圣地亚哥岛生态系统管理及启示与借鉴
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摘要
以生态系统为基础的海岛综合管理正成为当今全球海岛保护管理的发展趋势,健康的海岛生态系统是国家生态安全的重要组成部分。文章以人地关系紧张、生态系统变化剧烈的圣地亚哥岛为对象,通过分析岛屿生物资源、生态系统和干扰机制的变化,研究圣地亚哥岛生态系统的保护与管理问题。圣地亚哥岛生态保护树立岛上普通公民、政治家、投资者或开发商等多重身份理念,通过引入基于利益相关者的心理模型,实现岛屿生态系统保护与管理的契约化、问责制、有偿性。协商管理是其岛屿资源保护的主要方法,识别当前和潜在价值(保护、生产、观赏等)、价值表征及制定评价标准的能力是构成综合管理支撑体系的三个基本要素。我国要借鉴圣地亚哥岛生态系统管理的有益经验,实施基于生态系统的海岛综合管理、推动公众和社区广泛参与海岛保护、构建海岛保护的决策与管理评价体系、建立基于生态系统的海岛管理运行机制,进一步推动海岛生态文明建设,还海岛以宁静、和谐、美丽。
The ecosystem-based integrated island management is becoming the development trend of today's global island protection and management. Healthy island ecosystem is an important part of national ecological security. Here, we studied the densely populated Santiago island and analyzed the island's biogenetic and ecosystem resources, as well as the disturbances, and explored the ecosystem conservation and management issues in Santiago island. The ecological protection in Santiago Island established a multi-identity concept of ordinary citizen, politician, investor or developer. To realize the contractualization, the accountability, and the compensation of ecological protection and management in island, a stakeholder-based mental model was introduced. The negotiation management is the main way of the island resource protection. Moreover, the abilities to identify the current and potential values(protection, production, viewing,etc.), to identify the value characteristic, and to establish the evaluation criteria were three foundational elements for making up an integrated management supporting system. China could learn from the useful experience of ecosystem management in Santiago Island, including conducting the ecosystem-based integrated management, promoting the public participation in island protection, constructing the evaluation and management system of island protection, and establishing an ecosystem-based island management operation mechanism, to further promote the ecological civilization construction of island and return the island with tranquility, harmony, and beauty.
The ecosystem-based integrated island management is becoming the development trend of today's global island protection and management. Healthy island ecosystem is an important part of national ecological security. Here, we studied the densely populated Santiago island and analyzed the island's biogenetic and ecosystem resources, as well as the disturbances, and explored the ecosystem conservation and management issues in Santiago island. The ecological protection in Santiago Island established a multi-identity concept of ordinary citizen, politician, investor or developer. To realize the contractualization, the accountability, and the compensation of ecological protection and management in island, a stakeholder-based mental model was introduced. The negotiation management is the main way of the island resource protection. Moreover, the abilities to identify the current and potential values(protection, production, viewing,etc.), to identify the value characteristic, and to establish the evaluation criteria were three foundational elements for making up an integrated management supporting system. China could learn from the useful experience of ecosystem management in Santiago Island, including conducting the ecosystem-based integrated management, promoting the public participation in island protection, constructing the evaluation and management system of island protection, and establishing an ecosystem-based island management operation mechanism, to further promote the ecological civilization construction of island and return the island with tranquility, harmony, and beauty.
引文
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[12]韩会然,杨成凤,宋金平.北京市土地利用变化特征及驱动机制[J].经济地理,2015,35(5):148-197.
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[18]Bürgi M,Hersperger A M,Schneeberger N.Driving forces of landscape change-current and new directions[J].Landscape Ecology,2004,19(8):857-868.
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[21]Lagabrielle E,Botta A,DaréW,et al.Modelling with stakeholders to integrate biodiversity into land-use planning-lessons learned in Réunion Island(Western Indian Ocean)[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2010,25(11):1 413-1 427.
[22]Calado H,Ng K,Lopes C,Paramio L.Introducing a legal management instrument for offshore marine protected areas in the Azores-The Azores Marine Park[J].Environmental Science and Policy,2011b,14(8):1 175-1 187.
[23]Fonseca C,Pereira da Silva C,Calado H,et al.Coastal and marine protected areas as key elements for tourism in small islands[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2014(70):461-466.
[24]Gil A,Calado H,Bentz J.Public participation in municipal transport planning processes-the case of the sustainable mobility plan of Ponta Delgada,Azores,Portugal[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011a,19(6):1 309-1 319.
[25]Gil A,Calado H,Costa L.T,et al.A methodological proposal for the development of Natura 2000 Sites management plans[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2011b(64):1 326-1 330.
[26]肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,等.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):1-12.
[27]何春阳,史培军,李景刚,等.中国北方未来土地利用变化情景模拟[J].地理学报,2004,59(4):599-607.
[28]秦贤宏,段学军,杨剑.基于GIS的城市用地布局多情景模拟与方案评价:以江苏省太仓市为例[J].地理学报,2010,65(9):1 121-1 129.
[29]Fernandes J P.Landscape ecology and conservation management-evaluation of alternatives in a highway EIA process[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2000,20(16):665-680.
[30]Fernandes J P,Guiomar N,Freire M,et al.Applying an integrated landscape characterization and evaluation tool to small islands(Pico,Azores,Portugal)[J].Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management,2014,14(2):243-266.
