Pressureless sintering behavior and properties of Ag-SnO_2
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摘要
In this study, the results of measurements on pressureless sintering behavior of Ag-SnO_2(88%wt Ag,12%wt SnO_2) pellets were reported. Dilatometric measurements, relative densities, hardness values, rupture transverse strength and electrical conductivities function of sintering temperatures were presented. A constant thermal expansion coefficient was determined, and a threshold temperature of densification(T_d) was exhibited. Sintering kinetics were reported for different temperatures. Hardness values were measured, and no increase in hardness is found under Td. Three-points bending tests were used to determine the transverse rupture strength whose evolution appears importantly well under Td. In the same manner, the increase in initial electrical conductivities begins well under Td. Under the threshold temperature, the relative increase in electrical conductivity is found to be independent of initial density of green compact pellets. This work highlights different evolutions in function of sintering temperature for the electrical conductivity and transverse rupture strength on the one hand, and for the densification and hardness on the other hand.
In this study, the results of measurements on pressureless sintering behavior of Ag-SnO_2(88%wt Ag,12%wt SnO_2) pellets were reported. Dilatometric measurements, relative densities, hardness values, rupture transverse strength and electrical conductivities function of sintering temperatures were presented. A constant thermal expansion coefficient was determined, and a threshold temperature of densification(T_d) was exhibited. Sintering kinetics were reported for different temperatures. Hardness values were measured, and no increase in hardness is found under Td. Three-points bending tests were used to determine the transverse rupture strength whose evolution appears importantly well under Td. In the same manner, the increase in initial electrical conductivities begins well under Td. Under the threshold temperature, the relative increase in electrical conductivity is found to be independent of initial density of green compact pellets. This work highlights different evolutions in function of sintering temperature for the electrical conductivity and transverse rupture strength on the one hand, and for the densification and hardness on the other hand.
In this study, the results of measurements on pressureless sintering behavior of Ag-SnO_2(88%wt Ag,12%wt SnO_2) pellets were reported. Dilatometric measurements, relative densities, hardness values, rupture transverse strength and electrical conductivities function of sintering temperatures were presented. A constant thermal expansion coefficient was determined, and a threshold temperature of densification(T_d) was exhibited. Sintering kinetics were reported for different temperatures. Hardness values were measured, and no increase in hardness is found under Td. Three-points bending tests were used to determine the transverse rupture strength whose evolution appears importantly well under Td. In the same manner, the increase in initial electrical conductivities begins well under Td. Under the threshold temperature, the relative increase in electrical conductivity is found to be independent of initial density of green compact pellets. This work highlights different evolutions in function of sintering temperature for the electrical conductivity and transverse rupture strength on the one hand, and for the densification and hardness on the other hand.
引文
[1] Wojtasik K, Missol W. PM helps develop cadmium-free electrical contacts. Met Powder Rep. 2004;59(7):34.
[2] Nilsson O, Hauner F, Jeannot D. Replacement of AgCdO by AgSnO_2 in DC contactors. In:Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Holm Conference Electrical Contacts and the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Contacts, Seattle; 2004. 70.
[3] Gengenbach B, Mayer U, Michal R, Saeger K. Investigation on the switching behavior of AgSn02 materials in commercial contactors. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1985;8:58.
[4] Wingert PC, Leung CH. The development of silver-based cadmium-free contact materials. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1989; 12:16.
[5] Behrens V, Honig T, Andreas Kraus A, Michal R, Saeger K,Schmidberger R, Staneff T. An advanced silver/tin oxide contact material. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1994;17(24):B3.
[6] Wingert PC, Leung CH. Comparison of the inherent arc erosion behaviors of silver-cadmium oxide and silver-tin oxide contact materials. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1987;10(1):56.
[7] McDonnell D, Gardener J, Gondusky J. Comparison of the switching behavior of internally oxidized and powder metallurgical silver metal oxide contact materials. In:Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Pittsburgh; 1993. 37.
[8] Behrens V, Honig T, Kraus A, Michal R, Saeger KE, Schmidberger R, Staneff T. An advanced silver/tin oxide contact material. In:Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Pittsburgh; 1993. 19.
