Are we leveling the playing field? Trends and disparities in sports participation among sexual minority youth in Canada
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摘要
Purpose: Sports participation and physical fitness are widely beneficial for young people, yet activity levels among young people are declining.Despite growing popular media attention on the participation of sexual minority(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) youth in sports and various campaigns to improve the often homophobic climate of sports, there is limited evidence that sexual minority youth participate in sports. Our aim was to provide a current portrait of sports participation among 3 groups of sexual minority youth(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) in British Columbia, Canada, as well as to document population trends.Methods: Pooled population-level data from British Columbia, Canada(n = 99,373) were used to examine trends and disparities in sports participation among sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine changes in participation over time and disparities in participation over time(1998—2013).Results: We found an overall decline in sports participation and physical activity(PA) for all youth. Sexual minority students were less likely to participate in formal sports(with a coach) and informal sports(without a coach) compared with their heterosexual peers. The disparity in participating in informal sports between heterosexual and sexual minority youth has narrowed over time for some sexual orientation groups, whereas the disparity in participating in formal sports has widened over time in some cases.Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive examination of sports participation among sexual minority youth over the past 15 years.Despite changing societal attitudes and laudable efforts to reduce homophobia in sports, results suggest that there are continued barriers to participation for sexual minority youth. Further research is needed to understand the factors that limit sports participation for these youth and to inform program development. PA is critical to lifelong health and well-being, and thus continued efforts are needed to increase the sports participation of sexual minority youth in particular.
Purpose: Sports participation and physical fitness are widely beneficial for young people, yet activity levels among young people are declining.Despite growing popular media attention on the participation of sexual minority(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) youth in sports and various campaigns to improve the often homophobic climate of sports, there is limited evidence that sexual minority youth participate in sports. Our aim was to provide a current portrait of sports participation among 3 groups of sexual minority youth(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) in British Columbia, Canada, as well as to document population trends.Methods: Pooled population-level data from British Columbia, Canada(n = 99,373) were used to examine trends and disparities in sports participation among sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine changes in participation over time and disparities in participation over time(1998—2013).Results: We found an overall decline in sports participation and physical activity(PA) for all youth. Sexual minority students were less likely to participate in formal sports(with a coach) and informal sports(without a coach) compared with their heterosexual peers. The disparity in participating in informal sports between heterosexual and sexual minority youth has narrowed over time for some sexual orientation groups, whereas the disparity in participating in formal sports has widened over time in some cases.Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive examination of sports participation among sexual minority youth over the past 15 years.Despite changing societal attitudes and laudable efforts to reduce homophobia in sports, results suggest that there are continued barriers to participation for sexual minority youth. Further research is needed to understand the factors that limit sports participation for these youth and to inform program development. PA is critical to lifelong health and well-being, and thus continued efforts are needed to increase the sports participation of sexual minority youth in particular.
Purpose: Sports participation and physical fitness are widely beneficial for young people, yet activity levels among young people are declining.Despite growing popular media attention on the participation of sexual minority(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) youth in sports and various campaigns to improve the often homophobic climate of sports, there is limited evidence that sexual minority youth participate in sports. Our aim was to provide a current portrait of sports participation among 3 groups of sexual minority youth(e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual) in British Columbia, Canada, as well as to document population trends.Methods: Pooled population-level data from British Columbia, Canada(n = 99,373) were used to examine trends and disparities in sports participation among sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Age-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine changes in participation over time and disparities in participation over time(1998—2013).Results: We found an overall decline in sports participation and physical activity(PA) for all youth. Sexual minority students were less likely to participate in formal sports(with a coach) and informal sports(without a coach) compared with their heterosexual peers. The disparity in participating in informal sports between heterosexual and sexual minority youth has narrowed over time for some sexual orientation groups, whereas the disparity in participating in formal sports has widened over time in some cases.Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive examination of sports participation among sexual minority youth over the past 15 years.Despite changing societal attitudes and laudable efforts to reduce homophobia in sports, results suggest that there are continued barriers to participation for sexual minority youth. Further research is needed to understand the factors that limit sports participation for these youth and to inform program development. PA is critical to lifelong health and well-being, and thus continued efforts are needed to increase the sports participation of sexual minority youth in particular.
引文
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2.Eime RM,Young JA,Harvey JT,Charity MJ,Payne WR.Social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents:informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013;10:98.doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-98
3.Singh A,Uitjdewilligen L,Twisk JWR,van Mechelen W,Chinapaw MJ.Physical activity and performance at school:a systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166:49-55.
