“Beyond saving lives”:Current perspectives of interventional radiology in trauma
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摘要
Interventional radiology(IR) has become an integral part in the management of traumatic injuries.There is an ever-increasing role of IR in traumatic injuries of solid abdominal organs,pelvic and peripheral arteries to control active bleeding by therapeutic embolization or vascular reconstruction using stent grafts.Traditionally,these endovascular treatments have been offered to hemodynamically stable patients.However,in recent times endovascular approach has become preferable to surgery even in hemodynamically unstable patients with injury of surgically difficult-to-access sites.With shifting trends towards non operative management coupled with availability of the current state-of-theart equipments,hardware and technical expertise,IR has gained an impeccable role in trauma management.However,due to lack of awareness and widespread acceptance,IR continues to remain an ocean of unexplored potentialities.
Interventional radiology(IR) has become an integral part in the management of traumatic injuries.There is an ever-increasing role of IR in traumatic injuries of solid abdominal organs,pelvic and peripheral arteries to control active bleeding by therapeutic embolization or vascular reconstruction using stent grafts.Traditionally,these endovascular treatments have been offered to hemodynamically stable patients.However,in recent times endovascular approach has become preferable to surgery even in hemodynamically unstable patients with injury of surgically difficult-to-access sites.With shifting trends towards non operative management coupled with availability of the current state-of-theart equipments,hardware and technical expertise,IR has gained an impeccable role in trauma management.However,due to lack of awareness and widespread acceptance,IR continues to remain an ocean of unexplored potentialities.
Interventional radiology(IR) has become an integral part in the management of traumatic injuries.There is an ever-increasing role of IR in traumatic injuries of solid abdominal organs,pelvic and peripheral arteries to control active bleeding by therapeutic embolization or vascular reconstruction using stent grafts.Traditionally,these endovascular treatments have been offered to hemodynamically stable patients.However,in recent times endovascular approach has become preferable to surgery even in hemodynamically unstable patients with injury of surgically difficult-to-access sites.With shifting trends towards non operative management coupled with availability of the current state-of-theart equipments,hardware and technical expertise,IR has gained an impeccable role in trauma management.However,due to lack of awareness and widespread acceptance,IR continues to remain an ocean of unexplored potentialities.
引文
1 Wallis A,Kelly MD,Jones L.Angiography and embolisation for solid abdominal organ injury in adults-a current perspective.World J Emerg Surg 2010;5:18[PMID:20584325 DOI:10.1186/1749-7922-5-18]
2 Lopera JE.Embolization in trauma:principles and techniques.Semin Intervent Radiol 2010;27:14-28[PMID:21359011 DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1247885]
3 Khanna P,Phan H,Hardy AH,Nolan T,Dong P.Multidisciplinary management of blunt pelvic trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2012;29:187-191[PMID:23997410 DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1326927]
4 Bauer JR,Ray CE.Transcatheter arterial embolization in the trauma patient:a review.Semin Intervent Radiol 2004;21:11-22[PMID:21331105 DOI:10.1055/s-2004-831401]
