道德情绪在道德隐喻映射中的作用及其神经机制
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摘要
道德隐喻的加工,实质上是从始源域的身体感知觉经验映射到目标域,表征抽象道德概念的过程。新近研究从认知神经科学角度揭示道德隐喻加工的神经机制,进而探讨情绪因素在道德隐喻映射中的作用。道德隐喻映射机制是在具体道德情境中身体感知经验与情绪体验、认知加工相互作用的结果。未来研究应拓展道德隐喻映射的维度和方向,在社会交互环境中丰富和完善研究范式,提高生态效度和跨文化效度。
The processing of moral metaphors is essentially a dynamic process of mapping a concrete source domain with sensorimotor experience to an abstract target domain and representing abstract moral concepts.And it should also be regarded as a result of interactive activity amid physical experience and moral emotions. Researches on the neural mechanism of moral metaphors showed that physical and emotional experience influence the processing of moral metaphors, and discussed the effects of moral emotions on the metaphorical mapping of morality. Future researches should enrich the range of subject and directions of mapping, and improve the ecological validity and cross-cultural validity by modifying the experimental paradigms in social interactions.
The processing of moral metaphors is essentially a dynamic process of mapping a concrete source domain with sensorimotor experience to an abstract target domain and representing abstract moral concepts.And it should also be regarded as a result of interactive activity amid physical experience and moral emotions. Researches on the neural mechanism of moral metaphors showed that physical and emotional experience influence the processing of moral metaphors, and discussed the effects of moral emotions on the metaphorical mapping of morality. Future researches should enrich the range of subject and directions of mapping, and improve the ecological validity and cross-cultural validity by modifying the experimental paradigms in social interactions.
引文
陈玮,蒲明慧,冯申梅,朱金富.(2016).厌恶启动后黑白颜色中性词加工的时间特征:来自ERPs的证据.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),784-787.
陈玉明,郭田友,何立国,燕良轼.(2014).道德隐喻的种类、规则及其机制分析.深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),31(5),55-59.
丁凤琴,王喜梅,刘钊.(2017).道德概念净脏隐喻及其对道德判断的影响.心理发展与教育,33(6),666-674.
丁毅,纪婷婷,邹文谦,刘燕,冉光明,陈旭.(2013).物理温度向社会情感的隐喻映射:作用机制及其解释.心理科学进展,21(6),1133-1140.
郭欢,申荷永,昝艺,张道华,蔡婷婷,朱绘霖.(2016).基于功能性近红外光谱技术的双人同步交互测量研究.激光生物学报,25(6),523-530.
贾宁,蒋高芳.(2016).道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理现实性及双向映射.心理发展与教育,32(2),158-165.
李健,王艳,唐一源.(2011).道德两难问题ERP的时空分析.中国生物医学工程学报,30(2),220-224.
李其维.(2008).“认知革命”与“第二代认知科学”刍议.心理学报,40(12),1306-1327.
李子健,张积家,乔艳阳.(2018).具身理论分歧:概念隐喻与知觉符号观.科学技术哲学研究,35(2),45-51.
蔺义芹,张丹丹.(2017).超扫描技术在社会认知神经科学中的作用.应用心理学,23(4),300-308.
鲁忠义,贾利宁,翟冬雪.(2017).道德概念垂直空间隐喻理解中的映射:双向性及不平衡性.心理学报,49(2),186-196.
罗跃嘉,李万清,彭家欣,刘超.(2013).道德判断的认知神经机制.西南大学学报(社会科学版),39(3),81-86.
马建苓,刘畅,符明秋.(2017).情绪影响冲突加工的认知神经机制.心理科学进展,25(1),49-58.
彭凯平,喻丰.(2012).道德的心理物理学:现象、机制与意义.中国社会科学,12,28-45.
彭明,张雷.(2016).厌恶情绪影响道德判断的发展研究.心理科学,39(5),1110-1115.
任俊,高肖肖.(2013).中国人在不道德行为之后会做些什么?心理科学,36(4),978-983.
宋诗情,周灵力,陈红.(2018).黑白背景颜色对诚信行为的影响.心理科学,41(2),430-434.
