A new device for deep cervical artificial insemination in gilts reduces the number of sperm per dose without impairing final reproductive performance
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摘要
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of a new artificial insemination(AI) device specifically designed for gilts(Deep cervical AI, Dp-CAI) by means of which the sperm is deposited deeply in the cervix(8 cm more cranial than in traditional cervical insemination-CAI). New AI techniques have arisen in recent decades in the porcine industry, such as post-cervical artificial insemination(PCAI), which involves depositing the sperm in the body of the uterus [through a catheter(outer tube)-cannula(inner tube)] rather than by CAI. Although the PCAI method has been successfully applied in farm conditions to reduce sperm doses without impairing the reproductive performance, this technique has limitations in gilts mainly because of the difficulty involved in introducing the inner cannula through the cranial part of the cervix. For this reason, the Dp-CAI method described herein may be considered as an alternative to CAI and PCAI methods in gilts.Results: Gilts were divided in two experimental groups: 1) Dp-CAI: gilts(n = 1166) inseminated using 1.5 × 109 sperm/45 m L; 2) CAI(as a control group): gilts(n = 130) inseminated using 2.5 × 10~9 sperm/85 mL. The Dp-CAI method was successfully applied in 88.90% of the gilts, with no differences detected between gilts with 1 or 2 previous oestrus cycles, although the catheter could be introduced more deeply in 2 oestrus gilts(P < 0.05). As the length of the insemination device that could not be introduced increased(at the moment of insemination), so the success rate of the Dp-CAI device fell, as did the total number of piglets born. When the reproductive output in CAI and Dp-CAI was compared, none of the parameters analysed [pregnancy and farrowing rates(%), and number of piglets born(total and live)] showed significant differences.Conclusions: The use of the Dp-CAI technique provides a new AI method as an alternative to CAI and PCAI for pigs. The device, especially designed for gilts, was used with a high degree of success reducing conventional sperm doses without impairing reproductive parameters.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of a new artificial insemination(AI) device specifically designed for gilts(Deep cervical AI, Dp-CAI) by means of which the sperm is deposited deeply in the cervix(8 cm more cranial than in traditional cervical insemination-CAI). New AI techniques have arisen in recent decades in the porcine industry, such as post-cervical artificial insemination(PCAI), which involves depositing the sperm in the body of the uterus [through a catheter(outer tube)-cannula(inner tube)] rather than by CAI. Although the PCAI method has been successfully applied in farm conditions to reduce sperm doses without impairing the reproductive performance, this technique has limitations in gilts mainly because of the difficulty involved in introducing the inner cannula through the cranial part of the cervix. For this reason, the Dp-CAI method described herein may be considered as an alternative to CAI and PCAI methods in gilts.Results: Gilts were divided in two experimental groups: 1) Dp-CAI: gilts(n = 1166) inseminated using 1.5 × 109 sperm/45 m L; 2) CAI(as a control group): gilts(n = 130) inseminated using 2.5 × 10~9 sperm/85 mL. The Dp-CAI method was successfully applied in 88.90% of the gilts, with no differences detected between gilts with 1 or 2 previous oestrus cycles, although the catheter could be introduced more deeply in 2 oestrus gilts(P < 0.05). As the length of the insemination device that could not be introduced increased(at the moment of insemination), so the success rate of the Dp-CAI device fell, as did the total number of piglets born. When the reproductive output in CAI and Dp-CAI was compared, none of the parameters analysed [pregnancy and farrowing rates(%), and number of piglets born(total and live)] showed significant differences.Conclusions: The use of the Dp-CAI technique provides a new AI method as an alternative to CAI and PCAI for pigs. The device, especially designed for gilts, was used with a high degree of success reducing conventional sperm doses without impairing reproductive parameters.
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of a new artificial insemination(AI) device specifically designed for gilts(Deep cervical AI, Dp-CAI) by means of which the sperm is deposited deeply in the cervix(8 cm more cranial than in traditional cervical insemination-CAI). New AI techniques have arisen in recent decades in the porcine industry, such as post-cervical artificial insemination(PCAI), which involves depositing the sperm in the body of the uterus [through a catheter(outer tube)-cannula(inner tube)] rather than by CAI. Although the PCAI method has been successfully applied in farm conditions to reduce sperm doses without impairing the reproductive performance, this technique has limitations in gilts mainly because of the difficulty involved in introducing the inner cannula through the cranial part of the cervix. For this reason, the Dp-CAI method described herein may be considered as an alternative to CAI and PCAI methods in gilts.Results: Gilts were divided in two experimental groups: 1) Dp-CAI: gilts(n = 1166) inseminated using 1.5 × 109 sperm/45 m L; 2) CAI(as a control group): gilts(n = 130) inseminated using 2.5 × 10~9 sperm/85 mL. The Dp-CAI method was successfully applied in 88.90% of the gilts, with no differences detected between gilts with 1 or 2 previous oestrus cycles, although the catheter could be introduced more deeply in 2 oestrus gilts(P < 0.05). As the length of the insemination device that could not be introduced increased(at the moment of insemination), so the success rate of the Dp-CAI device fell, as did the total number of piglets born. When the reproductive output in CAI and Dp-CAI was compared, none of the parameters analysed [pregnancy and farrowing rates(%), and number of piglets born(total and live)] showed significant differences.Conclusions: The use of the Dp-CAI technique provides a new AI method as an alternative to CAI and PCAI for pigs. The device, especially designed for gilts, was used with a high degree of success reducing conventional sperm doses without impairing reproductive parameters.
