战后日本对外援助的动态演进及其援助战略分析——基于欧美的比较视角
|
摘要
国际发展援助模式的比较和演进一直是国际政治经济学领域的重要研究课题。同样重要的是对不同路径选取背后的战略考量。随着中国对外援助的迅速增加,如何借鉴他国经验和教训来优化中国对外援助正变得日益重要。日本的对外援助一直是国际学界和政策界关注的重要议题,这不仅是因为其在提供国际发展援助上的长期巨大体量,更在于其虽在意识形态和地缘政治范畴属于西方阵营,却具有不同于欧美且相对独立的国际发展援助政策,因而日本对外援助是一个有价值的参考系。文章基于日本近60年来的国际发展援助数据,采用比较分析框架,对日本二战后对外援助的动态演进进行了翔实的数据分析。文章认为,日本对外援助数据显示出其具有三个明显不同的阶段,而这三个阶段与其1954年加入"科伦坡计划"以来经历的探索发展期、谋求政治大国期、独立风格成型期高度契合。文章通过探讨其不断演进背后的战略考量,有助于理解日本战后国际发展援助的动态路径演变及其背后国际形势和日本国内发展之间的内在逻辑,对优化中国对外援助提供了重要的研究基础。
The comparison and evolution of the approach of international aid have long been critical topics of research in the field of international political economy.An equally important question is the state strategy underlying the selection of different policy paths.With the rapid increase in China’s foreign aid,the question of how to borrow from the lessons and experiences of other countries to enhance Chinese aid has become more and more important.Japan is in particular a very valuable case to study.Japan’s foreign aid has long attracted the focus of international academic and policy research circles,not only because of the massive size of the foreign assistance that Japan has provided over the long term,but also because it aligns closely with Western states in terms of its ideology and geo-political perspective.At the same time though,it also has a foreign aid policy that is relatively independent of and distinct from those of Europe and America.Based on a dataset relevant to international development aid over the past 60 years,and applying a comparative framework for analysis,we attempt a detailed statistical study of the dynamic evolution of Japan’s foreign aid since the end of World War II by considering the logical relationship between it and Japan’s constantly evolving national interests and national strategy.We find that there are three distinct phases in the history of Japan’s foreign assistance,these being aperiod of exploratory development from its entry into the"Colombo Plan"in 1954;aperiod during which it sought major state status;and a period during which it shaped its own independent style.The findings of this study are not only helpful for understanding through statistical analysis the internal logic behind the dynamic evolutional path Japan’s post-war development aid has taken and the underlying international context and domestic developments and national strategy behind it,but also provides an important foundation for optimizing China’s own foreign aid.
The comparison and evolution of the approach of international aid have long been critical topics of research in the field of international political economy.An equally important question is the state strategy underlying the selection of different policy paths.With the rapid increase in China’s foreign aid,the question of how to borrow from the lessons and experiences of other countries to enhance Chinese aid has become more and more important.Japan is in particular a very valuable case to study.Japan’s foreign aid has long attracted the focus of international academic and policy research circles,not only because of the massive size of the foreign assistance that Japan has provided over the long term,but also because it aligns closely with Western states in terms of its ideology and geo-political perspective.At the same time though,it also has a foreign aid policy that is relatively independent of and distinct from those of Europe and America.Based on a dataset relevant to international development aid over the past 60 years,and applying a comparative framework for analysis,we attempt a detailed statistical study of the dynamic evolution of Japan’s foreign aid since the end of World War II by considering the logical relationship between it and Japan’s constantly evolving national interests and national strategy.We find that there are three distinct phases in the history of Japan’s foreign assistance,these being aperiod of exploratory development from its entry into the"Colombo Plan"in 1954;aperiod during which it sought major state status;and a period during which it shaped its own independent style.The findings of this study are not only helpful for understanding through statistical analysis the internal logic behind the dynamic evolutional path Japan’s post-war development aid has taken and the underlying international context and domestic developments and national strategy behind it,but also provides an important foundation for optimizing China’s own foreign aid.
