torok,M.Urbanec,F.Vincent,Q.W.Wu,F.Yuan,J.J.M.in’t Zand,A.A.Zdziarski,and X.L.Zhou,Sci.China-Phys.Mech.Astron.62,029504(2019).
2 A.Santangelo,S.Zane,H.Feng,R.X.Xu,V.Doroshenko,E.Bozzo,I.Caiazzo,F.C.Zelati,P.Esposito,D.Gonz′alez-Caniulef,J.Heyl,D.Huppenkothen,G.Israel,Z.S.Li,L.Lin,R.Mignani,N.Rea,M.Orlandini,R.Taverna,H.Tong,R.Turolla,C.Baglio,F.Bernardini,N.Bucciantini,M.Feroci,F.F¨urst,E.G¨oˇg¨us?,C.G¨ung¨or,L.Ji,F.J.Lu,A.Manousakis,S.Mereghetti,R.Mikusincova,B.Paul,C.PrescodWeinstein,G.Younes,A.Tiengo,Y.P.Xu,A.Watts,S.Zhang,and S.-N.Zhang,Sci.China-Phys.Mech.Astron.62,029505(2019).
3 J.J.M.in’t Zand,E.Bozzo,J.L.Qu,X.-D.Li,L.Amati,Y.Chen,I.Donnarumma,V.Doroshenko,S.A.Drake,M.Hernanz,P.A.Jenke,T.J.Maccarone,S.Mahmoodifar,D.de Martino,A.De Rosa,E.M.Rossi,A.Rowlinson,G.Sala,G.Stratta,T.M.Tauris,J.Wilms,X.F.Wu,P.Zhou,I.Agudo,D.Altamirano,J.-L.Atteia,N.A.Andersson,M.C.Baglio,D.R.Ballantyne,A.Baykal,E.Behar,T.Belloni,S.Bhattacharyya,S.Bianchi,A.Bilous,P.Blay,J.Braga,S.Brandt,E.F.Brown,N.Bucciantini,L.Burderi,E.M.Cackett,R.Campana,S.Campana,P.Casella,Y.Cavecchi,F.Chambers,L.Chen,Y.-P.Chen,J.Chenevez,M.Chernyakova,C.C Jin,R.Ciolfi,E.Costantini,A.Cumming,A.D’A`?,Z.-G.Dai,F.D’Ammando,M.De Pasquale,N.Degenaar,M.Del Santo,V.D’Elia,T.Di Salvo,G.Doyle,M.Falanga,X.L.Fan,R.D.Ferdman,M.Feroci,F.Fraschetti,D.K.Galloway,A.F.Gambino,P.Gandhi,M.Y.Ge,B.Gendre,R.Gill,D.G¨otz,C.Gouiff`es,P.Grandi,J.Granot,M.G¨udel,A.Heger,C.O.Heinke,J.Homan,R.Iaria,K.Iwasawa,L.Izzo,L.Ji,P.G.Jonker,J.Jos′e,J.S.Kaastra,E.Kalemci,O.Kargaltsev,N.Kawai,L.Keek,S.Komossa,I.Kreykenbohm,L.Kuiper,D.Kunneriath,G.Li,E.-W.Liang,M.Linares,F.Longo,F.J.Lu,A.A.Lutovinov,D.Malyshev,J.Malzac,A.Manousakis,I.McHardy,M.Mehdipour,Y.P Men,M.M′endez,R.P.Mignani,R.Mikusincova,M.C.Miller,G.Miniutti,C.Motch,J.N¨attil¨a,E.Nardini,T.Neubert,P.T.O’Brien,M.Orlandini,J.P.Osborne,L.Pacciani,S.Paltani,M.Paolillo,I.E.Papadakis,B.Paul,A.Pellizzoni,U.Peretz,M.A.P.Torres,E.Perinati,C.Prescod-Weinstein,P.Reig,A.Riggio,J.Rodriguez,P.Rodr′?guezGil,P.Romano,A.R′o˙za′nska,T.Sakamoto,T.Salmi,R.Salvaterra,A.Sanna,A.Santangelo,T.Savolainen,S.Schanne,H.Schatz,L.J.Shao,A.Shearer,S.N.Shore,B.W.Stappers,T.E.Strohmayer,V.F.Suleimanov,J.Svoboda,F.-K.Thielemann,F.Tombesi,D.F.Torres,E.Torresi,S.Turriziani,A.Vacchi,S.Vercellone,J.Vink,J.-M Wang,J.F Wang,A.L.Watts,S.S.Weng,N.N.Weinberg,P.J.Wheatley,R.Wijnands,T.E.Woods,S.E.Woosley,S.L.Xiong,Y.Xu,Z.Yan,G.Younes,W.F.Yu,F.Yuan,L.Zampieri,S.Zane,A.A.Zdziarski,S.-N.Zhang,S.Zhang,S.Zhang,X.Zhang,and M.Zingale,Sci.China-Phys.Mech.Astron.62,029506