引文
1.Vazquez JM,Roca J,Gil MA,Cuello C,Parrilla I,Vazquez JL,et al.New developments in low-dose insemination technology.Theriogenology.2008;70:1216-24.
2.Riesenbeck A.Review on international trade with boar semen.Reprod Domest Anim.2011;46:1-3.
3.Knox RV.Artificial insemination in pigs today.Theriogenology.2016;85:83-93.
4.Roca J,Vázquez JM,Gil MA,Cuello C,Parrilla I,Martinez EA.Challenges in pig artificial insemination.Reprod Domest Anim.2006;41:43-53.
5.Roca J,Parrilla I,Bolarin A,Martinez EA,Rodriguez-Martinez H.Will AI in pigs become more efficient?Theriogenology.2016;86:187-93.
6.Bortolozzo FP,Menegat MB,Mellagi APG,Bernardi ML,Wentz I.New artificial insemination technologies for swine.Reprod Domest Anim.2015;50:80-4.
7.Watson PF,Behan JR.Intrauterine insemination of sows with reduced sperm numbers:results of a commercially based field trial.Theriogenology.2002;57:1683-93.
8.Hernández-Caravaca I,Izquierdo-Rico MJ,Matás C,Carvajal JA,Vieira L,Abril D,et al.Reproductive performance and backflow study in cervical and postcervical artificial insemination in sows.Anim Reprod Sci.2012;136:14-22.
10.Soriano-úbeda C,Matás C,García-Vázquez FA..An overview of swine artificial insemination:retrospective,current and prospective aspects.J Exp Appl Anim Sci.2013;1:67-97.
11.Dallanora D,Mezalira A,Katzer LH,Bernardi ML,Bortolozzo FP,Wentz I,et al.Desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas inseminadas pela técnica intrauterina ou tradicional.Pesq Agrop Brasileira.2004;39:815-9.
12.Mezalira A,Dallanora D,Bernardi M,Wentz I,Bortolozzo F.Influence of sperm cell dose and post-insemination backflow on reproductive performance of intrauterine inseminated sows.Reprod Domest Anim.2005;40:1-5.
13.Gonzalez-Pena D,Knox RV,Rodriguez-Zas SL.Contribution of semen trait selection,artificial insemination technique,and semen dose to the profitability of pig production systems:a simulation study.Theriogenology.2016;85:335-44.
14.Bennemann PE,Milbradt E,Diehl GN,Weber D,Schimidt ACT,Bernardi ML,et al.Reproductive performance of sows submitted to intrauterine insemination at different pre-ovulatory intervals.Anim Reprod.2004;1:106-10.
15.Diehl GN,Amaral Filha WMS,Kummer R,Koller FL,Bernardi ML,Wentz I,et al.Nova pipeta para insemina??o intra-uterina em suínos.Ciência rural.Santa Maria RS.2006;36:179-85.
16.Sbardella PE,Ulguim RR,Fontana DL,Ferrari CV,Bernardi ML,Wentz I,et al.The post-cervical insemination does not impair the reproductive performance of primiparous sows.Reprod Domest Anim.2014;49:59-64.
17.Hernández-Caravaca I,Llamas-López PJ,Izquierdo-Rico MJ,Soriano-úbeda C,Matás C,Gardón JC,et al.Optimization of post-cervical artificial insemination in gilts:effect of cervical relaxation procedures and catheter type.Theriogenology.2017;90:147-52.
18.García-Vázquez FA,Llamas-López PJ,Jacome MA,Sarrias-Gil L,López Albors O.Morphological changes in the porcine cervix:A comparison between nulliparous and multiparous sows with regard to post-cervical artificial insemination.Therigenology.2019;in press.
19.Behan JR,Watson PF.A field investigation of intra-cervical insemination with reduced sperm numbers in gilts.Theriogenology.2006;66:338-43.