引文
(1)参见中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的对外援助(2014)》白皮书,http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/ndhf/2014/document/1375013/1375013_4.htm。
(1)张光:《日本对外援助政策研究》,天津人民出版社1996年版;金熙德:《日本政府开发援助》,社会科学文献出版社2000年版;Alan Rix,Japan’s Economic Aid:Policy-making and Politics,London:Croom Helm,1980;John Alexander White,Japanese Aid,London:Overseas Development Institute,1964。
(2)汉斯·摩根索将援助的类型分为六种:人道主义援助、生存援助(subsistence aid)、军事援助、声誉援助(prestige aid)、收买援助(bribery)和经济发展援助。参见Hans Morgenthau,“APolitical Theory of Foreign Aid”,American Political Science Review,Vol.56,No.2,1962,pp.301-309。
(3)林晓光:《战后日本的经济外交与政府开发援助》,载《亚非纵横》2005年第1期,第64~70页。
(4)朱凤岚:《对外经济援助在战后日本国家发展中的地位》,载《世界历史》2003年第2期,第34~44页。
(1)Dennis T.Yasutomo,“Why Aid?Japan as an‘Aid Great Power’”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.62,No.4,1989,pp.490-503.
(2)John White,Japanese Aid.
(3)William L.Brooks and Robert M.Orr,“Japan’s Foreign Economic Assistance”,Asian Survey,Vol.25,No.3,1985,pp.322-340.
(4)五十嵐武士『日本のODAと國際秩序』、日本國際問題研究所1990年、83頁。
(5)Dennis T.Yasutomo,The Manner of Giving:Strategic Aid and Japanese Foreign Policy,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Book,1986.
(1)Emma Mawdsley,From Recipients to Donors:Emerging Powers and the Changing Development Landscape,London:Zed Books,2012.
(2)Tomohisa Hattori,“The Moral Politics of Foreign Aid”,Review of International Studies,Vol.29,No.2,pp.229-247.
(3)Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and Hiroaki Shiga,“Normative Framing of Development Cooperation:Japanese Bilateral Aid between the DAC and Southern Donors”,JICA Research Institute working paper No.130,JICA Research Institute,2016,参见https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/publication/workingpaper/jrft3q00000063lo-att/JICA-RI_WP_No.130.pdf。
(4)久保田勇夫『Q&AわかりやすいODA―その仕組みと役割』、ぎょうせい1990年。
(5)西川吉光『戦後アジアの国際関係』、晃洋書房1993年、6頁。
(1)参见Steven W.Hook and Guang Zhang,“Japan’s Aid Policy since the Cold War:Rhetoric and Reality”,Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.11,1998,pp.1051-1066;Henry Scheyvens,“Reform of Japan’s Official Development Assistance:A Complete Overhaul or Merely a Fresh Coat of Paint?”,Progress in Development Studies,Vol.5,No.2,2005,pp.89-98。
(2)参见Mitsya Araki,“Japan’s Official Development Assistance:The Japan ODA Model that Began Life in Southeast Asia”,Asia-Pacific Review,Vol.14,No.2,2007,pp.17-29;Sakiko and Hiroaki,“Normative Framing of Development Cooperation:Japanese Bilateral Aid between the DACand Southern Donors”。
(1)Steven W.Hook and Guang zhang,“Japan’s Aid Policy since the Cold War:Rhetoric and Reality”.
(2)Saori N.Katada,“Japan’s Two-Track Aid Approach:The Forces behind Competing Triads”,Asian Survey,Vol.42,No.2,2002,pp.320-342.
(3)Keiko Hirata,“New Challenges to Japan’s Aid:An Analysis of Aid Policy-Making”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.71,No.3,1998,pp.311-334.
(4)Matsuo Watanabe,“Japan’s Foreign Aid Policy in Transition:An Interpretation of TICADIV”,Japan Aktuell-Journal of Current Japanese Affairs,Vol.16,No.3,2008,pp.7-26.
(5)Shigeru Ishikawa,“Supporting Growth and Poverty Reduction:toward Mutual Learning from the British Model in Africa and the Japanese Model in East Asia”,JBIC Institute,Japan Bank for International Cooperation,2005,参见https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/discussion/pdf/dp08_e.pdf。
(1)Monir Hossain Moni,“Why Japan’s Development Aid Matters Most for Dealing with Global Environmental Problems”,Asia Pacific Review,Vol.16,No.1,2009,pp.8-36.