苏彦捷,孙芳芳.(2014).道德具身性的元分析研究.华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),32(2),88-96.
王云强,郭本禹.(2017).大脑是如何建立道德观念的:道德的认知神经机制研究进展与展望.科学通报,62(25),2867-2875.
王锃,鲁忠义.(2013).道德概念的垂直空间隐喻及其对认知的影响.心理学报,45(5),538-545.
吴宝沛,张雷.(2012).厌恶与道德判断的关系.心理科学进展,20(2),309-316.
谢清,杨群,田学红.(2018).道德判断的整合和分离效应:ERP的证据.心理学探新,38(2),178-184.
谢熹瑶,罗跃嘉.(2009).道德判断中的情绪因素--从认知神经科学的角度进行探讨.心理科学进展,17(6),1250-1256.
燕良轼,颜志雄,丁道群,邹霞,范伟.(2014).道德厌恶启动后身体清洁词加工的时间特征:来自ERPs的证据.中国临床心理学杂志,12(1),32-37.
杨继平,郭秀梅.(2016).具身视角下道德概念的隐喻研究.心理学探新,36(5),387-391.
杨继平,郭秀梅,王兴超.(2017).道德概念的隐喻表征--从红白颜色、左右位置和正斜字体的维度.心理学报,49(7),875-885.
叶浩生.(2010).具身认知:认知心理学的新取向.心理科学进展,18(5),705-710.
叶佩霞,朱睿达,唐红红,买晓琴,刘超.(2017).近红外光学成像在社会认知神经科学中的应用.心理科学进展,25(5),731-741.
殷融,叶浩生.(2014).道德概念的黑白隐喻表征及其对道德认知的影响.心理学报,46(9),1331-1346.
张凤华,叶红燕.(2016).“洗”出来的效应:清洁启动对道德判断作用方向不同的影响因素探析.心理科学,39(5),1236-1241.
朱金富,陈玮,蒲明慧,冯申梅.(2018).厌恶启动后垂直空间隐喻加工的时间特征.中华行为医学与脑科学杂志,27(3),266-271.
Ackerman,J.M.,Nocera,C.C.,&Bargh,J.A.(2010).Incidental haptic sensations influence social judgments and decisions.Science,328(5986),1712-1715.
Alter,A.L.,Stern,C.,Granot,Y.,&Balcetis,E.(2016).The"bad is black"effect:Why people believe evildoers have darker skin than do-gooders.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(12),1653-1665.
Chatterjee,A.(2012).Disembodying cognition.Language and Cognition,2(1),79-116.
Day,M.V.,&Bobocel,D.R.(2013).The weight of a guilty conscience:Subjective body weight as an embodiment of guilt.PLoS One,8(7),e69546.
Denke,C.,Rotte,M.,Heinze,H-J.,&Schaefer,M.(2016).Lying and the subsequent desire for toothpaste:Activity in the somatosensory cortex predicts embodiment of the moral-purity metaphor.Cerebral Cortex,26(2),477-484.
Gan,T.,Fang,W.,&Ge,L.(2016).Colours'impact on morality:Evidence from event-related potentials.Scientific Reports,6,38373.
Hill,P.L.,&Lapsley,D.K.(2009).The ups and downs of the moral personality:Why it’s not so black and white.Journal of Research in Personality,43(3),520-523.
Siev,J.,Zuckerman,S.,&Siev,J.(2018).The relationship between immorality and cleansing:A meta-analysis of the macbeth effect.Social Psychology,49,303-309.
Lee,S.W.S.,Tang,H.,Wan,J.,Mai,X.,&Liu,C.(2015).Acultural look at moral purity:Wiping the face clean.Frontiers in Psychology,6,577.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00577
Meier,B.P.,Sellbom,M.,&Wygant,D.B.(2007).Failing to take the moral high ground:Psychopathy and the vertical representation of morality.Personality and Individual Differences,43(4),757-767.