20.Kraeling RR,Webel SK.Current strategies for reproductive management of gilts and sows in North America.J Anim Sci Biotechnol.2015;6:3.
21.Chantziaras I,Dewulf J,Van Limbergen T,Klinkenberg M,Palzer A,Pineiro C,et al.Factors associated with specific health,welfare and reproductive performance indicators in pig herds from five EU countries.Prev Vet Med.2018;159:106-14.
22.Bortolozzo FP,Bernardi ML,Kummer R,Wentz I.Growth,body state and breeding performance in gilts and primiparous sows.Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl.2009;66:281-91.
23.Broekhuijse ML,Gaustad AH,Bolarin Guillén A,Knol EF.Efficient boar semen production and genetic contribution:the impact of low-dose artificial insemination on fertility.Reprod Domest Anim.2015;50:103-9.
24.Elmes M,Szyszka A,Pauliat C,Clifford B,Daniel Z,Cheng Z,et al.Maternal age effects on myometrial expression of contractile proteins,uterine gene expression,and contractile activity during labor in the rat.Physiol Rep 2015;3(4):e12305.
25.Baez GM,Barletta RV,Guenther JN,Gaska JN,Wiltbank MC.Effect of uterine size on fertility of lactating dairy cows.Theriogenology.2016;85:1357-66.
26.Emmerson S,Young N,Rosamilia A,Parkinson L,Edwards SL,Vashi AV,et al.Ovine multiparity is associated with diminished vaginal muscularis,increased elastic fibres and vaginal wall weakness:implication for pelvic organ prolapse.Sci Rep.2017;7:45709.
27.Tummaruk P,Kesdangsakonwut S.Uterine size in replacement gilts associated with age,body weight,growth rate,and reproductive status.Czech J Anim Sci.2014;59:511-8.
28.Tarocco C,Kirkwood R.Vaginal length is not related to subsequent litter size of gilts.J Swine Health Prod.2002;10:125-6.
29.Martín-Rillo SM,de Alba Romero C,Romero-Rodriguez A,Cidoncha R,Ziecik AJ.Litter size and vagina-cervix catheter penetration length in gilts.Reprod Domest Anim.2001;36:297-300.
30.Vianna WL,Pinese ME,de Campos Rosseto A,Bombonato PP,Rodrigues PHM.de Sant'Anna Moretti a.relationship between prenatal survival rate at70 days of gestation and morphometric parameters of vagina,uterus and placenta in gilts.Reprod Domest Anim.2004;39:381-4.
31.Sumransap P,Tummaruk P,Kunavongkrit A.Sperm distribution in the reproductive tract of sows after intrauterine insemination.Reprod Domest Anim.2007;42:113-7.
32.Steverink DWB,Soede NM,Bouwman EG,Kemp B.Semen backflow after insemination and its effect on fertilisation results in sows.Anim Reprod Sci.1998;54:109-19.
2.Riesenbeck A.Review on international trade with boar semen.Reprod Domest Anim.2011;46:1-3.
3.Knox RV.Artificial insemination in pigs today.Theriogenology.2016;85:83-93.
4.Roca J,Vázquez JM,Gil MA,Cuello C,Parrilla I,Martinez EA.Challenges in pig artificial insemination.Reprod Domest Anim.2006;41:43-53.
5.Roca J,Parrilla I,Bolarin A,Martinez EA,Rodriguez-Martinez H.Will AI in pigs become more efficient?Theriogenology.2016;86:187-93.
6.Bortolozzo FP,Menegat MB,Mellagi APG,Bernardi ML,Wentz I.New artificial insemination technologies for swine.Reprod Domest Anim.2015;50:80-4.
7.Watson PF,Behan JR.Intrauterine insemination of sows with reduced sperm numbers:results of a commercially based field trial.Theriogenology.2002;57:1683-93.
8.Hernández-Caravaca I,Izquierdo-Rico MJ,Matás C,Carvajal JA,Vieira L,Abril D,et al.Reproductive performance and backflow study in cervical and postcervical artificial insemination in sows.Anim Reprod Sci.2012;136:14-22.
10.Soriano-úbeda C,Matás C,García-Vázquez FA..An overview of swine artificial insemination:retrospective,current and prospective aspects.J Exp Appl Anim Sci.2013;1:67-97.
11.Dallanora D,Mezalira A,Katzer LH,Bernardi ML,Bortolozzo FP,Wentz I,et al.Desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas inseminadas pela técnica intrauterina ou tradicional.Pesq Agrop Brasileira.2004;39:815-9.
12.Mezalira A,Dallanora D,Bernardi M,Wentz I,Bortolozzo F.Influence of sperm cell dose and post-insemination backflow on reproductive performance of intrauterine inseminated sows.Reprod Domest Anim.2005;40:1-5.