4 S.N.Zhang,A.Santangelo,M.Feroci,Y.P.Xu,F.J.Lu,Y.Chen,H.Feng,S.Zhang,L.Baldini,E.Bozzo,S.Brandt,Y.W.Dong,Y.Evangelista,M.Hernanz,V.Karas,N.Meidinger,A.Meuris,K.Nandra,T.Pan,G.Pareschi,P.Orleanski,Q.S.Huang,S.Schanne,G.Sironi,D.Spiga,J.Svoboda,G.Tagliaferri,C.Tenzer,A.Vacchi,S.Zane,D.Walton,Z.S.Wang,B.Winter,X.Wu,J.J.M.in’t Zand,M.Ahangarianabhari,G.Ambrosi,F.Ambrosino,M.Barbera,S.Basso,J.Bayer,R.Bellazzini,P.Bellutti,B.Bertucci,G.Bertuccio,G.Borghi,X.L.Cao,F.Cadoux,R.Campana,F.Ceraudo,T.X.Chen,Y.P.Chen,J.Chevenez,M.Civitani,W.W.Cui,A.De Rosa,E.Del Monte,S.Di Cosimo,S.Diebold,V.Doroshenko,M.Dovciak,Y.Y.Du,Q.M.Fan,Y.Favre,F.Fuschino,J.L.G′alvez,M.Gao,M.Y.Ge,O.Gevin,M.Grassi,Q.Y.Gu,Y.D.Gu,D.W.Han,B.Hong,W.Hu,L.Ji,S.M.Jia,W.C.Jiang,T.Kennedy,I.Kuvvetli,C.Labanti,L.Latronico,G.Li,M.S.Li,X.Li,W.Li,Z.W.Li,O.Limousin,H.W.Liu,X.J.Liu,B.Lu,T.Luo,D.Macera,P.Malcovati,A.Martindale,M.Michalska,B.Meng,M.Minuti,A.Morbidini,F.Muleri,S.Paltani,E.Perinati,A.Picciotto,C.Piemonte,J.L.Qu,A.Rachevski,I.Rashevskaya,J.Rodriguez,T.Schanz,Z.X.Shen,L.Z.Sheng,J.B.Song,L.M.Song,C.Sgro,L.Sun,Y.Tan,P.Uttley,B.Wang,D.L.Wang,G.F.Wang,J.Wang,L.P.Wang,Y.S.Wang,A.L.Watts,X.Y.Wen,S.L.Xiong,J.W.Yang,S.Yang,Y.J.Yang,N.Yu,W.D.Zhang,G.Zampa,N.Zampa,A.A.Zdziarski,A.M.Zhang,C.M.Zhang,F.Zhang,L.Zhang,T.Zhang,Y.Zhang,X.L.Zhang,Z.L.Zhang,B.S.Zhao,S.J.Zheng,Y.P.Zhou,N.Zorzi,and J.F.Zwart,Sci.China-Phys.Mech.Astron.62,029502(2019).
5 A.L.Watts,N.Andersson,D.Chakrabarty,M.Feroci,K.Hebeler,G.Israel,F.K.Lamb,M.C.Miller,S.Morsink,F.¨Ozel,A.Patruno,J.Poutanen,D.Psaltis,A.Schwenk,A.W.Steiner,L.Stella,L.Tolos,and M.van der Klis,Rev.Mod.Phys.88,021001(2016),arXiv:1602.01081.
6 K.Fukushima,and T.Hatsuda,Rep.Prog.Phys.74,014001(2011),arXiv:1005.4814.
7 K.Hebeler,J.D.Holt,J.Menndez,and A.Schwenk,Annu.Rev.Nucl.Part.Sci.65,457(2015),arXiv:1508.06893.
8 N.K.Glendenning,Astrophys.J.293,470(1985).
9 D.Chatterjee,and I.Vida?na,Eur.Phys.J.A 52,29(2016),arXiv:1510.06306.
10 N.K.Glendenning,Compact Stars:Nuclear Physics,Particle Physics,and General Relativity,(Springer Verlag,Berlin,1996).
11 I.Bombaci,D.Logoteta,I.Vida?na,and C.Provid?encia,Eur.Phys.J.A 52,58(2016),arXiv:1601.04559.
12 A.Watts,R.X.Xu,C.Espinoza,N.Andersson,J.Antoniadis,D.Antonopoulou,S.Buchner,S.Dai,P.Demorest,P.Freire,J.Hessels,J.Margueron,M.Oertel,A.Patruno,A.Possenti,S.Ransom,I.Stairs,and B.Stappers,in Probing the neutron star interior and the Equation of State of cold dense matter with the SKA:Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array(AASKA14),(2015),p.43.
