Insecticide susceptibility status and resistance mechanism of Anopheles cracens Sallum and Peyton and Anopheles maculatus Theobald(Family: Culicidae) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia
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摘要
Objective: To assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles cracens(An.cracens) and Anopheles maculatus(An.maculatus) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia towards DDT, malathion and deltamethrin and to determine the resistance mechanism involved.Methods: Adult and larval mosquitos were collected for surveillance.Susceptibility status of Anopheles was determined using the standard WHO adult bioassay, larval bioassay and biochemical enzyme assay.Results: WHO adult bioassay results indicated An.cracens collected from Kampung Sungai Ular, Pahang was resistant towards 4% DDT, while An.maculatus collected from Kampung Sokor, Kelantan and Kampung Sungai Lui, Selangor exhibited resistance towards 4% DDT.However, the enzyme activity profiles varied according to strains and species.The resistance ratio of larval bioassay, showed that all strains and species tested were susceptible to malathion and temephos.Conclusions: Since only a few anopheline strains exhibited low level of insecticide resistance towards malathion, DDT and temephos.These insecticides are still considered effective for vector control program towards An.cracens and An.maculatus.
Objective: To assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles cracens(An.cracens) and Anopheles maculatus(An.maculatus) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia towards DDT, malathion and deltamethrin and to determine the resistance mechanism involved.Methods: Adult and larval mosquitos were collected for surveillance.Susceptibility status of Anopheles was determined using the standard WHO adult bioassay, larval bioassay and biochemical enzyme assay.Results: WHO adult bioassay results indicated An.cracens collected from Kampung Sungai Ular, Pahang was resistant towards 4% DDT, while An.maculatus collected from Kampung Sokor, Kelantan and Kampung Sungai Lui, Selangor exhibited resistance towards 4% DDT.However, the enzyme activity profiles varied according to strains and species.The resistance ratio of larval bioassay, showed that all strains and species tested were susceptible to malathion and temephos.Conclusions: Since only a few anopheline strains exhibited low level of insecticide resistance towards malathion, DDT and temephos.These insecticides are still considered effective for vector control program towards An.cracens and An.maculatus.
Objective: To assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles cracens(An.cracens) and Anopheles maculatus(An.maculatus) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia towards DDT, malathion and deltamethrin and to determine the resistance mechanism involved.Methods: Adult and larval mosquitos were collected for surveillance.Susceptibility status of Anopheles was determined using the standard WHO adult bioassay, larval bioassay and biochemical enzyme assay.Results: WHO adult bioassay results indicated An.cracens collected from Kampung Sungai Ular, Pahang was resistant towards 4% DDT, while An.maculatus collected from Kampung Sokor, Kelantan and Kampung Sungai Lui, Selangor exhibited resistance towards 4% DDT.However, the enzyme activity profiles varied according to strains and species.The resistance ratio of larval bioassay, showed that all strains and species tested were susceptible to malathion and temephos.Conclusions: Since only a few anopheline strains exhibited low level of insecticide resistance towards malathion, DDT and temephos.These insecticides are still considered effective for vector control program towards An.cracens and An.maculatus.
引文
[1]World Health Organization.World malaria report 2015.[Online]Available from:https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/worldmalaria-report-2015/report/en/.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].
[2]Vythilingam I,Wan-Sulaiman WY,Jeffery J.Vectors of malaria and filariasis in southeast asia:A changing scenario.In:Parasites and their vectors.Vienna:Springer;2013,p.57-75.
[3]Vythilingam I,NoorAzian YM,Tan CH,Jiram AI,Yusri YM,Azahari AH,et al.Plasmodium knowlesi in humans,macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular Malaysia.Parasite Vector 2008;1(1):26.
[4]Vythilingam I,Tan CH,Asmad M,Chan ST,Lee KS,Singh B.Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak,Malaysia.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006;100(11):1087-1088.
[5]Becker N,Petric D,Zgomba M,Boase C,Dahl C,Madon M,et al.Chemicals control.In:Mosquitoes and their control.2nd ed.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag;2010,p.441-476.