5 Moore HM,List A,Holden A,Osborne TM.Therapeutic embolization for acute haemorrhage in the abdomen and pelvis.Australas Radiol 2000;44:161-168[PMID:10849978]
6 Gould JE,Vedantham S.The role of interventional radiology in trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2006;23:270-278[PMID:21326773 DOI:10.1055/s-2006-948766]
7 Hoffer EK,Borsa JJ,Bloch RD,Fontaine AB.Endovascular techniques in the damage control setting.Radiographics 1999;19:1340-1348[PMID:10489186]
8 Medsinge A,Zajko A,Orons P,Amesur N,Santos E.A casebased approach to common embolization agents used in vascular interventional radiology.AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014;203:699-708[PMID:25247933 DOI:10.2214/AJR.14.12480]
9 Lubarsky M,Ray CE,Funaki B.Embolization agents-which one should be used when?Part 1:large-vessel embolization.Semin Intervent Radiol 2009;26:352-357[PMID:21326545 DOI:10.1055/s-0029-1242206]
10 Lubarsky M,Ray C,Funaki B.Embolization agents-which one should be used when?Part 2:small-vessel embolization.Semin Intervent Radiol 2010;27:99-104[PMID:21359018 DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1247891]
11 Doklesti?K,Stefanovi?B,Gregori?P,Ivan?evi?N,Lon?ar Z,Jovanovi?B,Bumba?irevi?V,Jeremi?V,Vujadinovi?ST,Stefanovi?B,Mili?N,Karamarkovi?A.Surgical management of AAST grades III-V hepatic trauma by Damage control surgery with perihepatic packing and Definitive hepatic repair-single centre experience.World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:34[PMID:26236391 DOI:10.1186/s13017-015-0031-8]
12 Prichayudh S,Sirinawin C,Sriussadaporn S,Pak-art R,Kritayakirana K,Samorn P,Sriussadaporn S.Management of liver injuries:predictors for the need of operation and damage control surgery.Injury 2014;45:1373-1377[PMID:24613610 DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2014.02.013]
13 Asfar S,Khoursheed M,Al-Saleh M,Alfawaz AA,Farghaly MM,Nur AM.Management of liver trauma in Kuwait.Med Princ Pract2014;23:160-166[PMID:24457986 DOI:10.1159/000358126]
14 Pereira BM.Non-operative management of hepatic trauma and the interventional radiology:an update review.Indian J Surg 2013;75:339-345[PMID:24426473 DOI:10.1007/s12262-012-0712-4]
15 Bilbao JI,Martínez-Cuesta A,Urtasun F,Cosín O.Complications of embolization.Semin Intervent Radiol 2006;23:126-142[PMID:21326756 DOI:10.1055/s-2006-941443]
16 Mohan B,Bhoday HS,Aslam N,Kaur H,Chhabra S,Sood N,Wander G.Hepatic vascular injury:clinical profile,endovascular management and outcomes.Indian Heart J 2013;65:59-65[PMID:23438614 DOI:10.1016/j.ihj.2012.12.011]
17 Gaarder C,Naess PA,Eken T,Skaga NO,Pillgram-Larsen J,Klow NE,Buanes T.Liver injuries--improved results with a formal protocol including angiography.Injury 2007;38:1075-1083[PMID:17706220]
18 Asensio JA,Petrone P,García-Nú?ez L,Kimbrell B,Kuncir E.Multidisciplinary approach for the management of complex hepatic injuries AAST-OIS grades IV-V:a prospective study.Scand J Surg2007;96:214-220[PMID:17966747]
19 Asensio JA,Roldán G,Petrone P,Rojo E,Tillou A,Kuncir E,Demetriades D,Velmahos G,Murray J,Shoemaker WC,Berne TV,Chan L.Operative management and outcomes in 103 AAST-OISgrades IV and V complex hepatic injuries:trauma surgeons still need to operate,but angioembolization helps.J Trauma 2003;54:647-653;discussion 653-654[PMID:12707525]
20 Lin BC,Wong YC,Lim KE,Fang JF,Hsu YP,Kang SC.Management of ongoing arterial haemorrhage after damage control laparotomy:optimal timing and efficacy of transarterial embolisation.Injury 2010;41:44-49[PMID:19539285 DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2009.01.007]