13 M.G.Alford,A.Schmitt,K.Rajagopal,and T.Sch¨afer,Rev.Mod.Phys.80,1455(2008),arXiv:0709.4635.
14 R.Anglani,R.Casalbuoni,M.Ciminale,N.Ippolito,R.Gatto,M.Mannarelli,and M.Ruggieri,Rev.Mod.Phys.86,509(2014),arXiv:1302.4264.
15 M.Buballa,and S.Carignano,Prog.Particle Nucl.Phys.81,39(2015),arXiv:1406.1367.
16 J.M.Lattimer,and M.Prakash,Phys.Rep.621,127(2016),arXiv:1512.07820.
17 L.Lindblom,Astrophys.J.398,569(1992).
18 F.¨Ozel,and D.Psaltis,Phys.Rev.D 80,103003(2009),arXiv:0905.1959.
19 T.E.Riley,G.Raaijmakers,and A.L.Watts,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.478,1093(2018),arXiv:1804.09085.
20 V.Suleimanov,J.Poutanen,M.Revnivtsev,and K.Werner,Astrophys.J.742,122(2011),arXiv:1004.4871.
21 F.¨Ozel,Rep.Prog.Phys.76,016901(2013),arXiv:1210.0916.
22 A.W.Steiner,J.M.Lattimer,and E.F.Brown,Astrophys.J.765,L5(2013),arXiv:1205.6871.
23 S.Guillot,and R.E.Rutledge,Astrophys.J.796,L3(2014),arXiv:1409.4306.
24 J.N¨attil¨a,A.W.Steiner,J.J.E.Kajava,V.F.Suleimanov,and J.Poutanen,Astron.Astrophys.591,A25(2016),arXiv:1509.06561.
25 J.N¨attil¨a,M.C.Miller,A.W.Steiner,J.J.E.Kajava,V.F.Suleimanov,and J.Poutanen,Astron.Astrophys.608,A31(2017),arXiv:1709.09120.
26 A.W.Steiner,C.O.Heinke,S.Bogdanov,C.K.Li,W.C.G.Ho,A.Bahramian,and S.Han,2017,arXiv:1709.05013.
27 A.Akmal,and V.R.Pandharipande,Phys.Rev.C 56,2261(1997).
28 J.M.Lattimer,and M.Prakash,Astrophys.J.550,426(2001).
29 A.Li,B.Zhang,N.B.Zhang,H.Gao,B.Qi,and T.Liu,Phys.Rev.D 94,083010(2016),arXiv:1606.02934.
30 S.Bhattacharyya,I.Bombaci,D.Logoteta,and A.V.Thampan,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.457,3101(2016),arXiv:1601.06120.
31 J.L.Zdunik,and P.Haensel,Astron.Astrophys.551,A61(2013),arXiv:1211.1231.
32 I.Bednarek,P.Haensel,J.L.Zdunik,M.Bejger,and R.Ma′nka,Astron.Astrophys.543,A157(2012),arXiv:1111.6942.
33 K.Hebeler,J.M.Lattimer,C.J.Pethick,and A.Schwenk,Astrophys.J.773,11(2013),arXiv:1303.4662.
34 A.Kurkela,E.S.Fraga,J.Schaffner-Bielich,and A.Vuorinen,Astrophys.J.789,127(2014).
35 M.C.Miller,arXiv:1312.0029.
36 C.O.Heinke,H.N.Cohn,P.M.Lugger,N.A.Webb,W.C.G.Ho,J.Anderson,S.Campana,S.Bogdanov,D.Haggard,A.M.Cool,and J.E.Grindlay,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.444,443(2014),arXiv:1406.1497.
37 J.Poutanen,J.N¨attil¨a,J.J.E.Kajava,O.M.Latvala,D.K.Galloway,E.Kuulkers,and V.F.Suleimanov,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.442,3777(2014),arXiv:1405.2663.
38 C.Motch,J.Wilms,D.Barret,W.Becker,S.Bogdanov,L.Boirin,S.Corbel,Ed Cackett,S.Campana,D.D.Martino,F.Haberl,J.in’t Zand,M.M′endez,R.Mignani,J.Miller,M.Orio,D.Psaltis,N.Rea,J.Rodriguez,A.Rozanska,A.Schwope,A.Steiner,N.Webb,L.Zampieri,and S.Zane,arXiv:1306.2334.
