社会经济地位对大脑结构与功能的影响
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摘要
社会经济地位(socioeconomic status, SES)与大脑结构和功能的关系对于理解社会经济因素对心理行为的影响以及预防大脑和心理疾病具有重要意义.在过去十多年中,研究者使用认知神经科学的方法对SES与大脑的关系进行了探索,发现SES与大脑结构和功能之间可能存在相关性,但这些研究的结果却不完全一致.本文从大脑结构与功能两个层次出发,按照认知与情绪两大主题对SES与大脑关系的认知神经科学研究进行回顾,在此基础上对比不同研究结果的异同之处.结果发现:(1)在脑结构上, SES水平与海马体(主要负责记忆)、前额叶(参与执行功能等高级认知过程)及皮层下结构(主要包括参与情绪加工的杏仁核等结构)可能存在相关;(2)在脑功能上,不同SES水平的个体在进行执行功能、学习和记忆等相关任务时,大脑活动模式可能存在差异,同时正性与负性情绪刺激所引发的大脑活动在不同SES水平的个体上可能有所差异.值得注意的是, SES与大脑关系的研究中还面临着诸多挑战,如SES测量的复杂性和全面性、大脑结构与功能自身发展和测量的复杂性、SES影响大脑机制的多层次性等.未来的研究需要应对上述的挑战,同时考虑文化差异等影响,从而能够更准确地理解SES与大脑的关系,并为中国社会治理政策提供指导.
The socioeconomic status(SES) of individuals has an enormous impact on their mental health(e.g., cognitive function and emotional well-being). Given that the brain is the biological basis of cognition and emotion, understanding the relationship between SES and brain structure and function may help to alleviate the negative impact of SES on the mental health of individuals. Over the past two decades, cognitive neuroscientists have explored the relationship between SES and the brain using state-of-the-art brain imaging techniques, such as event-related potential(ERP) and(functional) magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI/MRI). While some studies have found that SES indices were related to brain structure and function, other studies have reported negative results. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the existing literature critically. The current paper reviewed studies that explored the relationship between SES and brain structure as well as those investigating the relationship between SES and brain function. For both lines of research, we organized studies around both cognition and emotion. Our review has the following findings. First, structural MRI studies suggest that SES level may be related to the hippocampus and frontal lobe, which are considered responsible for memory and executive function, and the amygdala,anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) and insular cortex, which are involved in emotional processing. Second, fMRI studies found that individuals(especially children) from different SES backgrounds had similar behavioral performances on cognitive tasks(e.g., executive function, memory, learning, mathematics, language, etc.) but their brain activities showed different patterns. fMRI studies also revealed that, compared to individuals from high SES backgrounds, individuals from low SES backgrounds may be more sensitive to negative emotions and have different neurobiological mechanisms of emotion regulation. These findings are consistent with the fact that people with low SES are more vulnerable to mental disorders. However, the field faces several challenges that might severely undermine the credibility of its findings: the complexity and flexibility of measuring SES, the complexity and flexibility of measuring brain structure and function, and the complexity of the possible paths by which SES can affect the brain. To overcome these challenges, we suggest that future studies should measure more SES indices, be transparent and open as to the brain data analyses, and consider the interaction between SES and brain development and the proximal factors through which SES interacts with the brain.Finally, researchers from different countries may also consider the relative SES among nations and adopt a multisite approach to study the relationship between SES and the brain. By deepening the understanding of the relationship between SES and the brain, cognitive neuroscience may contribute to creating a healthy and fair society.
The socioeconomic status(SES) of individuals has an enormous impact on their mental health(e.g., cognitive function and emotional well-being). Given that the brain is the biological basis of cognition and emotion, understanding the relationship between SES and brain structure and function may help to alleviate the negative impact of SES on the mental health of individuals. Over the past two decades, cognitive neuroscientists have explored the relationship between SES and the brain using state-of-the-art brain imaging techniques, such as event-related potential(ERP) and(functional) magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI/MRI). While some studies have found that SES indices were related to brain structure and function, other studies have reported negative results. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the existing literature critically. The current paper reviewed studies that explored the relationship between SES and brain structure as well as those investigating the relationship between SES and brain function. For both lines of research, we organized studies around both cognition and emotion. Our review has the following findings. First, structural MRI studies suggest that SES level may be related to the hippocampus and frontal lobe, which are considered responsible for memory and executive function, and the amygdala,anterior cingulate cortex(ACC) and insular cortex, which are involved in emotional processing. Second, fMRI studies found that individuals(especially children) from different SES backgrounds had similar behavioral performances on cognitive tasks(e.g., executive function, memory, learning, mathematics, language, etc.) but their brain activities showed different patterns. fMRI studies also revealed that, compared to individuals from high SES backgrounds, individuals from low SES backgrounds may be more sensitive to negative emotions and have different neurobiological mechanisms of emotion regulation. These findings are consistent with the fact that people with low SES are more vulnerable to mental disorders. However, the field faces several challenges that might severely undermine the credibility of its findings: the complexity and flexibility of measuring SES, the complexity and flexibility of measuring brain structure and function, and the complexity of the possible paths by which SES can affect the brain. To overcome these challenges, we suggest that future studies should measure more SES indices, be transparent and open as to the brain data analyses, and consider the interaction between SES and brain development and the proximal factors through which SES interacts with the brain.Finally, researchers from different countries may also consider the relative SES among nations and adopt a multisite approach to study the relationship between SES and the brain. By deepening the understanding of the relationship between SES and the brain, cognitive neuroscience may contribute to creating a healthy and fair society.
引文
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3 Bradley R H,Corwyn R F.Socioeconomic status and child development.Annu Rev Psychol,2002,53:371-399
4 Adler N E,Stewart J.Health disparities across the lifespan:Meaning,methods,and mechanisms.Ann NY Acad Sci,2010,1186:5-23
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6 Lund C,Breen A,Flisher A J,et al.Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries:A systematic review.Soc Sci Med,2010,71:517-528
7 Insel T R,Cuthbert B N.Brain disorders?Precisely.Science,2015,348:499-500
8 Kolb B,Whishaw I Q.Brain plasticity and behavior.Annu Rev Psychol,1998,49:43-64
9 Braveman P A,Cubbin C,Egerter S,et al.Socioeconomic status in health research.JAMA,2005,294:2879-2888
10 Poldrack R A,Baker C I,Durnez J,et al.Scanning the horizon:Towards transparent and reproducible neuroimaging research.Nat Rev Neurosci,2017,18:115-126
11 Adler N E,Epel E S,Castellazzo G,et al.Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning:Preliminary data in healthy,white women.Health Psychol,2000,19:586-592
12 Liang X,Wang J,He Y.Human connectome:Structural and functional brain networks(in Chinese).Sci Bull,2010,55:1565-1583[梁夏,王金辉,贺永.人脑连接组研究:脑结构网络和脑功能网络.科学通报,2010,55:1565-1583]
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19 Blair C,Raver C C.Poverty,stress,and brain development:New directions for prevention and intervention.Acad Pediatr,2016,16:S30-S36
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21 Gazzaniga M S,Ivry R B,Mangun G R.Cognitive neuroscience:The biology of the mind,4th ed.NY USA:W.W.Norton&Company,2013
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