21 Gaba RC,Katz JR,Parvinian A,Reich S,Omene BO,Yap FY,Owens CA,Knuttinen MG,Bui JT.Splenic artery embolization:a single center experience on the safety,efficacy,and clinical outcomes.Diagn Interv Radiol 2013;19:49-55[PMID:22875411DOI:10.4261/1305-3825]
22 Bessoud B,Denys A,Calmes JM,Madoff D,Qanadli S,Schnyder P,Doenz F.Nonoperative management of traumatic splenic injuries:is there a role for proximal splenic artery embolization?AJR Am JRoentgenol 2006;186:779-785[PMID:16498106 DOI:10.2214/AJR.04.1800]
23 Raikhlin A,Baerlocher MO,Asch MR,Myers A.Imaging and transcatheter arterial embolization for traumatic splenic injuries:review of the literature.Can J Surg 2008;51:464-472[PMID:19057735]
24 Ekeh AP,Khalaf S,Ilyas S,Kauffman S,Walusimbi M,Mc Carthy MC.Complications arising from splenic artery embolization:a review of an 11-year experience.Am J Surg 2013;205:250-254;discussion254[PMID:23375704 DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.003]
25 Gaarder C,Dormagen JB,Eken T,Skaga NO,Klow NE,PillgramLarsen J,Buanes T,Naess PA.Nonoperative management of splenic injuries:improved results with angioembolization.J Trauma 2006;61:192-198[PMID:16832270]
26 Chakraverty S,Flood K,Kessel D,Mc Pherson S,Nicholson T,Ray CE,Robertson I,van Delden OM.CIRSE guidelines:quality improvement guidelines for endovascular treatment of traumatic hemorrhage.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:472-482[PMID:22271075 DOI:10.1007/s00270-012-0339-7]
27 Bittenbinder EN,Reed AB.Advances in renal intervention for trauma.Semin Vasc Surg 2013;26:165-169[PMID:25220322DOI:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2014.06.012]
28 Stewart AF,Brewer ME,Daley BJ,Klein FA,Kim ED.Intermediateterm follow-up of patients treated with percutaneous embolization for grade 5 blunt renal trauma.J Trauma 2010;69:468-470[PMID:20699760 DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e5407a]
29 Hotaling JM,Sorensen MD,Smith TG,Rivara FP,Wessells H,Voelzke BB.Analysis of diagnostic angiography and angioembolization in the acute management of renal trauma u Singh A national data set.J Urol 2011;185:1316-1320[PMID:21334643DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.12.003]
30 van der Wilden GM,Velmahos GC,Joseph DK,Jacobs L,Debusk MG,Adams CA,Gross R,Burkott B,Agarwal S,Maung AA,Johnson DC,Gates J,Kelly E,Michaud Y,Charash WE,Winchell RJ,Desjardins SE,Rosenblatt MS,Gupta S,Gaeta M,Chang Y,de Moya MA.Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries:a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma.JAMA Surg 2013;148:924-931[PMID:23945834 DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2747]
31 Menaker J,Joseph B,Stein DM,Scalea TM.Angiointervention:high rates of failure following blunt renal injuries.World J Surg 2011;35:520-527[PMID:21190111 DOI:10.1007/s00268-010-0927-0]
32 Brewer ME,Strnad BT,Daley BJ,Currier RP,Klein FA,Mobley JD,Kim ED.Percutaneous embolization for the management of grade 5 renal trauma in hemodynamically unstable patients:initial experience.J Urol 2009;181:1737-1741[PMID:19233429 DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.100]
33 Starr AJ,Griffin DR,Reinert CM,Frawley WH,Walker J,Whitlock SN,Borer DS,Rao AV,Jones AL.Pelvic ring disruptions:prediction of associated injuries,transfusion requirement,pelvic arteriography,complications,and mortality.J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:553-561[PMID:12352563]
34 Smith W,Williams A,Agudelo J,Shannon M,Morgan S,Stahel P,Moore E.Early predictors of mortality in hemodynamically unstable pelvis fractures.J Orthop Trauma 2007;21:31-37[PMID:17211266]