39 Z.Arzoumanian,K.C.Gendreau,C.L.Baker,T.Cazeau,P.Hestnes,J.W.Kellogg,S.J.Kenyon,R.P.Kozon,K.-C.Liu,S.S.Manthripragada,C.B.Markwardt,A.L.Mitchell,J.W.Mitchell,C.A.Monroe,T.Okajima,S.E.Pollard,D.F.Powers,B.J.Savadkin,L.B.Winternitz,P.T.Chen,M.R.Wright,R.Foster,G.Prigozhin,R.Remillard,and J.Doty,in:The Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer(NICER):Mission Definition:Proceedings Volume 9144,Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014:Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray,914420(29 July 2014),Montr′eal,Quebec,Canada(2014),p.20.
40 P.B.Demorest,T.Pennucci,S.M.Ransom,M.S.E.Roberts,and J.W.T.Hessels,Nature 467,1081(2010),arXiv:1010.5788.
41 J.Antoniadis,P.C.C.Freire,N.Wex,T.M.Tauris,R.S.Lynch,M.H.van Kerkwijk,M.Kramer,C.Bassa,V.S.Dhillon,T.Driebe,J.W.T.Hessels,V.M.Kaspi,V.I.Kondratiev,N.Langer,T.R.Marsh,M.A.McLaughlin,T.T.Pennucci,S.M.Ransom,I.H.Stairs,J.van Leeuwen,J.P.W.Verbiest,and D.G.Whelan,Science 340,1233232(2013),arXiv:1304.6875.
42 E.Fonseca,T.T.Pennucci,J.A.Ellis,I.H.Stairs,D.J.Nice,S.M.Ransom,P.B.Demorest,Z.Arzoumanian,K.Crowter,T.Dolch,R.D.Ferdman,M.E.Gonzalez,G.Jones,M.L.Jones,M.T.Lam,L.Levin,M.A.McLaughlin,K.Stovall,J.K.Swiggum,and W.Zhu,Astrophys.J.832,167(2016),arXiv:1603.00545.
43 J.M.Lattimer,and B.F.Schutz,Astrophys.J.629,979(2005).
44 M.Kramer,and N.Wex,Class.Quantum Grav.26,073001(2009).
45 J.Aasi,et al.(The LIGO Scientific Collaboration),Class.Quantum Grav.32,074001(2015),arXiv:1411.4547.
46 F.Acernese,M.Agathos,K.Agatsuma,D.Aisa,N.Allemandou,A.Allocca,J.Amarni,P.Astone,G.Balestri,G.Ballardin,F.Barone,J.P.Baronick,M.Barsuglia,A.Basti,F.Basti,T.S.Bauer,V.Bavigadda,M.Bejger,M.G.Beker,C.Belczynski,D.Bersanetti,A.Bertolini,M.Bitossi,M.A.Bizouard,S.Bloemen,M.Blom,M.Boer,G.Bogaert,D.Bondi,F.Bondu,L.Bonelli,R.Bonnand,V.Boschi,L.Bosi,T.Bouedo,C.Bradaschia,M.Branchesi,T.Briant,A.Brillet,V.Brisson,T.Bulik,H.J.Bulten,D.Buskulic,C.Buy,G.Cagnoli,E.Calloni,C.Campeggi,B.Canuel,F.Carbognani,F.Cavalier,R.Cavalieri,G.Cella,E.Cesarini,E.C.Mottin,A.Chincarini,A.Chiummo,S.Chua,F.Cleva,E.Coccia,P.F.Cohadon,A.Colla,M.Colombini,A.Conte,J.P.Coulon,E.Cuoco,A.Dalmaz,S.D’Antonio,V.Dattilo,M.Davier,R.Day,G.Debreczeni,J.Degallaix,S.Del′eglise,W.D.Pozzo,H.Dereli,R.D.Rosa,L.D.Fiore,A.D.Lieto,A.D.Virgilio,M.Doets,V.Dolique,M.Drago,M.Ducrot,G.Endr?oczi,V.Fafone,S.Farinon,I.Ferrante,F.Ferrini,F.Fidecaro,I.Fiori,R.Flaminio,J.D.Fournier,S.Franco,S.Frasca,F.Frasconi,L.Gammaitoni,F.Garufi,M.Gaspard,A.Gatto,G.Gemme,B.Gendre,E.Genin,A.Gennai,S.Ghosh,L.Giacobone,A.Giazotto,R.Gouaty,M.Granata,G.Greco,P.Groot,G.M.Guidi,J.Harms,A.Heidmann,H.Heitmann,P.Hello,G.Hemming,E.Hennes,D.Hofman,P.Jaranowski,R.J.G.Jonker,M.Kasprzack,F.K′ef′elian,I.Kowalska,M.Kraan,A.Kr′olak,A.Kutynia,C.Lazzaro,M.Leonardi,N.Leroy,N.Letendre,T.G.F.Li,B.Lieunard,M.Lorenzini,V.Loriette,G.Losurdo,C.Magazz′u,E.Majorana,I.Maksimovic,V.Malvezzi,N.Man,V.Mangano,M.Mantovani,F.Marchesoni,F.Marion,J.Marque,F.Martelli,L.Martellini,A.Masserot,D.Meacher,J.Meidam,F.Mezzani,C.Michel,L.Milano,Y.Minenkov,A.Moggi,M.Mohan,M.Montani,N.Morgado,B.Mours,F.Mul,M.F.Nagy,I.Nardecchia,L.Naticchioni,G.Nelemans,I.Neri,M.Neri,F.Nocera,E.Pacaud,C.Palomba,F.Paoletti,A.Paoli,A.Pasqualetti,R.Passaquieti,D.Passuello,M.Perciballi,S.Petit,M.Pichot,F.Piergiovanni,G.Pillant,A.Piluso,L.Pinard,R.Poggiani,M.Prijatelj,G.A.Prodi,M.Punturo,P.Puppo,D.S.Rabeling,I.R′acz,P.Rapagnani,M.Razzano,V.Re,T.Regimbau,F.Ricci,F.Robinet,A.Rocchi,L.Rolland,R.Romano,D.Rosi′nska,P.Ruggi,E.Saracco,B.Sassolas,F.Schimmel,D.Sentenac,V.Sequino,S.Shah,K.Siellez,N.Straniero,B.Swinkels,M.Tacca,M.Tonelli,F.Travasso,M.Turconi,G.Vajente,N.van Bakel,M.van Beuzekom,J.F.J.van den Brand,C.Van Den Broeck,M.V.van der Sluys,J.van Heijningen,M.Vas′uth,G.Vedovato,J.Veitch,D.Verkindt,F.Vetrano,A.Vicer′e,J.Y.Vinet,G.Visser,H.Vocca,R.Ward,M.Was,L.W.Wei,M.Yvert,A.Z.˙zny,and J.P.Zendri,Class.Quantum Grav.32,024001(2015),arXiv:1408.3978.
47 B.P.Abbott,et al.(LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration),Phys.Rev.Lett.119,161101(2017),arXiv:1710.05832.
48 J.S.Read,B.D.Lackey,B.J.Owen,and J.L.Friedman,Phys.Rev.D 79,124032(2009),arXiv:0812.2163.
49 J.S.Read,L.Baiotti,J.D.E.Creighton,J.L.Friedman,B.Giacomazzo,K.Kyutoku,C.Markakis,L.Rezzolla,M.Shibata,and K.Taniguchi,Phys.Rev.D 88,044042(2013),arXiv:1306.4065.
50 K.Hotokezaka,K.Kyutoku,Y.Sekiguchi,and M.Shibata,Phys.Rev.D 93,064082(2016),arXiv:1603.01286.
51 W.Del Pozzo,T.G.F.Li,M.Agathos,C.Van Den Broeck,and S.Vitale,Phys.Rev.Lett.111,071101(2013),arXiv:1307.8338.
52 M.Agathos,J.Meidam,W.Del Pozzo,T.G.F.Li,M.Tompitak,J.Veitch,S.Vitale,and C.Van Den Broeck,Phys.Rev.D 92,023012(2015),arXiv:1503.05405.
