美国新教来华女传教士“边疆意识”结构分析
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摘要
边疆既是一个地理实体,更是一个文化概念,是一个以"归化"程度为基准在空间上不断向外推进的活动带。对于美国来华新教女传教士研究而言,中国边疆既是实现自我价值的机遇,也是对故土"纯正女性风范"的挑战。她们的边疆意识是由女性身份与宗教、国家、种族这三个外在强势身份共谋与反抗的结果。对其边疆意识的结构性分析有助于了解美国妇女运动和国家发展之间的复杂协商关系。
Frontier is a cultural concept more than a geographical entity; more accurately, it could be a space of movement that expands outward based on "domestication". Research on Protestant missionary women who came to China shows that Chinese frontiers meant for these missionary women both a challenge to their "True Womanhood" of their homeland and an opportunity of self-realization.Their consciousness of frontiers resulted from the harmony and tensions between their female identity and their other three powerful identities in one, namely, their Christian identity, their American national identity and their white racial identity. A structural analysis of their frontier consciousness can help understand the complex relationship between American women's movement and nation state building of the United States.
Frontier is a cultural concept more than a geographical entity; more accurately, it could be a space of movement that expands outward based on "domestication". Research on Protestant missionary women who came to China shows that Chinese frontiers meant for these missionary women both a challenge to their "True Womanhood" of their homeland and an opportunity of self-realization.Their consciousness of frontiers resulted from the harmony and tensions between their female identity and their other three powerful identities in one, namely, their Christian identity, their American national identity and their white racial identity. A structural analysis of their frontier consciousness can help understand the complex relationship between American women's movement and nation state building of the United States.
引文
[1]Frederick Jackson Turner.The Significance of the Frontier in American History(1893)[A].in Frontier and Section:Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner[C].Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1961.
[2]John K.Fairbank.Assignment for the 70's[J].The American Historical Review,1969,74(3).
[3]Clifton J.Philips.The Student Volunteer Movement and Its Role in China Missions,1886-1920[A].in John K.Fairbank,ed..The Missionary Enterprise in China and America[C].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1974.
[4]Sherwood Eddy.Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade[M].New York:Abingdon-Cokesburry Press,1945.
[5]Carroll Smith-Rosenberg.Beauty,the Beast,the Militant Woman:A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America[A].in Disorderly Conduct:Visions of Gender in Victorian America[C].New York:A.A.Knopf,1985.
[6]M.Searle Bates.The Theology of American Missionaries in China,1900-1950[A].in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John K.Fairbank eds..The Missionary Enterprise in China&America[C].Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,1974.
[7]Alice Gregg.China and Educational Autonomy:The Changing Role of the Protestant Educational Mission in China,1807-1937[M].New York:Syracuse University Press,1946.
[8]Jane Hunter.The Gospel of Gentility:American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China[M].New Haven and London:Yale University,1984.
[9]Naomi R.Goldenberg.Changing of the Gods:Feminism and the End of Traditional Religions[M].Boston:Beacon Press,1979.
[10]Excerpts from Vatican's Declaration Affirmation Prohibition on Women Priests[N].New York Times,January 28,1977.
[11]R.Pierce Beaver.American Protestant Women in World Mission:History of the First Feminist Movement in North America[M].Grand Rapids:William B.Eerdmans,1968.
[12]Patricia R.Hill.The World Their Household:The American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation,1870-1920[M].Ann Arbor,Michigan:University of Michigan Press,1985.
[13]Amy Kaplan.Manifest Domesticity[J].American Literature,1998,70(3).
[14]Alice Tisdale Hobart.Pioneering Where the World Is Old[M].New York:Henry Holt and Company,1917.
[15]Sarah J.Hale.An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies'Medical Missionary Society[J].Godey's Lady's Book,1852(March).
[16]Carl T.Smith.The Protestant Church and the Improvement of Women's Status in Nineteenth-Century China[J].Ching Feng,1977,20(2).
[17]Kwok Pui-lan.Chinese Women and Christianity,1860-1927[M].Atlanta,Georgia:Scholars Press,1991.
[18]Janet Lee.Between Subordination and She-Tiger:Social Constructions of White Femininity in the Lives of Single,Protestant Missionaries in China,1905-1930[J].Women's Studies International Forum,1996,19(6).
[2]John K.Fairbank.Assignment for the 70's[J].The American Historical Review,1969,74(3).
[3]Clifton J.Philips.The Student Volunteer Movement and Its Role in China Missions,1886-1920[A].in John K.Fairbank,ed..The Missionary Enterprise in China and America[C].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1974.
[4]Sherwood Eddy.Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade[M].New York:Abingdon-Cokesburry Press,1945.
[5]Carroll Smith-Rosenberg.Beauty,the Beast,the Militant Woman:A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America[A].in Disorderly Conduct:Visions of Gender in Victorian America[C].New York:A.A.Knopf,1985.
[6]M.Searle Bates.The Theology of American Missionaries in China,1900-1950[A].in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John K.Fairbank eds..The Missionary Enterprise in China&America[C].Cambridge and London:Harvard University Press,1974.
[7]Alice Gregg.China and Educational Autonomy:The Changing Role of the Protestant Educational Mission in China,1807-1937[M].New York:Syracuse University Press,1946.
[8]Jane Hunter.The Gospel of Gentility:American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China[M].New Haven and London:Yale University,1984.
[9]Naomi R.Goldenberg.Changing of the Gods:Feminism and the End of Traditional Religions[M].Boston:Beacon Press,1979.
[10]Excerpts from Vatican's Declaration Affirmation Prohibition on Women Priests[N].New York Times,January 28,1977.
[11]R.Pierce Beaver.American Protestant Women in World Mission:History of the First Feminist Movement in North America[M].Grand Rapids:William B.Eerdmans,1968.
[12]Patricia R.Hill.The World Their Household:The American Woman's Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation,1870-1920[M].Ann Arbor,Michigan:University of Michigan Press,1985.
[13]Amy Kaplan.Manifest Domesticity[J].American Literature,1998,70(3).
[14]Alice Tisdale Hobart.Pioneering Where the World Is Old[M].New York:Henry Holt and Company,1917.
[15]Sarah J.Hale.An Appeal to the American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies'Medical Missionary Society[J].Godey's Lady's Book,1852(March).
[16]Carl T.Smith.The Protestant Church and the Improvement of Women's Status in Nineteenth-Century China[J].Ching Feng,1977,20(2).
[17]Kwok Pui-lan.Chinese Women and Christianity,1860-1927[M].Atlanta,Georgia:Scholars Press,1991.
[18]Janet Lee.Between Subordination and She-Tiger:Social Constructions of White Femininity in the Lives of Single,Protestant Missionaries in China,1905-1930[J].Women's Studies International Forum,1996,19(6).