35 Pohlemann T,Bosch U,G?nsslen A,Tscherne H.The Hannover experience in management of pelvic fractures.Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994;(305):69-80[PMID:8050249]
36 Eastridge BJ,Burgess AR.Pedestrian pelvic fractures:5-year experience of a major urban trauma center.J Trauma 1997;42:695-700[PMID:9157205]
37 Riemer BL,Butterfield SL,Diamond DL,Young JC,Raves JJ,Cottington E,Kislan K.Acute mortality associated with injuries to the pelvic ring:the role of early patient mobilization and external fixation.J Trauma 1993;35:671-675 discussion 676-677[PMID:8230327]
38 Balogh Z,King KL,Mackay P,Mc Dougall D,Mackenzie S,Evans JA,Lyons T,Deane SA.The epidemiology of pelvic ring fractures:a population-based study.J Trauma 2007;63:1066-1073;discussion 1072-1073[PMID:17993952]
39 Hoffer EK.Transcatheter embolization in the treatment of hemorrhage in pelvic trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2008;25:281-292[PMID:21326518 DOI:10.1055/s-0028-1085928]
40 Broadwell SR,Ray CE.Transcatheter embolization in pelvic trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2004;21:23-35[PMID:21331106DOI:10.1055/s-2004-831402]
41 Fu CY,Wang YC,Wu SC,Chen RJ,Hsieh CH,Huang HC,Huang JC,Lu CW,Huang YC.Angioembolization provides benefits in patients with concomitant unstable pelvic fracture and unstable hemodynamics.Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:207-213[PMID:21159470 DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.005]
42 Agolini SF,Shah K,Jaffe J,Newcomb J,Rhodes M,Reed JF.Arterial embolization is a rapid and effective technique for controlling pelvic fracture hemorrhage.J Trauma 1997;43:395-399[PMID:9314298]
43 Velmahos GC,Chahwan S,Hanks SE,Murray JA,Berne TV,Asensio J,Demetriades D.Angiographic embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries to control life-threatening hemorrhage after blunt trauma to the pelvis.Am Surg 2000;66:858-862[PMID:10993617]
44 Salazar GM,Walker TG.Evaluation and management of acute vascular trauma.Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2009;12:102-116[PMID:19853228 DOI:10.1053/j.tvir.2009.08.004]
45 Katsanos K,Sabharwal T,Carrell T,Dourado R,Adam A.Peripheral endografts for the treatment of traumatic arterial injuries.Emerg Radiol 2009;16:175-184[PMID:18941810 DOI:10.1007/s10140-008-0771-9]
46 Shin JS,Shin JH,Ko HK,Kim JW,Yoon HK.Transcatheter arterial embolization for traumatic mesenteric bleeding:a 15-year,singlecenter experience.Diagn Interv Radiol 2016;22:385-389[PMID:27306658 DOI:10.5152/dir.2016.15413]
47 Steenburg SD,Ravenel JG,Ikonomidis JS,Sch?nholz C,Reeves S.Acute traumatic aortic injury:imaging evaluation and management.Radiology 2008;248:748-762[PMID:18710974 DOI:10.1148/radiol.2483071416]
48 Brenner ML,Moore LJ,Du Bose JJ,Tyson GH,Mc Nutt MK,Albarado RP,Holcomb JB,Scalea TM,Rasmussen TE.A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation.J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;75:506-511[PMID:24089121 DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31829e5416]
49 Radvany MG,Gailloud P.Endovascular management of neurovascular arterial injuries in the face and neck.Semin Intervent Radiol2010;27:44-54[PMID:21359014 DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1247888]
50 Matsumoto J,Lohman BD,Morimoto K,Ichinose Y,Hattori T,Taira Y.Damage control interventional radiology(DCIR)in prompt and rapid endovascular strategies in trauma occasions(PRESTO):A new paradigm.Diagn Interv Imaging 2015;96:687-691[PMID:26119866 DOI:10.1016/j.diii.2015.06.001]