53 B.D.Lackey,and L.Wade,Phys.Rev.D 91,043002(2015),arXiv:1410.8866.
54 K.Chatziioannou,K.Yagi,A.Klein,N.Cornish,and N.Yunes,Phys.Rev.D 92,104008(2015),arXiv:1508.02062.
55 M.Favata,Phys.Rev.Lett.112,101101(2014),arXiv:1310.8288.
56 A.Bauswein,H.T.Janka,K.Hebeler,and A.Schwenk,Phys.Rev.D 86,063001(2012),arXiv:1204.1888.
57 A.Bauswein,N.Stergioulas,and H.T.Janka,Phys.Rev.D 90,023002(2014),arXiv:1403.5301.
58 K.Takami,L.Rezzolla,and L.Baiotti,Phys.Rev.Lett.113,091104(2014),arXiv:1403.5672.
59 J.A.Clark,A.Bauswein,N.Stergioulas,and D.Shoemaker,Class.Quantum Grav.33,085003(2016),arXiv:1509.08522.
60 B.D.Lackey,K.Kyutoku,M.Shibata,P.R.Brady,and J.L.Friedman,Phys.Rev.D 89,043009(2014),arXiv:1303.6298.
61 K.R.Pechenick,C.Ftaclas,and J.M.Cohen,Astrophys.J.274,846(1983).
62 M.C.Miller,and F.K.Lamb,Astrophys.J.499,L37(1998).
63 J.Poutanen,and M.Gierlinski,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.343,1301(2003).
64 J.Poutanen,and A.M.Beloborodov,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.373,836(2006).
65 C.Cadeau,S.M.Morsink,D.Leahy,and S.S.Campbell,Astrophys.J.654,458(2007).
66 S.M.Morsink,D.A.Leahy,C.Cadeau,and J.Braga,Astrophys.J.663,1244(2007).
67 M.Baub¨ock,E.Berti,D.Psaltis,and F.¨Ozel,Astrophys.J.777,68(2013),arXiv:1306.0569.
68 D.Psaltis,and F.¨Ozel,Astrophys.J.792,87(2014),arXiv:1305.6615.
69 J.N¨attil¨a,and P.Pihajoki,arXiv:1709.07292.
70 N.Stergioulas,Living Rev.Relativ.6,3(2003).
71 K.Yagi,and N.Yunes,Class.Quantum Grav.33,13LT01(2016),arXiv:1512.02639.
72 M.Baub¨ock,D.Psaltis,F.¨Ozel,and T.Johannsen,Astrophys.J.753,175(2012),arXiv:1110.4389.
73 J.Poutanen,in:A Decade of Accreting Millisecond X-ray Pulsars,AIP Conference Proceedings,Vol.1068,edited by R.Wijnands,D.Altamirano,P.Soleri,N.Degenaar,N.Rea,P.Casella,A.Patruno,and M.Linares(Springer,Berlin,2008),p.77.
74 K.H.Lo,M.C.Miller,S.Bhattacharyya,and F.K.Lamb,Astrophys.J.776,19(2013),arXiv:1304.2330.
75 D.Psaltis,F.¨Ozel,and D.Chakrabarty,Astrophys.J.787,136(2014),arXiv:1311.1571.
76 M.C.Miller,and F.K.Lamb,Astrophys.J.808,31(2015),arXiv:1407.2579.
77 A.L.Stevens,J.D.Fiege,D.A.Leahy,and S.M.Morsink,Astrophys.J.833,244(2016),arXiv:1606.09232.
78 K.Viironen,and J.Poutanen,Astron.Astrophys.426,985(2004).
79 V.Radhakrishnan,and D.J.Cooke,Astrophys.Lett.3,225(1969).
80 D.C.Ferguson,Astrophys.J.183,977(1973).
81 D.C.Ferguson,Astrophys.J.205,247(1976).
82 A.Patruno,and A.L.Watts,arXiv:1206.2727.
83 J.Poutanen,Adv.Space Res.38,2697(2006).
84 D.A.Leahy,S.M.Morsink,and C.Cadeau,Astrophys.J.672,1119(2008).
85 D.A.Leahy,S.M.Morsink,Y.Y.Chung,and Y.Chou,Astrophys.J.691,1235(2009),arXiv:0806.0824.
86 D.A.Leahy,S.M.Morsink,and Y.Chou,Astrophys.J.742,17(2011),arXiv:1106.3131.
87 T.Strohmayer,L.Bildsten,in Compact Stellar X-ray Sources,Cambridge Astrophysics Series,Vol.39,edited by W.Lewin,and M.van der Klis(Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2006),p.113.
88 D.K.Galloway,M.P.Muno,J.M.Hartman,D.Psaltis,and D.Chakrabarty,Astrophys.J.Supplement Ser.179,360(2008).
89 A.L.Watts,Annu.Rev.Astron.Astrophys.50,609(2012),arXiv:1203.2065.
90 T.Salmi,J.N¨attil¨a,J.Poutanen,arXiv:1805.01149.
91 V.Suleimanov,J.Poutanen,and K.Werner,Astron.Astrophys.527,A139(2011),arXiv:1009.6147.
92 M.C.Miller,S.Boutloukos,K.H.Lo,and F.K.Lamb,Proc.IAU 8,101(2012).
93 S.Bhattacharyya,T.E.Strohmayer,M.C.Miller,and C.B.Markwardt,Astrophys.J.619,483(2005).
94 P.Chang,L.Bildsten,and I.Wasserman,Astrophys.J.629,998(2005).
95 S.Bogdanov,J.E.Grindlay,and G.B.Rybicki,Astrophys.J.689,407(2008),arXiv:0801.4030.
96 K.C.Gendreau,Z.Arzoumanian,and T.Okajima,in:The Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR(NICER):An Explorer Mission of Opportunity for Soft X-ray Timing Spectroscopy:Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers(SPIE)Conference Series 8443,edited by T.Takahashi,S.S.Murray,and J.-W.A.den Herder,(2012),p.13.
97 S.Bogdanov,Astrophys.J.762,96(2013),arXiv:1211.6113.
98 D.J.Reardon,G.Hobbs,W.Coles,Y.Levin,M.J.Keith,M.Bailes,N.D.R.Bhat,S.Burke-Spolaor,S.Dai,M.Kerr,P.D.Lasky,R.N.Manchester,S.Os?owski,V.Ravi,R.M.Shannon,W.van Straten,L.Toomey,J.Wang,L.Wen,X.P.You,and X.J.Zhu,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.455,1751(2016),arXiv:1510.04434.