[9] Nath D. Comparative behavior of silver tin oxide and silver cadmium oxide contact materials in commercially available contactors. In:Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 1990. 126.
[10] Talijan N, Cosovi V, Staji-Trosi J, Gruji A, Zivkovic D, Romhanji E. Microstructure and properties of silver based cadmium free electrical contact materials. J Min Metall. 2007;43B(2):171.
[11] R(o|¨)hberg J, Honig T, Witulski N, Finkbeiner M, Behrens V.Performance of different silver/tin oxide contact materials for applications in low voltage circuit breakers. In:Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Vancouver; 2009. 187.
[12] Ivanov V, Nikolaeva S, Sidorak A, Shubin A, Sidorak V. Ag/ZnO and Ag/Sn02, Electrocontact materials obtained from fine-grained coprecipitated powder mixture. J Sib Fed Univ Chem. 2012;5(2):131.
[13] Witter G, Chen Z. A comparison of silver tin indium oxide contact materials using a new model switch that simulates operation of an automotive relay. In:Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts and the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Contacts, Seattle; 2004.382.
[14] Chen ZK, Witter GJ. A study of dynamic welding of electrical contacts with emphasis on the effects of oxide content for silver tin indium oxide contacts. In:Proceedings of the 56th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Charleston; 2010. 1.
[15] Jeannot D, Pinard J, Ramoni P, Jost EM. Physical and chemical properties of metal oxide additions to Ag-SnO_2 contact materials and predictions of electrical performance. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1994;17:17.
[16] Wang H. Influence of rare earth on the wetting ability of AgSnO_2 contact material. Rare Met Mater Eng. 2014;43(8):1846.
[17] Rong MZ, Wang QP. Effects of additives on the AgSn02 contacts erosion behavior. In:Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Pittsburgh; 1993. 33.
[18] Leung C, Streicher E, Fitzgerald D, Cook J. Contact erosion of Ag/Sn02/In2O_3 made by internal oxidation and powder metallurgy. In:Proceedings of the 52nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 2006. 143.
[19] Gardener J, McDonnell D. The impact of process changes on the physical properties and formability of silver metal oxide contact materials. In:Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 1995. 373.
[20] Chen ZK, Witter GJ. Comparison in performance for silver-tin-indium oxide materials made by internal oxidation and powder metallurgy. In:Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Vancouver; 2009. 182.
[21] Wang J, Wen M, Wang B, Lu J. Study on a new contact material Ag/Sn02-La2O3-Bi2O3. In:Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 2001. 94.
[22] Wang H, Wang J, Wen M, Zhao J, Liu G. Preparation of Ag/Sn02+La2O3+Bi2O3 contact material electrical contacts. In:Proceedings of the 52nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 2006. 131.
[23] Mutzel T, Niederreuther R. Advanced silver-tin oxide contact materials for relay application. In:Proceedings of the 26th Electrical Contacts, Seattle; 2012. 194.
[24] Xiuqing Q, Qianhong S, Lingjie Z, Lawson C, Xianping F, Hui Y. A novel method for the preparation of Ag/SnO_2 electrical contact material. Rare Met Mater Eng. 2014;43(11):2614.
[25] Xiong Q, Wang S, Xie M, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang S. AgSn02electrical contact material prepared by spark plasma sintering.Precious Met. 2013;34(4):12.
[26] Pandey A, Verma P, Pandey OP. Comparison of properties of silver-tin oxide electrical contact materials through different processing routes. Indian J Eng Mater Sci. 2008;15(3):236.
[27] Lungu M, Gavriliu S, Canta T, Lucaci M, Enescu E. Ag-Sn02sintered electrical contacts with ultrafine and uniformlydispersed microstructure. J Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2006;8(2):576.
[28] Lorrain N, Chaffron L, Carry C, Delcroix P, Le Caer G. Kinetics and formation mechanisms of the nanocomposite powder Ag-Sn02 prepared by reactive milling. Mater Sci Eng A. 2004;367:1.
[29] Zoz H, Ren H, Spath S. Improved Ag-Sn02 electrical contact material produced by mechanical alloying. Metallurgy. 1999;53(7-8):423.