13.Gonzalez-Pena D,Knox RV,Rodriguez-Zas SL.Contribution of semen trait selection,artificial insemination technique,and semen dose to the profitability of pig production systems:a simulation study.Theriogenology.2016;85:335-44.
14.Bennemann PE,Milbradt E,Diehl GN,Weber D,Schimidt ACT,Bernardi ML,et al.Reproductive performance of sows submitted to intrauterine insemination at different pre-ovulatory intervals.Anim Reprod.2004;1:106-10.
15.Diehl GN,Amaral Filha WMS,Kummer R,Koller FL,Bernardi ML,Wentz I,et al.Nova pipeta para insemina??o intra-uterina em suínos.Ciência rural.Santa Maria RS.2006;36:179-85.
16.Sbardella PE,Ulguim RR,Fontana DL,Ferrari CV,Bernardi ML,Wentz I,et al.The post-cervical insemination does not impair the reproductive performance of primiparous sows.Reprod Domest Anim.2014;49:59-64.
17.Hernández-Caravaca I,Llamas-López PJ,Izquierdo-Rico MJ,Soriano-úbeda C,Matás C,Gardón JC,et al.Optimization of post-cervical artificial insemination in gilts:effect of cervical relaxation procedures and catheter type.Theriogenology.2017;90:147-52.
18.García-Vázquez FA,Llamas-López PJ,Jacome MA,Sarrias-Gil L,López Albors O.Morphological changes in the porcine cervix:A comparison between nulliparous and multiparous sows with regard to post-cervical artificial insemination.Therigenology.2019;in press.
19.Behan JR,Watson PF.A field investigation of intra-cervical insemination with reduced sperm numbers in gilts.Theriogenology.2006;66:338-43.
20.Kraeling RR,Webel SK.Current strategies for reproductive management of gilts and sows in North America.J Anim Sci Biotechnol.2015;6:3.
21.Chantziaras I,Dewulf J,Van Limbergen T,Klinkenberg M,Palzer A,Pineiro C,et al.Factors associated with specific health,welfare and reproductive performance indicators in pig herds from five EU countries.Prev Vet Med.2018;159:106-14.
22.Bortolozzo FP,Bernardi ML,Kummer R,Wentz I.Growth,body state and breeding performance in gilts and primiparous sows.Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl.2009;66:281-91.
23.Broekhuijse ML,Gaustad AH,Bolarin Guillén A,Knol EF.Efficient boar semen production and genetic contribution:the impact of low-dose artificial insemination on fertility.Reprod Domest Anim.2015;50:103-9.
24.Elmes M,Szyszka A,Pauliat C,Clifford B,Daniel Z,Cheng Z,et al.Maternal age effects on myometrial expression of contractile proteins,uterine gene expression,and contractile activity during labor in the rat.Physiol Rep 2015;3(4):e12305.
25.Baez GM,Barletta RV,Guenther JN,Gaska JN,Wiltbank MC.Effect of uterine size on fertility of lactating dairy cows.Theriogenology.2016;85:1357-66.
26.Emmerson S,Young N,Rosamilia A,Parkinson L,Edwards SL,Vashi AV,et al.Ovine multiparity is associated with diminished vaginal muscularis,increased elastic fibres and vaginal wall weakness:implication for pelvic organ prolapse.Sci Rep.2017;7:45709.
27.Tummaruk P,Kesdangsakonwut S.Uterine size in replacement gilts associated with age,body weight,growth rate,and reproductive status.Czech J Anim Sci.2014;59:511-8.
28.Tarocco C,Kirkwood R.Vaginal length is not related to subsequent litter size of gilts.J Swine Health Prod.2002;10:125-6.
29.Martín-Rillo SM,de Alba Romero C,Romero-Rodriguez A,Cidoncha R,Ziecik AJ.Litter size and vagina-cervix catheter penetration length in gilts.Reprod Domest Anim.2001;36:297-300.
30.Vianna WL,Pinese ME,de Campos Rosseto A,Bombonato PP,Rodrigues PHM.de Sant'Anna Moretti a.relationship between prenatal survival rate at70 days of gestation and morphometric parameters of vagina,uterus and placenta in gilts.Reprod Domest Anim.2004;39:381-4.
31.Sumransap P,Tummaruk P,Kunavongkrit A.Sperm distribution in the reproductive tract of sows after intrauterine insemination.Reprod Domest Anim.2007;42:113-7.
32.Steverink DWB,Soede NM,Bouwman EG,Kemp B.Semen backflow after insemination and its effect on fertilisation results in sows.Anim Reprod Sci.1998;54:109-19.