2 Lopera JE.Embolization in trauma:principles and techniques.Semin Intervent Radiol 2010;27:14-28[PMID:21359011 DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1247885]
3 Khanna P,Phan H,Hardy AH,Nolan T,Dong P.Multidisciplinary management of blunt pelvic trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2012;29:187-191[PMID:23997410 DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1326927]
4 Bauer JR,Ray CE.Transcatheter arterial embolization in the trauma patient:a review.Semin Intervent Radiol 2004;21:11-22[PMID:21331105 DOI:10.1055/s-2004-831401]
5 Moore HM,List A,Holden A,Osborne TM.Therapeutic embolization for acute haemorrhage in the abdomen and pelvis.Australas Radiol 2000;44:161-168[PMID:10849978]
6 Gould JE,Vedantham S.The role of interventional radiology in trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2006;23:270-278[PMID:21326773 DOI:10.1055/s-2006-948766]
7 Hoffer EK,Borsa JJ,Bloch RD,Fontaine AB.Endovascular techniques in the damage control setting.Radiographics 1999;19:1340-1348[PMID:10489186]
8 Medsinge A,Zajko A,Orons P,Amesur N,Santos E.A casebased approach to common embolization agents used in vascular interventional radiology.AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014;203:699-708[PMID:25247933 DOI:10.2214/AJR.14.12480]
9 Lubarsky M,Ray CE,Funaki B.Embolization agents-which one should be used when?Part 1:large-vessel embolization.Semin Intervent Radiol 2009;26:352-357[PMID:21326545 DOI:10.1055/s-0029-1242206]
10 Lubarsky M,Ray C,Funaki B.Embolization agents-which one should be used when?Part 2:small-vessel embolization.Semin Intervent Radiol 2010;27:99-104[PMID:21359018 DOI:10.1055/s-0030-1247891]
11 Doklesti?K,Stefanovi?B,Gregori?P,Ivan?evi?N,Lon?ar Z,Jovanovi?B,Bumba?irevi?V,Jeremi?V,Vujadinovi?ST,Stefanovi?B,Mili?N,Karamarkovi?A.Surgical management of AAST grades III-V hepatic trauma by Damage control surgery with perihepatic packing and Definitive hepatic repair-single centre experience.World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:34[PMID:26236391 DOI:10.1186/s13017-015-0031-8]
12 Prichayudh S,Sirinawin C,Sriussadaporn S,Pak-art R,Kritayakirana K,Samorn P,Sriussadaporn S.Management of liver injuries:predictors for the need of operation and damage control surgery.Injury 2014;45:1373-1377[PMID:24613610 DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2014.02.013]
13 Asfar S,Khoursheed M,Al-Saleh M,Alfawaz AA,Farghaly MM,Nur AM.Management of liver trauma in Kuwait.Med Princ Pract2014;23:160-166[PMID:24457986 DOI:10.1159/000358126]
14 Pereira BM.Non-operative management of hepatic trauma and the interventional radiology:an update review.Indian J Surg 2013;75:339-345[PMID:24426473 DOI:10.1007/s12262-012-0712-4]
15 Bilbao JI,Martínez-Cuesta A,Urtasun F,Cosín O.Complications of embolization.Semin Intervent Radiol 2006;23:126-142[PMID:21326756 DOI:10.1055/s-2006-941443]
16 Mohan B,Bhoday HS,Aslam N,Kaur H,Chhabra S,Sood N,Wander G.Hepatic vascular injury:clinical profile,endovascular management and outcomes.Indian Heart J 2013;65:59-65[PMID:23438614 DOI:10.1016/j.ihj.2012.12.011]
17 Gaarder C,Naess PA,Eken T,Skaga NO,Pillgram-Larsen J,Klow NE,Buanes T.Liver injuries--improved results with a formal protocol including angiography.Injury 2007;38:1075-1083[PMID:17706220]
18 Asensio JA,Petrone P,García-Nú?ez L,Kimbrell B,Kuncir E.Multidisciplinary approach for the management of complex hepatic injuries AAST-OIS grades IV-V:a prospective study.Scand J Surg2007;96:214-220[PMID:17966747]