Piper,S.K.,Krueger,A.,Koch,S.P.,Mehnert,J.,Habermehl,C.,Steinbrink,J.,...Schmitz,C.H.(2014).Awearable multi-channel fNIRS system for brain imaging in freely moving subjects.Neuroimage,85(SI1),64-71.
Rozin,P.,Haidt,J.,&Fincher,K.(2009).From oral to moral.Science,323(5918),1179-1180.
Schaefer,M.,Cherkasskiy,L.,Denke,C.,Spies,C.,Song,H.,Malahy,S.,...Bargh,J.A.(2018).Incidental haptic sensations influence judgment of crimes.Scientific Reports,8(1),6039.
Schaefer,M.,Denke,C.,Heinze,H-J.,&Rotte,M.(2014).Rough primes and rough conversations:Evidence for a modality-specific basis to mental metaphors.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9(11),1653-1659.
Schaefer,M.,Rotte,M.,Heinze,H-J.,&Denke,C.(2015).Dirty deeds and dirty bodies:Embodiment of the macbeth effect is mapped topographically onto the somatosensory cortex.Scientific Reports,5(1),18051.
Schnall,S.,Benton,J.,&Harvey,S.(2008).With a clean conscience:cleanliness reduces the severity of moral judgments.Psychological Science,19(12),1219-1222.
Schnall,S.,Haidt,J.,Clore,G.L.,&Jordan,A.H.(2008).Disgust as embodied moral judgment.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(8),1096-1109.
Sherman,G.D.,&Clore,G.L.(2009).The color of sin:White and black are perceptual symbols of moral purity and pollution.Psychological Science,20(8),1019-1025.
Tang,H.,Lu,X.,Su,R.,Liang,Z.,Mai,X.,&Liu,C.(2017).Washing away your sins in the brain:Physical cleaning and priming of cleaning recruit different brain networks after moral threat.Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience,12(7),1149-1158.
Wang,H.L.,Lu,Y.Q.,&Lu,Z.Y.(2016).Moral-up first,immoral-down last:The time course of moral metaphors on a vertical dimension.Neuroreport,27(4),247-256.
Williams,L.E.,&Bargh,J.A.(2008).Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth.Science,322(5901),606-607.
Yu,N.,Wang,T,F.,&He,Y.L.(2016).Spatial subsystem of moral metaphors:A cognitive semantic Study.Metaphor and Symbol,31(4),195-211.
Zhai,D.,Guo,Y.,&Lu,Z.(2018).A dual mechanism of cognition and emotion in processing moral-vertical metaphors.Frontiers in Psychology,9,1554.
Zhao,H.,&Cooper,R.J.(2018).Review of recent progress toward a fiberless,whole-scalp diffuse optical tomography system.Neurophotonics,5(1),011012.
Zhong,C-B.,&Liljenquist,K.(2006).Washing away your sins:Threatened morality and physical cleansing.Science,313(5792),1451-1452.
Zhong,C-B.,Strejcek,B.,&Sivanathan,N.(2010).A clean self can render harsh moral judgment.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(5),859-862.
陈玉明,郭田友,何立国,燕良轼.(2014).道德隐喻的种类、规则及其机制分析.深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),31(5),55-59.
丁凤琴,王喜梅,刘钊.(2017).道德概念净脏隐喻及其对道德判断的影响.心理发展与教育,33(6),666-674.
丁毅,纪婷婷,邹文谦,刘燕,冉光明,陈旭.(2013).物理温度向社会情感的隐喻映射:作用机制及其解释.心理科学进展,21(6),1133-1140.
郭欢,申荷永,昝艺,张道华,蔡婷婷,朱绘霖.(2016).基于功能性近红外光谱技术的双人同步交互测量研究.激光生物学报,25(6),523-530.
贾宁,蒋高芳.(2016).道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理现实性及双向映射.心理发展与教育,32(2),158-165.
李健,王艳,唐一源.(2011).道德两难问题ERP的时空分析.中国生物医学工程学报,30(2),220-224.
李其维.(2008).“认知革命”与“第二代认知科学”刍议.心理学报,40(12),1306-1327.