[31]Calado H,Braga A,Moniz F,et al.Spatial planning and resource use in the Azores[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2015,20(7):1 079-1 095.
[32]唐伟,杨建强,赵蓓,等.我国海岛生态系统管理对策初步研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2010,27(3):1-4.
[2]王辉,刘小宇,张佳琛,等.经济形态演变对海洋海岛生态环境的影响——以美国海峡群岛为例[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):1-8.
[3]周学锋基于建设海洋强国的无居民海岛管理研究[J].经济地理,2014,34(1):28-34.
[4]侯鹏,王桥,申文明,等.生态系统综合评估研究进展:内涵、框架与挑战[J].地理研究,2015,34(10):1 809-1 823.
[5]杨晓楠,李晶,秦克玉,等.关中—天水经济区生态系统服务的权衡关系[J].地理学报,2015,70(11):1 762-1 773.
[6]Duarte M C,Rego F,Moreira I.Distribution patterns of plant communities on Santiago Island,Cape Verde[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2005,16(3):283-292.
[7]Diniz A C,Matos G C.Carta da zonagem agro-ecológica e da vegeta??o de Cabo Verde,I Ilha de Santiago[J].Garcia de Orta Série de Botanica,1986,8(1-2):39-82.
[8]Silva E,Santos C,Mendes A B.Animal grazing system efficiency[C]//Mendes A B,Silva E L D G S,Santos J M A,eds.Efficiency Measures in the Agricultural Sector:Dordrecht,2013:83-91.
[9]Daily G.Nature's Services:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington,D.C.:Island Press,1997.
[10]廖继武,周永章,蒋勇.海洋对海岸带土地利用变化的影响[J].经济地理,2012,32(9):138-142.
[11]潘家华.与承载能力相适应确保生态安全[J].中国社会科学,2013(5):12-17.
[12]韩会然,杨成凤,宋金平.北京市土地利用变化特征及驱动机制[J].经济地理,2015,35(5):148-197.
[13]马凤娇,刘金铜,A.Egrinya Eneji.生态系统服务研究文献现状及不同研究方向评述[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):5 963-5 972.
[14]Marcelino J A P,Weber E,Silva L,et al.Expedient metrics to describe plant community change across gradients of anthropogenic influence[J].Environmental Management,2014,54(5):1 121-1 130.
[15]Forst M F.The convergence of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the ecosystems approach[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2009,52(6):294-306.
[16]Cárcamo P F,Gaymer C F.Interactions between spatially explicit conservation and management measures:implications for the governance of marine protected areas[J].Environmental Management,2013,52(6):1 355-1 368.
[17]Vlek C,Steg L.Human behavior and environmental sustainability:problems,driving forces,and research topics[J].Journal of Social Issues,2007,63(1):1-19.
[18]Bürgi M,Hersperger A M,Schneeberger N.Driving forces of landscape change-current and new directions[J].Landscape Ecology,2004,19(8):857-868.
[19]Calado H,Vergílio M,Fonseca C,et al.Developing a planning and management system for protected areas on small islands(the Azores archipelago):the SMARTPARKS project[J].Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management,2014,14(2):335-344.
[20]Cárcamo P F,Garay-Flühmann R,Squeo F A,et al.Using stakeholders’perspective of ecosystem services and biodiversity features to plan a marine protected area[J].Environmental Science and Policy,2014,40:116-131.
[21]Lagabrielle E,Botta A,DaréW,et al.Modelling with stakeholders to integrate biodiversity into land-use planning-lessons learned in Réunion Island(Western Indian Ocean)[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2010,25(11):1 413-1 427.
[22]Calado H,Ng K,Lopes C,Paramio L.Introducing a legal management instrument for offshore marine protected areas in the Azores-The Azores Marine Park[J].Environmental Science and Policy,2011b,14(8):1 175-1 187.
[23]Fonseca C,Pereira da Silva C,Calado H,et al.Coastal and marine protected areas as key elements for tourism in small islands[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2014(70):461-466.
[24]Gil A,Calado H,Bentz J.Public participation in municipal transport planning processes-the case of the sustainable mobility plan of Ponta Delgada,Azores,Portugal[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011a,19(6):1 309-1 319.
[25]Gil A,Calado H,Costa L.T,et al.A methodological proposal for the development of Natura 2000 Sites management plans[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2011b(64):1 326-1 330.
[26]肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,等.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):1-12.
[27]何春阳,史培军,李景刚,等.中国北方未来土地利用变化情景模拟[J].地理学报,2004,59(4):599-607.
[28]秦贤宏,段学军,杨剑.基于GIS的城市用地布局多情景模拟与方案评价:以江苏省太仓市为例[J].地理学报,2010,65(9):1 121-1 129.
[29]Fernandes J P.Landscape ecology and conservation management-evaluation of alternatives in a highway EIA process[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2000,20(16):665-680.
[30]Fernandes J P,Guiomar N,Freire M,et al.Applying an integrated landscape characterization and evaluation tool to small islands(Pico,Azores,Portugal)[J].Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management,2014,14(2):243-266.
[31]Calado H,Braga A,Moniz F,et al.Spatial planning and resource use in the Azores[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,2015,20(7):1 079-1 095.
[32]唐伟,杨建强,赵蓓,等.我国海岛生态系统管理对策初步研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2010,27(3):1-4.