19 Asensio JA,Roldán G,Petrone P,Rojo E,Tillou A,Kuncir E,Demetriades D,Velmahos G,Murray J,Shoemaker WC,Berne TV,Chan L.Operative management and outcomes in 103 AAST-OISgrades IV and V complex hepatic injuries:trauma surgeons still need to operate,but angioembolization helps.J Trauma 2003;54:647-653;discussion 653-654[PMID:12707525]
20 Lin BC,Wong YC,Lim KE,Fang JF,Hsu YP,Kang SC.Management of ongoing arterial haemorrhage after damage control laparotomy:optimal timing and efficacy of transarterial embolisation.Injury 2010;41:44-49[PMID:19539285 DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2009.01.007]
21 Gaba RC,Katz JR,Parvinian A,Reich S,Omene BO,Yap FY,Owens CA,Knuttinen MG,Bui JT.Splenic artery embolization:a single center experience on the safety,efficacy,and clinical outcomes.Diagn Interv Radiol 2013;19:49-55[PMID:22875411DOI:10.4261/1305-3825]
22 Bessoud B,Denys A,Calmes JM,Madoff D,Qanadli S,Schnyder P,Doenz F.Nonoperative management of traumatic splenic injuries:is there a role for proximal splenic artery embolization?AJR Am JRoentgenol 2006;186:779-785[PMID:16498106 DOI:10.2214/AJR.04.1800]
23 Raikhlin A,Baerlocher MO,Asch MR,Myers A.Imaging and transcatheter arterial embolization for traumatic splenic injuries:review of the literature.Can J Surg 2008;51:464-472[PMID:19057735]
24 Ekeh AP,Khalaf S,Ilyas S,Kauffman S,Walusimbi M,Mc Carthy MC.Complications arising from splenic artery embolization:a review of an 11-year experience.Am J Surg 2013;205:250-254;discussion254[PMID:23375704 DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.01.003]
25 Gaarder C,Dormagen JB,Eken T,Skaga NO,Klow NE,PillgramLarsen J,Buanes T,Naess PA.Nonoperative management of splenic injuries:improved results with angioembolization.J Trauma 2006;61:192-198[PMID:16832270]
26 Chakraverty S,Flood K,Kessel D,Mc Pherson S,Nicholson T,Ray CE,Robertson I,van Delden OM.CIRSE guidelines:quality improvement guidelines for endovascular treatment of traumatic hemorrhage.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:472-482[PMID:22271075 DOI:10.1007/s00270-012-0339-7]
27 Bittenbinder EN,Reed AB.Advances in renal intervention for trauma.Semin Vasc Surg 2013;26:165-169[PMID:25220322DOI:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2014.06.012]
28 Stewart AF,Brewer ME,Daley BJ,Klein FA,Kim ED.Intermediateterm follow-up of patients treated with percutaneous embolization for grade 5 blunt renal trauma.J Trauma 2010;69:468-470[PMID:20699760 DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e5407a]
29 Hotaling JM,Sorensen MD,Smith TG,Rivara FP,Wessells H,Voelzke BB.Analysis of diagnostic angiography and angioembolization in the acute management of renal trauma u Singh A national data set.J Urol 2011;185:1316-1320[PMID:21334643DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.12.003]
30 van der Wilden GM,Velmahos GC,Joseph DK,Jacobs L,Debusk MG,Adams CA,Gross R,Burkott B,Agarwal S,Maung AA,Johnson DC,Gates J,Kelly E,Michaud Y,Charash WE,Winchell RJ,Desjardins SE,Rosenblatt MS,Gupta S,Gaeta M,Chang Y,de Moya MA.Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries:a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma.JAMA Surg 2013;148:924-931[PMID:23945834 DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2747]
31 Menaker J,Joseph B,Stein DM,Scalea TM.Angiointervention:high rates of failure following blunt renal injuries.World J Surg 2011;35:520-527[PMID:21190111 DOI:10.1007/s00268-010-0927-0]
32 Brewer ME,Strnad BT,Daley BJ,Currier RP,Klein FA,Mobley JD,Kim ED.Percutaneous embolization for the management of grade 5 renal trauma in hemodynamically unstable patients:initial experience.J Urol 2009;181:1737-1741[PMID:19233429 DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.100]