[6]Rozendaal JA.Vector control:Methods for use by individuals and communities.Geneva:World Health Organization;1997,p.424
[7]Jeffery J,Rohela M,Muslimin M,Abdul Aziz SMN,Jamaiah I,Kumar S,et al.Illustrated keys:Some mosquitoes of Peninsula Malaysia.Kuala Lumpur:University of Malaya Press Malaysia;2012,p.87.
[8]Sallum MAM,Peyton EL,Wilkerson RC.Six new species of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group,reinterpretation of Anopheles elegans and vector implications.Med Vet Entomol 2005;19(2):158-199.
[9]World Health Organization.Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes.2nd ed.Geneva:World Health Organization;2016.Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/h andle/10665/250677/9789241511575-eng.pdf?sequence=1.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].
[10]World Health Organization.Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides.[Online]Geneva:World Health Organization;2005.Available from:http://www.who.int/whopes/guidelines/en/.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].
[11]Nazni WA,Kamaludin MY,Lee HL,Tengku Rogayah TAR,Sa’diyah I.Oxidase activity in relation to insecticide resistance in vectors of public health importance.Trop Biomed 2000;17(2):69-79.
[12]Lee HL.A rapid and simple method for the detection of insecticide resistance due to elevated esterase activity in Culex quinquefasciatus.Trop Biomed 1990;7(1):21-28.
[13]Lee HL,Chong WL.Glutathion S-transferase activity and DDT-susceptibility of Malaysian mosquitos.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995;26(1):164-167.
[14]Brogdon WG,Hobbs JH,St Jean Y,Jacques JR,Charles LB.Microplate assay analysis of reduced fenitrothion susceptibility in Haitian Anopheles albimanus.J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1988;4(2):152-158.
[15]Bradford MM.A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.Anal Biochem 1976;72(1):248-254.
[16]Rohani A,Fasihah A,Syuriza AS,Lee HL.Susceptibility status of Anopheles maculatus Theobald and Anopheles hyrcanus to DDT,malathion,permethrin and temephos.Trop Biomed 1994;11:161-161.
[17]Rohani A,Syuriza AS,Lee HL,Abdullah AG,Ong YF,Chan ST,et al.Susceptibility status of Anopheles maculatus Theobald(Diptera:Culicidae)towards DDT,malathion and permethrin in peninsular Malaysia.Trop Biomed 1995;12:39-44.
[18]Rohani A,Aziz I,Zurainee MN,Rohana SH,Zamree I,Lee HL.Current insecticide susceptibility status of Malaysian Anopheles maculatus Theobald to malathion,permethrin,DDT and deltamethrin.Trop Biomed 2014;31(1):159-165.
[19]Chaumeau V,Cerqueira D,Zadrozny J,Kittiphanakun P,Andolina C,Chareonviriyaphap T,et al.Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors along the Thailand-Myanmar border.Parasite Vector 2017;10(1):165.
[20]Overgaard HJ,Sandve SR,Suwonkerd W.Evidence of anopheline mosquito resistance to agrochemicals in northern Thailand.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36(Suppl 4):152-157.
[21]Chareonviriyaphap T,Rongnoparut P,Chantarumporn P,Bangs MJ.Biochemical detection of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Anopheles minimus in Thailand.J Soc Vector Ecol 2003;28(1):108-116.
[22]World Health Organization.Report of the WHO Informal Consultation.Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors,bioefficacy and persistence of insecticides on treated surfaces.2nd edition.Geneva:World Health Organization;2016.[Online]Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250677/9789241511575-ng.pdf;jsessionid=98FDC69A3AFB95A25F8F9C40B62EB093?sequence=1.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].
[2]Vythilingam I,Wan-Sulaiman WY,Jeffery J.Vectors of malaria and filariasis in southeast asia:A changing scenario.In:Parasites and their vectors.Vienna:Springer;2013,p.57-75.
[3]Vythilingam I,NoorAzian YM,Tan CH,Jiram AI,Yusri YM,Azahari AH,et al.Plasmodium knowlesi in humans,macaques and mosquitoes in peninsular Malaysia.Parasite Vector 2008;1(1):26.