[30] Orru R, Licheri R, Locchi AM, Cincotti A, Cao GC. Consolidation/synthesis of materials by electric current activated/assisted sintering. Mater Sci Eng R. 2009;63:127.
[31] Brisson E, Carre P, Desplats H, Rogeon P, Keryvin V, Bonhomme A. Effective thermal and electrical conductivities of AgSn02 during sintering. Part I:experimental characterization and mechanisms. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47(12):6304.
[32] Maca K, Pouchly V, Boccaccini AR. Sintering densification curve—a practical approach for its construction from dilatometric shrinkage data. Sci Sinter. 2008;40:117.
[33] Touloukian YS, Kirby RK, Taylor RE, Desai PD. Thermophysical properties of matter, vol. 12. New York:IFI Plenum;1975. 298.
[34] Samsonov GV. In:Samsonov GV, editor. The Oxide Handbook.2nd ed. New York:IFI/Plenum; 1982. 126.
[35] Chang SY, Lin SJ, Flemings MC. Thermal expansion behavior of silver matrix composites. Metall Mater Trans A. 2000;31:291.
[36] Koh JC, Fortini A. Prediction of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of porous metallic materials. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 1973;16:2013.
[37] Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J. Porosity effect on the electrical conductivity of sintered powder compacts. Appl Phys A.2008;92:375.
[38] Argento C, Bouvard D. Modeling the effective conductivity of random packing of spheres through densification. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 1996;39:1343.
[2] Nilsson O, Hauner F, Jeannot D. Replacement of AgCdO by AgSnO_2 in DC contactors. In:Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Holm Conference Electrical Contacts and the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Contacts, Seattle; 2004. 70.
[3] Gengenbach B, Mayer U, Michal R, Saeger K. Investigation on the switching behavior of AgSn02 materials in commercial contactors. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1985;8:58.
[4] Wingert PC, Leung CH. The development of silver-based cadmium-free contact materials. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1989; 12:16.
[5] Behrens V, Honig T, Andreas Kraus A, Michal R, Saeger K,Schmidberger R, Staneff T. An advanced silver/tin oxide contact material. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1994;17(24):B3.
[6] Wingert PC, Leung CH. Comparison of the inherent arc erosion behaviors of silver-cadmium oxide and silver-tin oxide contact materials. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1987;10(1):56.
[7] McDonnell D, Gardener J, Gondusky J. Comparison of the switching behavior of internally oxidized and powder metallurgical silver metal oxide contact materials. In:Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Pittsburgh; 1993. 37.
[8] Behrens V, Honig T, Kraus A, Michal R, Saeger KE, Schmidberger R, Staneff T. An advanced silver/tin oxide contact material. In:Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Pittsburgh; 1993. 19.
[9] Nath D. Comparative behavior of silver tin oxide and silver cadmium oxide contact materials in commercially available contactors. In:Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 1990. 126.
[10] Talijan N, Cosovi V, Staji-Trosi J, Gruji A, Zivkovic D, Romhanji E. Microstructure and properties of silver based cadmium free electrical contact materials. J Min Metall. 2007;43B(2):171.
[11] R(o|¨)hberg J, Honig T, Witulski N, Finkbeiner M, Behrens V.Performance of different silver/tin oxide contact materials for applications in low voltage circuit breakers. In:Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Vancouver; 2009. 187.
[12] Ivanov V, Nikolaeva S, Sidorak A, Shubin A, Sidorak V. Ag/ZnO and Ag/Sn02, Electrocontact materials obtained from fine-grained coprecipitated powder mixture. J Sib Fed Univ Chem. 2012;5(2):131.
[13] Witter G, Chen Z. A comparison of silver tin indium oxide contact materials using a new model switch that simulates operation of an automotive relay. In:Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts and the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Contacts, Seattle; 2004.382.
[14] Chen ZK, Witter GJ. A study of dynamic welding of electrical contacts with emphasis on the effects of oxide content for silver tin indium oxide contacts. In:Proceedings of the 56th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Charleston; 2010. 1.
[15] Jeannot D, Pinard J, Ramoni P, Jost EM. Physical and chemical properties of metal oxide additions to Ag-SnO_2 contact materials and predictions of electrical performance. IEEE Trans Compon Hybrids Manuf Technol. 1994;17:17.