33 Starr AJ,Griffin DR,Reinert CM,Frawley WH,Walker J,Whitlock SN,Borer DS,Rao AV,Jones AL.Pelvic ring disruptions:prediction of associated injuries,transfusion requirement,pelvic arteriography,complications,and mortality.J Orthop Trauma 2002;16:553-561[PMID:12352563]
34 Smith W,Williams A,Agudelo J,Shannon M,Morgan S,Stahel P,Moore E.Early predictors of mortality in hemodynamically unstable pelvis fractures.J Orthop Trauma 2007;21:31-37[PMID:17211266]
35 Pohlemann T,Bosch U,G?nsslen A,Tscherne H.The Hannover experience in management of pelvic fractures.Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994;(305):69-80[PMID:8050249]
36 Eastridge BJ,Burgess AR.Pedestrian pelvic fractures:5-year experience of a major urban trauma center.J Trauma 1997;42:695-700[PMID:9157205]
37 Riemer BL,Butterfield SL,Diamond DL,Young JC,Raves JJ,Cottington E,Kislan K.Acute mortality associated with injuries to the pelvic ring:the role of early patient mobilization and external fixation.J Trauma 1993;35:671-675 discussion 676-677[PMID:8230327]
38 Balogh Z,King KL,Mackay P,Mc Dougall D,Mackenzie S,Evans JA,Lyons T,Deane SA.The epidemiology of pelvic ring fractures:a population-based study.J Trauma 2007;63:1066-1073;discussion 1072-1073[PMID:17993952]
39 Hoffer EK.Transcatheter embolization in the treatment of hemorrhage in pelvic trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2008;25:281-292[PMID:21326518 DOI:10.1055/s-0028-1085928]
40 Broadwell SR,Ray CE.Transcatheter embolization in pelvic trauma.Semin Intervent Radiol 2004;21:23-35[PMID:21331106DOI:10.1055/s-2004-831402]
41 Fu CY,Wang YC,Wu SC,Chen RJ,Hsieh CH,Huang HC,Huang JC,Lu CW,Huang YC.Angioembolization provides benefits in patients with concomitant unstable pelvic fracture and unstable hemodynamics.Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:207-213[PMID:21159470 DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.005]
42 Agolini SF,Shah K,Jaffe J,Newcomb J,Rhodes M,Reed JF.Arterial embolization is a rapid and effective technique for controlling pelvic fracture hemorrhage.J Trauma 1997;43:395-399[PMID:9314298]
43 Velmahos GC,Chahwan S,Hanks SE,Murray JA,Berne TV,Asensio J,Demetriades D.Angiographic embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries to control life-threatening hemorrhage after blunt trauma to the pelvis.Am Surg 2000;66:858-862[PMID:10993617]
44 Salazar GM,Walker TG.Evaluation and management of acute vascular trauma.Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2009;12:102-116[PMID:19853228 DOI:10.1053/j.tvir.2009.08.004]
45 Katsanos K,Sabharwal T,Carrell T,Dourado R,Adam A.Peripheral endografts for the treatment of traumatic arterial injuries.Emerg Radiol 2009;16:175-184[PMID:18941810 DOI:10.1007/s10140-008-0771-9]
46 Shin JS,Shin JH,Ko HK,Kim JW,Yoon HK.Transcatheter arterial embolization for traumatic mesenteric bleeding:a 15-year,singlecenter experience.Diagn Interv Radiol 2016;22:385-389[PMID:27306658 DOI:10.5152/dir.2016.15413]
47 Steenburg SD,Ravenel JG,Ikonomidis JS,Sch?nholz C,Reeves S.Acute traumatic aortic injury:imaging evaluation and management.Radiology 2008;248:748-762[PMID:18710974 DOI:10.1148/radiol.2483071416]
48 Brenner ML,Moore LJ,Du Bose JJ,Tyson GH,Mc Nutt MK,Albarado RP,Holcomb JB,Scalea TM,Rasmussen TE.A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation.J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;75:506-511[PMID:24089121 DOI:10.1097/TA.0b013e31829e5416]
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