李子健,张积家,乔艳阳.(2018).具身理论分歧:概念隐喻与知觉符号观.科学技术哲学研究,35(2),45-51.
蔺义芹,张丹丹.(2017).超扫描技术在社会认知神经科学中的作用.应用心理学,23(4),300-308.
鲁忠义,贾利宁,翟冬雪.(2017).道德概念垂直空间隐喻理解中的映射:双向性及不平衡性.心理学报,49(2),186-196.
罗跃嘉,李万清,彭家欣,刘超.(2013).道德判断的认知神经机制.西南大学学报(社会科学版),39(3),81-86.
马建苓,刘畅,符明秋.(2017).情绪影响冲突加工的认知神经机制.心理科学进展,25(1),49-58.
彭凯平,喻丰.(2012).道德的心理物理学:现象、机制与意义.中国社会科学,12,28-45.
彭明,张雷.(2016).厌恶情绪影响道德判断的发展研究.心理科学,39(5),1110-1115.
任俊,高肖肖.(2013).中国人在不道德行为之后会做些什么?心理科学,36(4),978-983.
宋诗情,周灵力,陈红.(2018).黑白背景颜色对诚信行为的影响.心理科学,41(2),430-434.
苏彦捷,孙芳芳.(2014).道德具身性的元分析研究.华东师范大学学报(教育科学版),32(2),88-96.
王云强,郭本禹.(2017).大脑是如何建立道德观念的:道德的认知神经机制研究进展与展望.科学通报,62(25),2867-2875.
王锃,鲁忠义.(2013).道德概念的垂直空间隐喻及其对认知的影响.心理学报,45(5),538-545.
吴宝沛,张雷.(2012).厌恶与道德判断的关系.心理科学进展,20(2),309-316.
谢清,杨群,田学红.(2018).道德判断的整合和分离效应:ERP的证据.心理学探新,38(2),178-184.
谢熹瑶,罗跃嘉.(2009).道德判断中的情绪因素--从认知神经科学的角度进行探讨.心理科学进展,17(6),1250-1256.
燕良轼,颜志雄,丁道群,邹霞,范伟.(2014).道德厌恶启动后身体清洁词加工的时间特征:来自ERPs的证据.中国临床心理学杂志,12(1),32-37.
杨继平,郭秀梅.(2016).具身视角下道德概念的隐喻研究.心理学探新,36(5),387-391.
杨继平,郭秀梅,王兴超.(2017).道德概念的隐喻表征--从红白颜色、左右位置和正斜字体的维度.心理学报,49(7),875-885.
叶浩生.(2010).具身认知:认知心理学的新取向.心理科学进展,18(5),705-710.
叶佩霞,朱睿达,唐红红,买晓琴,刘超.(2017).近红外光学成像在社会认知神经科学中的应用.心理科学进展,25(5),731-741.
殷融,叶浩生.(2014).道德概念的黑白隐喻表征及其对道德认知的影响.心理学报,46(9),1331-1346.
张凤华,叶红燕.(2016).“洗”出来的效应:清洁启动对道德判断作用方向不同的影响因素探析.心理科学,39(5),1236-1241.
朱金富,陈玮,蒲明慧,冯申梅.(2018).厌恶启动后垂直空间隐喻加工的时间特征.中华行为医学与脑科学杂志,27(3),266-271.
Ackerman,J.M.,Nocera,C.C.,&Bargh,J.A.(2010).Incidental haptic sensations influence social judgments and decisions.Science,328(5986),1712-1715.
Alter,A.L.,Stern,C.,Granot,Y.,&Balcetis,E.(2016).The"bad is black"effect:Why people believe evildoers have darker skin than do-gooders.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,42(12),1653-1665.
Chatterjee,A.(2012).Disembodying cognition.Language and Cognition,2(1),79-116.
Day,M.V.,&Bobocel,D.R.(2013).The weight of a guilty conscience:Subjective body weight as an embodiment of guilt.PLoS One,8(7),e69546.
Denke,C.,Rotte,M.,Heinze,H-J.,&Schaefer,M.(2016).Lying and the subsequent desire for toothpaste:Activity in the somatosensory cortex predicts embodiment of the moral-purity metaphor.Cerebral Cortex,26(2),477-484.