4.World Health Organization.Fact sheet:physical activity and young people,Available at:http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/;[accessed 04.04.2016].
5.Taliaferro L,Rienzo B,Miller M,Pigg R,Dodd V.High school youth and suicide risk:exploring protection afforded through physical activity and sport participation.J Sch Health 2008;78:545-53.
6.Taliaferro LA,Eisenberg ME,Johnson KE,Nelson TF,Neumark-Sztainer D.Sport participation during adolescence and suicide ideation and attempts.Int J Adolesc Med Health 2011;23:3-10.
7.Harrison P,Narayan G.Differences in behavior,psychological factors,and environmental factors associated with participation in school sports and other activities in adolescence.J Sch Health 2003;73:113-20.
8.Mayer KH,Bradford JB,Makadon MD,Stall R,Goldhammer H,Lander S.Sexual and gender minority health:what we know and what needs to be done.Am J Public Health 2008;98:989-95.
9.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Trends in prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors national YRBS:1991à2013,Available at:http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/us_physical_trend_yrbs.pdf;[accessed 01.05.2014].
10.Clark W.Kids sports;Can Soc Trends 2008;85:Available at:http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10573-eng.pdf;[accessed01.05.2014].
11.Canadian Heritage.Sport participation:research paper.Government of Canada;2013 Catalogue No.CH24-12012E-PDF].
12.Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.Getting Kids Active2010à2011 physical activity monitor:fact&figures;Bulletin 1:participation in sport among children and youth.Available at:http://www.cflri.ca/sites/default/files/node/1147/files/CFLRI%20PAM%202010-2011_Bulletin%201%20EN.pdf;[accessed 01.05.2014].
13.Smith A,Stewart D,Poon C,Saewyc E.Mc Creary Centre Society.Moving in the right direction:physical activity among BC youth.Vancouver,BC:Mc Creary Centre Society;2011.
14.Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology(CSEP).Canadian guidelines for physical activity-youth,Available at:http://www.csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/CSEP_PAGuidelines_youth_en.pdf;2014[accessed 15.03.2016].
15.Colley RC,Garriguet D,Janssen I,Craig CL,Clarke J,Tremblay MS.Physical activity of Canadian children and youth:accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey.Health Rep2011;22:15-23.
16.Marshal MP,Dietz LJ,Friedman MS,Stall R,Smith HA,Mc Ginley J,et al.Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth:a meta-analytical review.J Adolesc Health 2011;49:115-23.
17.Osborne D,Wagner WE.Exploring the relationship between homophobia and participation in core sports among high school students.Sociol Perspect 2007;50:597-613.
18.Zipp JF.Sport and sexuality:athletic participation by sexual minority and sexual majority adolescents in the U.S.Sex Roles 2011;64:19-31.
19.Calzo JP,Roberts AL,Corliss HL,Blood EA,Kroshus E,Austin B.Physical activity disparities in heterosexual and sexual minority youth ages12à22 years olds:roles of childhood gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem.Ann Behav Med 2014;47:17-27.
20.Belson K.In historic pick,Rams take Michael Sam in final round of draft,The New York Times;May 10;Available at:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/sports/football/michael-sam-picked-by-st-louis-rams-in-nfldraft.html;2014[accessed 12.05.2014].
21.You Can Play.LGBT athletes,straight allies,teaming up for respect,Available at:www.youcanplayproject.org;2016[accessed 04.04.2016].
22.BBC News.Rainbow laces:Australia sports stars join anti-homophobia campaign,BBC News Australia;April 2;Available at:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-35948596;2016[accessed 04.04.2016].
23.Magrath R,Anderson E,Roberts S.On the door-step of equality:attitudes toward gay athletes among academy-level footballers.Int Rev Sociol Sport2015;50:804-21.
24.Kosciw JG,Greytak EA,Bartkiewicz MJ,Boesen MJ,Palmer NA.The2011 National School Climate Survey:the experiences of lesbian,gay,bisexual and transgender youth in our nation's schools;New York,NY:GLSEN;2012.Available at:http://www.glsen.org/press/2011-nationalschool-climate-survey;[accessed 04.04.2016].
25.Saewyc EM,Taylor D,Homma Y,Ogilvie G.Trends in sexual health and risk behaviours among adolescent students in British Columbia.Can JHum Sex 2008;17:1-13.
26.Miller BB,Cox DN,Saewyc EM.Age of sexual consent law in Canada:population-based evidence for law and policy.Can J Hum Sex2010;19:105-17.