[4]Vythilingam I,Tan CH,Asmad M,Chan ST,Lee KS,Singh B.Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak,Malaysia.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006;100(11):1087-1088.
[5]Becker N,Petric D,Zgomba M,Boase C,Dahl C,Madon M,et al.Chemicals control.In:Mosquitoes and their control.2nd ed.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag;2010,p.441-476.
[6]Rozendaal JA.Vector control:Methods for use by individuals and communities.Geneva:World Health Organization;1997,p.424
[7]Jeffery J,Rohela M,Muslimin M,Abdul Aziz SMN,Jamaiah I,Kumar S,et al.Illustrated keys:Some mosquitoes of Peninsula Malaysia.Kuala Lumpur:University of Malaya Press Malaysia;2012,p.87.
[8]Sallum MAM,Peyton EL,Wilkerson RC.Six new species of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group,reinterpretation of Anopheles elegans and vector implications.Med Vet Entomol 2005;19(2):158-199.
[9]World Health Organization.Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes.2nd ed.Geneva:World Health Organization;2016.Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/h andle/10665/250677/9789241511575-eng.pdf?sequence=1.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].
[10]World Health Organization.Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides.[Online]Geneva:World Health Organization;2005.Available from:http://www.who.int/whopes/guidelines/en/.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].
[11]Nazni WA,Kamaludin MY,Lee HL,Tengku Rogayah TAR,Sa’diyah I.Oxidase activity in relation to insecticide resistance in vectors of public health importance.Trop Biomed 2000;17(2):69-79.
[12]Lee HL.A rapid and simple method for the detection of insecticide resistance due to elevated esterase activity in Culex quinquefasciatus.Trop Biomed 1990;7(1):21-28.
[13]Lee HL,Chong WL.Glutathion S-transferase activity and DDT-susceptibility of Malaysian mosquitos.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995;26(1):164-167.
[14]Brogdon WG,Hobbs JH,St Jean Y,Jacques JR,Charles LB.Microplate assay analysis of reduced fenitrothion susceptibility in Haitian Anopheles albimanus.J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1988;4(2):152-158.
[15]Bradford MM.A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.Anal Biochem 1976;72(1):248-254.
[16]Rohani A,Fasihah A,Syuriza AS,Lee HL.Susceptibility status of Anopheles maculatus Theobald and Anopheles hyrcanus to DDT,malathion,permethrin and temephos.Trop Biomed 1994;11:161-161.
[17]Rohani A,Syuriza AS,Lee HL,Abdullah AG,Ong YF,Chan ST,et al.Susceptibility status of Anopheles maculatus Theobald(Diptera:Culicidae)towards DDT,malathion and permethrin in peninsular Malaysia.Trop Biomed 1995;12:39-44.
[18]Rohani A,Aziz I,Zurainee MN,Rohana SH,Zamree I,Lee HL.Current insecticide susceptibility status of Malaysian Anopheles maculatus Theobald to malathion,permethrin,DDT and deltamethrin.Trop Biomed 2014;31(1):159-165.
[19]Chaumeau V,Cerqueira D,Zadrozny J,Kittiphanakun P,Andolina C,Chareonviriyaphap T,et al.Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors along the Thailand-Myanmar border.Parasite Vector 2017;10(1):165.
[20]Overgaard HJ,Sandve SR,Suwonkerd W.Evidence of anopheline mosquito resistance to agrochemicals in northern Thailand.Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36(Suppl 4):152-157.
[21]Chareonviriyaphap T,Rongnoparut P,Chantarumporn P,Bangs MJ.Biochemical detection of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Anopheles minimus in Thailand.J Soc Vector Ecol 2003;28(1):108-116.
[22]World Health Organization.Report of the WHO Informal Consultation.Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors,bioefficacy and persistence of insecticides on treated surfaces.2nd edition.Geneva:World Health Organization;2016.[Online]Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250677/9789241511575-ng.pdf;jsessionid=98FDC69A3AFB95A25F8F9C40B62EB093?sequence=1.[Accessed on 22 August 2018].