Gan,T.,Fang,W.,&Ge,L.(2016).Colours'impact on morality:Evidence from event-related potentials.Scientific Reports,6,38373.
Hill,P.L.,&Lapsley,D.K.(2009).The ups and downs of the moral personality:Why it’s not so black and white.Journal of Research in Personality,43(3),520-523.
Siev,J.,Zuckerman,S.,&Siev,J.(2018).The relationship between immorality and cleansing:A meta-analysis of the macbeth effect.Social Psychology,49,303-309.
Lee,S.W.S.,Tang,H.,Wan,J.,Mai,X.,&Liu,C.(2015).Acultural look at moral purity:Wiping the face clean.Frontiers in Psychology,6,577.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00577
Meier,B.P.,Sellbom,M.,&Wygant,D.B.(2007).Failing to take the moral high ground:Psychopathy and the vertical representation of morality.Personality and Individual Differences,43(4),757-767.
Piper,S.K.,Krueger,A.,Koch,S.P.,Mehnert,J.,Habermehl,C.,Steinbrink,J.,...Schmitz,C.H.(2014).Awearable multi-channel fNIRS system for brain imaging in freely moving subjects.Neuroimage,85(SI1),64-71.
Rozin,P.,Haidt,J.,&Fincher,K.(2009).From oral to moral.Science,323(5918),1179-1180.
Schaefer,M.,Cherkasskiy,L.,Denke,C.,Spies,C.,Song,H.,Malahy,S.,...Bargh,J.A.(2018).Incidental haptic sensations influence judgment of crimes.Scientific Reports,8(1),6039.
Schaefer,M.,Denke,C.,Heinze,H-J.,&Rotte,M.(2014).Rough primes and rough conversations:Evidence for a modality-specific basis to mental metaphors.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9(11),1653-1659.
Schaefer,M.,Rotte,M.,Heinze,H-J.,&Denke,C.(2015).Dirty deeds and dirty bodies:Embodiment of the macbeth effect is mapped topographically onto the somatosensory cortex.Scientific Reports,5(1),18051.
Schnall,S.,Benton,J.,&Harvey,S.(2008).With a clean conscience:cleanliness reduces the severity of moral judgments.Psychological Science,19(12),1219-1222.
Schnall,S.,Haidt,J.,Clore,G.L.,&Jordan,A.H.(2008).Disgust as embodied moral judgment.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(8),1096-1109.
Sherman,G.D.,&Clore,G.L.(2009).The color of sin:White and black are perceptual symbols of moral purity and pollution.Psychological Science,20(8),1019-1025.
Tang,H.,Lu,X.,Su,R.,Liang,Z.,Mai,X.,&Liu,C.(2017).Washing away your sins in the brain:Physical cleaning and priming of cleaning recruit different brain networks after moral threat.Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience,12(7),1149-1158.
Wang,H.L.,Lu,Y.Q.,&Lu,Z.Y.(2016).Moral-up first,immoral-down last:The time course of moral metaphors on a vertical dimension.Neuroreport,27(4),247-256.
Williams,L.E.,&Bargh,J.A.(2008).Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth.Science,322(5901),606-607.
Yu,N.,Wang,T,F.,&He,Y.L.(2016).Spatial subsystem of moral metaphors:A cognitive semantic Study.Metaphor and Symbol,31(4),195-211.
Zhai,D.,Guo,Y.,&Lu,Z.(2018).A dual mechanism of cognition and emotion in processing moral-vertical metaphors.Frontiers in Psychology,9,1554.
Zhao,H.,&Cooper,R.J.(2018).Review of recent progress toward a fiberless,whole-scalp diffuse optical tomography system.Neurophotonics,5(1),011012.
Zhong,C-B.,&Liljenquist,K.(2006).Washing away your sins:Threatened morality and physical cleansing.Science,313(5792),1451-1452.
Zhong,C-B.,Strejcek,B.,&Sivanathan,N.(2010).A clean self can render harsh moral judgment.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(5),859-862.