99 S.Bogdanov,and J.E.Grindlay,Astrophys.J.703,1557(2009),arXiv:0908.1971.
100 D.L.Kaplan,J.Boyles,B.H.Dunlap,S.P.Tendulkar,A.T.Deller,S.M.Ransom,M.A.McLaughlin,D.R.Lorimer,and I.H.Stairs,Astrophys.J.789,119(2014),arXiv:1406.0488.
101 G.Desvignes,R.N.Caballero,L.Lentati,J.P.W.Verbiest,D.J.Champion,B.W.Stappers,G.H.Janssen,P.Lazarus,S.Os?owski,S.Babak,C.G.Bassa,P.Brem,M.Burgay,I.Cognard,J.R.Gair,E.Graikou,L.Guillemot,J.W.T.Hessels,A.Jessner,C.Jordan,R.Karuppusamy,M.Kramer,A.Lassus,K.Lazaridis,K.J.Lee,K.Liu,A.G.Lyne,J.McKee,C.M.F.Mingarelli,D.Perrodin,A.Petiteau,A.Possenti,M.B.Purver,P.A.Rosado,S.Sanidas,A.Sesana,G.Shaifullah,R.Smits,S.R.Taylor,G.Theureau,C.Tiburzi,R.van Haasteren,and A.Vecchio,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.458,3341(2016),arXiv:1602.08511.
102 P.Haensel,J.L.Zdunik,M.Bejger,and J.M.Lattimer,Astron.Astrophys.502,605(2009),arXiv:0901.1268.
103 J.W.T.Hessels,Science 311,1901(2006).
104 M.A.Alpar,A.F.Cheng,M.A.Ruderman,and J.Shaham,Nature300,728(1982).
105 V.Radhakrishnan,and G.Srinivasan,Curr.Sci.51,1096(1982).
106 D.Bhattacharya,Phys.Rep.203,1(1991).
107 G.B.Cook,S.L.Shapiro,and S.A.Teukolsky,Astrophys.J.423,L117(1994).
108 D.K.Galloway,E.H.Morgan,M.I.Krauss,P.Kaaret,and D.Chakrabarty,Astrophys.J.654,L73(2007).
109 P.Casella,D.Altamirano,A.Patruno,R.Wijnands,and M.van der Klis,Astrophys.J.674,L41(2008),arXiv:0708.1110.
110 D.Altamirano,P.Casella,A.Patruno,R.Wijnands,and M.van der Klis,Astrophys.J.674,L45(2008),arXiv:0708.1316.
111 M.M.Romanova,A.K.Kulkarni,and R.V.E.Lovelace,Astrophys.J.673,L171(2008),arXiv:0711.0418.
112 F.K.Lamb,S.Boutloukos,S.Van Wassenhove,R.T.Chamberlain,K.H.Lo,and M.C.Miller,Astrophys.J.705,L36(2009),arXiv:0809.4016.
113 M.Ruderman,Astrophys.J.366,261(1991).
114 W.B.Atwood,M.Ziegler,R.P.Johnson,and B.M.Baughman,Astrophys.J.652,L49(2006).
115 A.A.Abdo,et al.(Fermi-LAT Collaboration),Science 325,840(2009),arXiv:1009.0748.
116 C.Messenger,Phys.Rev.D 84,083003(2011),arXiv:1109.0501.
117 H.J.Pletsch,L.Guillemot,B.Allen,M.Kramer,C.Aulbert,H.Fehrmann,P.S.Ray,E.D.Barr,A.Belfiore,F.Camilo,P.A.Caraveo,C?elik,D.J.Champion,M.Dormody,R.P.Eatough,E.C.Ferrara,P.C.C.Freire,J.W.T.Hessels,M.Keith,M.Kerr,A.de Luca,A.G.Lyne,M.Marelli,M.A.McLaughlin,D.Parent,S.M.Ransom,M.Razzano,W.Reich,P.M.Saz Parkinson,B.W.Stappers,and M.T.Wolff,Astrophys.J.744,105(2012),arXiv:1111.0523.
118 A.D’Ai,P.˙Zycki,T.Di Salvo,R.Iaria,G.Lavagetto,and N.R.Robba,Astrophys.J.667,411(2007),arXiv:0705.4172.
119 H.Raichur,R.Misra,and G.Dewangan,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.416,637(2011),arXiv:1105.5523.
120 S.Campana,M.Ravasio,G.L.Israel,V.Mangano,and T.Belloni,Astrophys.J.594,L39(2003).
121 A.M.Archibald,S.Bogdanov,A.Patruno,J.W.T.Hessels,A.T.Deller,C.Bassa,G.H.Janssen,V.M.Kaspi,A.G.Lyne,B.W.Stappers,S.P.Tendulkar,C.R.D’Angelo,and R.Wijnands,Astrophys.J.807,62(2015),arXiv:1412.1306.