[16] Wang H. Influence of rare earth on the wetting ability of AgSnO_2 contact material. Rare Met Mater Eng. 2014;43(8):1846.
[17] Rong MZ, Wang QP. Effects of additives on the AgSn02 contacts erosion behavior. In:Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Pittsburgh; 1993. 33.
[18] Leung C, Streicher E, Fitzgerald D, Cook J. Contact erosion of Ag/Sn02/In2O_3 made by internal oxidation and powder metallurgy. In:Proceedings of the 52nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 2006. 143.
[19] Gardener J, McDonnell D. The impact of process changes on the physical properties and formability of silver metal oxide contact materials. In:Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 1995. 373.
[20] Chen ZK, Witter GJ. Comparison in performance for silver-tin-indium oxide materials made by internal oxidation and powder metallurgy. In:Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Vancouver; 2009. 182.
[21] Wang J, Wen M, Wang B, Lu J. Study on a new contact material Ag/Sn02-La2O3-Bi2O3. In:Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 2001. 94.
[22] Wang H, Wang J, Wen M, Zhao J, Liu G. Preparation of Ag/Sn02+La2O3+Bi2O3 contact material electrical contacts. In:Proceedings of the 52nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Montreal; 2006. 131.
[23] Mutzel T, Niederreuther R. Advanced silver-tin oxide contact materials for relay application. In:Proceedings of the 26th Electrical Contacts, Seattle; 2012. 194.
[24] Xiuqing Q, Qianhong S, Lingjie Z, Lawson C, Xianping F, Hui Y. A novel method for the preparation of Ag/SnO_2 electrical contact material. Rare Met Mater Eng. 2014;43(11):2614.
[25] Xiong Q, Wang S, Xie M, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang S. AgSn02electrical contact material prepared by spark plasma sintering.Precious Met. 2013;34(4):12.
[26] Pandey A, Verma P, Pandey OP. Comparison of properties of silver-tin oxide electrical contact materials through different processing routes. Indian J Eng Mater Sci. 2008;15(3):236.
[27] Lungu M, Gavriliu S, Canta T, Lucaci M, Enescu E. Ag-Sn02sintered electrical contacts with ultrafine and uniformlydispersed microstructure. J Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2006;8(2):576.
[28] Lorrain N, Chaffron L, Carry C, Delcroix P, Le Caer G. Kinetics and formation mechanisms of the nanocomposite powder Ag-Sn02 prepared by reactive milling. Mater Sci Eng A. 2004;367:1.
[29] Zoz H, Ren H, Spath S. Improved Ag-Sn02 electrical contact material produced by mechanical alloying. Metallurgy. 1999;53(7-8):423.
[30] Orru R, Licheri R, Locchi AM, Cincotti A, Cao GC. Consolidation/synthesis of materials by electric current activated/assisted sintering. Mater Sci Eng R. 2009;63:127.
[31] Brisson E, Carre P, Desplats H, Rogeon P, Keryvin V, Bonhomme A. Effective thermal and electrical conductivities of AgSn02 during sintering. Part I:experimental characterization and mechanisms. Metall Mater Trans A. 2016;47(12):6304.
[32] Maca K, Pouchly V, Boccaccini AR. Sintering densification curve—a practical approach for its construction from dilatometric shrinkage data. Sci Sinter. 2008;40:117.
[33] Touloukian YS, Kirby RK, Taylor RE, Desai PD. Thermophysical properties of matter, vol. 12. New York:IFI Plenum;1975. 298.
[34] Samsonov GV. In:Samsonov GV, editor. The Oxide Handbook.2nd ed. New York:IFI/Plenum; 1982. 126.
[35] Chang SY, Lin SJ, Flemings MC. Thermal expansion behavior of silver matrix composites. Metall Mater Trans A. 2000;31:291.
[36] Koh JC, Fortini A. Prediction of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of porous metallic materials. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 1973;16:2013.
[37] Montes JM, Cuevas FG, Cintas J. Porosity effect on the electrical conductivity of sintered powder compacts. Appl Phys A.2008;92:375.
[38] Argento C, Bouvard D. Modeling the effective conductivity of random packing of spheres through densification. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 1996;39:1343.