27.Saewyc E,Stewart D,Green R.Methodology for the 2013 BC Adolescent Health Survey[Fact sheet];Vancouver,BC:Mc Creary Centre Society;2014.Available at:www.mcs.bc.ca;[accessed 04.04.2016].
28.Ott MQ,Corliss HL,Wypij D,Rosario M,Austin SB.Stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity in young people:application of mobility metrics.Arch Sex Behav 2011;40:519-32.
29.Homma Y,Saewyc E,Zumbo B.Is it getting better?An analytical method to test trends in health disparities,with tobacco use among sexual minority vs.heterosexual youth as an example.Int J Equity Health 2016;15:79.doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0371-3
30.Dohle S,Wansink B.Fit in 50 years:participation in high school sports best predicts one's physical activity after age 70.BMC Public Health2013;13:1100.doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1100
31.Anderson E.Openly gay athletes:contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophonic environment.Gend Soc 2002;16:860-77.
32.The Associated Press.Blackhawks player Andrew Shaw suspended one game for anti-gay slur.Available at:https://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/2016/04/20/chicagos-andrew-shaw-appears-to-use-gay-slur-inloss-to-blues.html;[accessed 04.07.2016].
33.Anderson E,Mc Cormack M,Lee H.Male team sport hazing initiations in a culture of decreasing homohysteria.J Adolesc Res 2012;27:427-48.
34.Risner D.Rehearsing masculinity:challenging the‘boy code'in dance education.Res Dance Educ 2007;8:139-53.
35.Risner D.Sexual orientation and male participation in dance education.Revisiting the open secret.J Dance Educ 2002;2:84-92.
36.Wolowic J,Heston L,Saewyc E,Porta C,Eisenberg M.Embracing the rainbow:LGBTQ youth navigating“safe”spaces and belonging in North America.J Adolesc Health 2016;58:S1.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.018
37.Sabiston CM,O'Loughlin E,Brunet J,Chaiton M,Low NC,Barnett T,et al.Linking depression symptom trajectories in adolescence to physical activity and team sports participation in young adults.Prev Med 2013;56:95-8.
2.Eime RM,Young JA,Harvey JT,Charity MJ,Payne WR.Social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents:informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013;10:98.doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-98
3.Singh A,Uitjdewilligen L,Twisk JWR,van Mechelen W,Chinapaw MJ.Physical activity and performance at school:a systematic review of the literature including a methodological quality assessment.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166:49-55.
4.World Health Organization.Fact sheet:physical activity and young people,Available at:http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/;[accessed 04.04.2016].
5.Taliaferro L,Rienzo B,Miller M,Pigg R,Dodd V.High school youth and suicide risk:exploring protection afforded through physical activity and sport participation.J Sch Health 2008;78:545-53.
6.Taliaferro LA,Eisenberg ME,Johnson KE,Nelson TF,Neumark-Sztainer D.Sport participation during adolescence and suicide ideation and attempts.Int J Adolesc Med Health 2011;23:3-10.
7.Harrison P,Narayan G.Differences in behavior,psychological factors,and environmental factors associated with participation in school sports and other activities in adolescence.J Sch Health 2003;73:113-20.
8.Mayer KH,Bradford JB,Makadon MD,Stall R,Goldhammer H,Lander S.Sexual and gender minority health:what we know and what needs to be done.Am J Public Health 2008;98:989-95.
9.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Trends in prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviors national YRBS:1991à2013,Available at:http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trends/us_physical_trend_yrbs.pdf;[accessed 01.05.2014].
10.Clark W.Kids sports;Can Soc Trends 2008;85:Available at:http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/article/10573-eng.pdf;[accessed01.05.2014].
11.Canadian Heritage.Sport participation:research paper.Government of Canada;2013 Catalogue No.CH24-12012E-PDF].
12.Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.Getting Kids Active2010à2011 physical activity monitor:fact&figures;Bulletin 1:participation in sport among children and youth.Available at:http://www.cflri.ca/sites/default/files/node/1147/files/CFLRI%20PAM%202010-2011_Bulletin%201%20EN.pdf;[accessed 01.05.2014].
13.Smith A,Stewart D,Poon C,Saewyc E.Mc Creary Centre Society.Moving in the right direction:physical activity among BC youth.Vancouver,BC:Mc Creary Centre Society;2011.
14.Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology(CSEP).Canadian guidelines for physical activity-youth,Available at:http://www.csep.ca/CMFiles/Guidelines/CSEP_PAGuidelines_youth_en.pdf;2014[accessed 15.03.2016].