122 C.G.Bassa,A.Patruno,J.W.T.Hessels,E.F.Keane,B.Monard,E.K.Mahony,S.Bogdanov,S.Corbel,P.G.Edwards,A.M.Archibald,G.H.Janssen,B.W.Stappers,and S.Tendulkar,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.441,1825(2014),arXiv:1402.0765.
123 M.Klis,Annu.Rev.Astron.Astrophys.38,717(2000).
124 M.C.Miller,F.K.Lamb,and D.Psaltis,Astrophys.J.508,791(1998).
125 W.Yu,and M.van der Klis,Astrophys.J.567,L67(2002).
126 P.Bult,and M.Klis,Astrophys.J.806,90(2015),arXiv:1505.00596.
127 D.Barret,J.F.Olive,and M.C.Miller,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.370,1140(2006).
128 W.Yu,M.van der Klis,and P.G.Jonker,Astrophys.J.559,L29(2001).
129 D.Barret,J.F.Olive,and M.C.Miller,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.361,855(2005).
130 A.Sanna,M.M′endez,T.Belloni,and D.Altamirano,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.424,2936(2012),arXiv:1206.0182.
131 W.Yu,in Astrophysics of Compact Objects:AIP Conference Series Vol.968,edited by Y.F.Yuan,X.D.Li,and D.Lai(AIP,Huangshan,2008),p.215.
132 M.G.B.de Avellar,M.M′endez,A.Sanna,and J.E.Horvath,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.433,3453(2013),arXiv:1302.6464.
133 H.C.Lee,R.Misra,and R.E.Taam,Astrophys.J.549,L229(2001).
134 G.Zhang,M.M′endez,A.Sanna,E.M.Ribeiro,and J.D.Gelfand,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.465,5003(2017),arXiv:1611.09097.
135 E.M.Ribeiro,M.M′endez,G.Zhang,and A.Sanna,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.471,1208(2017),arXiv:1707.03200.
136 A.C.Fabian,K.Iwasawa,C.S.Reynolds,and A.J.Young,Publ.Astron.Soc.Pac.112,1145(2000).
137 C.Reynolds,Phys.Rep.377,389(2003).
138 J.M.Miller,Annu.Rev.Astron.Astrophys.45,441(2007),arXiv:0705.0540.
139 S.Bhattacharyya,and T.E.Strohmayer,Astrophys.J.664,L103(2007),arXiv:0708.3648.
140 E.M.Cackett,J.M.Miller,S.Bhattacharyya,J.E.Grindlay,J.Homan,M.van der Klis,M.C.Miller,T.E.Strohmayer,and R.Wijnands,Astrophys.J.674,415(2008),arXiv:0708.3615.
141 D.Pandel,P.Kaaret,and S.Corbel,Astrophys.J.688,1288(2008),arXiv:0808.2214.
142 A.D’A′?,R.Iaria,T.D.Salvo,G.Matt,and N.R.Robba,Astrophys.J.693,L1(2009),arXiv:0812.1974.
143 E.M.Cackett,J.M.Miller,D.R.Ballantyne,D.Barret,S.Bhattacharyya,M.Boutelier,M.C.Miller,T.E.Strohmayer,and R.Wijnands,Astrophys.J.720,205(2010),arXiv:0908.1098.
144 J.M.Miller,M.L.Parker,F.Fuerst,M.Bachetti,D.Barret,B.W.Grefenstette,S.Tendulkar,F.A.Harrison,S.E.Boggs,D.Chakrabarty,F.E.Christensen,W.W.Craig,A.C.Fabian,C.J.Hailey,L.Natalucci,F.Paerels,V.Rana,D.K.Stern,J.A.Tomsick,and W.W.Zhang,Astrophys.J.779,L2(2013a),arXiv:1310.5776.
145 C.Y.Chiang,E.M.Cackett,J.M.Miller,D.Barret,A.C.Fabian,A.D’a′?,M.L.Parker,S.Bhattacharyya,L.Burderi,T.D.Salvo,E.Egron,J.Homan,R.Iaria,D.Lin,and M.C.Miller,Astrophys.J.821,105(2016),arXiv:1509.02969.
146 S.Bhattacharyya,Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc.415,3247(2011),arXiv:1109.2068.
147 S.Bhattacharyya,J.Astrophys.Astron.38,38(2017),arXiv:1709.07069.
1)The assumed fluxes are as follows:Sco X-1, 0.5-10 keV flux of 1.6×10-7erg/cm2/s[118]; Aql X-1, 0.5-10 keV flux of 3.3×10-9erg/cm2/s[119];XTE J1807–294, 0.5-10 keV flux of 1.7×10-10erg/cm2/s[120].