15.Colley RC,Garriguet D,Janssen I,Craig CL,Clarke J,Tremblay MS.Physical activity of Canadian children and youth:accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey.Health Rep2011;22:15-23.
16.Marshal MP,Dietz LJ,Friedman MS,Stall R,Smith HA,Mc Ginley J,et al.Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth:a meta-analytical review.J Adolesc Health 2011;49:115-23.
17.Osborne D,Wagner WE.Exploring the relationship between homophobia and participation in core sports among high school students.Sociol Perspect 2007;50:597-613.
18.Zipp JF.Sport and sexuality:athletic participation by sexual minority and sexual majority adolescents in the U.S.Sex Roles 2011;64:19-31.
19.Calzo JP,Roberts AL,Corliss HL,Blood EA,Kroshus E,Austin B.Physical activity disparities in heterosexual and sexual minority youth ages12à22 years olds:roles of childhood gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem.Ann Behav Med 2014;47:17-27.
20.Belson K.In historic pick,Rams take Michael Sam in final round of draft,The New York Times;May 10;Available at:http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/sports/football/michael-sam-picked-by-st-louis-rams-in-nfldraft.html;2014[accessed 12.05.2014].
21.You Can Play.LGBT athletes,straight allies,teaming up for respect,Available at:www.youcanplayproject.org;2016[accessed 04.04.2016].
22.BBC News.Rainbow laces:Australia sports stars join anti-homophobia campaign,BBC News Australia;April 2;Available at:http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-35948596;2016[accessed 04.04.2016].
23.Magrath R,Anderson E,Roberts S.On the door-step of equality:attitudes toward gay athletes among academy-level footballers.Int Rev Sociol Sport2015;50:804-21.
24.Kosciw JG,Greytak EA,Bartkiewicz MJ,Boesen MJ,Palmer NA.The2011 National School Climate Survey:the experiences of lesbian,gay,bisexual and transgender youth in our nation's schools;New York,NY:GLSEN;2012.Available at:http://www.glsen.org/press/2011-nationalschool-climate-survey;[accessed 04.04.2016].
25.Saewyc EM,Taylor D,Homma Y,Ogilvie G.Trends in sexual health and risk behaviours among adolescent students in British Columbia.Can JHum Sex 2008;17:1-13.
26.Miller BB,Cox DN,Saewyc EM.Age of sexual consent law in Canada:population-based evidence for law and policy.Can J Hum Sex2010;19:105-17.
27.Saewyc E,Stewart D,Green R.Methodology for the 2013 BC Adolescent Health Survey[Fact sheet];Vancouver,BC:Mc Creary Centre Society;2014.Available at:www.mcs.bc.ca;[accessed 04.04.2016].
28.Ott MQ,Corliss HL,Wypij D,Rosario M,Austin SB.Stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity in young people:application of mobility metrics.Arch Sex Behav 2011;40:519-32.
29.Homma Y,Saewyc E,Zumbo B.Is it getting better?An analytical method to test trends in health disparities,with tobacco use among sexual minority vs.heterosexual youth as an example.Int J Equity Health 2016;15:79.doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0371-3
30.Dohle S,Wansink B.Fit in 50 years:participation in high school sports best predicts one's physical activity after age 70.BMC Public Health2013;13:1100.doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1100
31.Anderson E.Openly gay athletes:contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophonic environment.Gend Soc 2002;16:860-77.
32.The Associated Press.Blackhawks player Andrew Shaw suspended one game for anti-gay slur.Available at:https://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/2016/04/20/chicagos-andrew-shaw-appears-to-use-gay-slur-inloss-to-blues.html;[accessed 04.07.2016].
33.Anderson E,Mc Cormack M,Lee H.Male team sport hazing initiations in a culture of decreasing homohysteria.J Adolesc Res 2012;27:427-48.
34.Risner D.Rehearsing masculinity:challenging the‘boy code'in dance education.Res Dance Educ 2007;8:139-53.
35.Risner D.Sexual orientation and male participation in dance education.Revisiting the open secret.J Dance Educ 2002;2:84-92.
36.Wolowic J,Heston L,Saewyc E,Porta C,Eisenberg M.Embracing the rainbow:LGBTQ youth navigating“safe”spaces and belonging in North America.J Adolesc Health 2016;58:S1.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.018
37.Sabiston CM,O'Loughlin E,Brunet J,Chaiton M,Low NC,Barnett T,et al.Linking depression symptom trajectories in adolescence to physical activity and team sports participation in young adults.Prev Med 2013;56:95-8.