(1)United Nations,“Treaty of Peace with Japan”,in United Nations-Treaty Series,1952,参见https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf。
(2)Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry of the Government of Japan,“White Paper on International Economy and Trade”,2007,p.377,参见http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/2007WhitePaper/Section4-3.pdf。
(1)作者根据IMF Direction of Trade Statistics(DOTS)数据库数据计算,参见http://data.imf.org/?sk=9D6028D4-F14A-464C-A2F2-59B2CD424B85。
(1)日本的ODA预算和支出均以日元形式进行,但是OECD DAC在进行ODA统计时,是以美元计算的。1985年《广场协定》签订之后,日元兑美元强势升值,客观导致了以美元计价的日本ODA也经历了迅猛增长。
(1)作者根据OECD DAC数据库数据计算,参见http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/。
(1)这里特指OECD国家中位于西欧的18个国家,包括奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国。
(1)作者根据OECD DAC数据库进行计算,参见http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/。
(2)日本外务省:《政府开发援助大纲(旧ODA大纲)》,1992,参见http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/taikou/sei_1_1.html。
(3)日本外务省:《政府开发援助(ODA)大纲》,2003,参见http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/taikou.html。
(1)The Government of Japan,“National Security Strategy”,2013,参见http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/131217anzenhoshou/nss-e.pdf。
(2)日本外务省:《开发合作大纲》,2015,参见http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/taikou_201502.html。
(3)日本外务省:《开发合作大纲》,2015。
(4)同上。
(5)日本国家安全保障会议:《国家安全保障战略》,2013,参见http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kakugikettei/2013/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2013/12/17/20131217-1_1.pdf。
(1)日本外务省:《开发合作大纲》。
(2)同上。
(1)根据图16的计算得出。
(1)据财经网2015年6月22日报道,2015年5月,日本首相安倍晋三宣布了一个名为“高质量基础设施合作伙伴关系:投资亚洲的未来”的计划,在未来五年将向亚洲基础设施建设提供1100亿美元的投资,正好超过中国发起的亚投行的资本金1000亿美元,参见http://yuanchuang.caijing.com.cn/2015/0622/3909969.shtml。2015年10月,日本首相时隔九年再次访问中亚五国并签下巨额援助,参见https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/what-did-abe-accomplish-in-central-asia/。
(1)张光:《日本对外援助政策研究》,天津人民出版社1996年版;金熙德:《日本政府开发援助》,社会科学文献出版社2000年版;Alan Rix,Japan’s Economic Aid:Policy-making and Politics,London:Croom Helm,1980;John Alexander White,Japanese Aid,London:Overseas Development Institute,1964。
(2)汉斯·摩根索将援助的类型分为六种:人道主义援助、生存援助(subsistence aid)、军事援助、声誉援助(prestige aid)、收买援助(bribery)和经济发展援助。参见Hans Morgenthau,“APolitical Theory of Foreign Aid”,American Political Science Review,Vol.56,No.2,1962,pp.301-309。
(3)林晓光:《战后日本的经济外交与政府开发援助》,载《亚非纵横》2005年第1期,第64~70页。
(4)朱凤岚:《对外经济援助在战后日本国家发展中的地位》,载《世界历史》2003年第2期,第34~44页。
(1)Dennis T.Yasutomo,“Why Aid?Japan as an‘Aid Great Power’”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.62,No.4,1989,pp.490-503.
(2)John White,Japanese Aid.
(3)William L.Brooks and Robert M.Orr,“Japan’s Foreign Economic Assistance”,Asian Survey,Vol.25,No.3,1985,pp.322-340.
(4)五十嵐武士『日本のODAと國際秩序』、日本國際問題研究所1990年、83頁。
(5)Dennis T.Yasutomo,The Manner of Giving:Strategic Aid and Japanese Foreign Policy,Lexington,Mass.:Lexington Book,1986.
(1)Emma Mawdsley,From Recipients to Donors:Emerging Powers and the Changing Development Landscape,London:Zed Books,2012.
(2)Tomohisa Hattori,“The Moral Politics of Foreign Aid”,Review of International Studies,Vol.29,No.2,pp.229-247.
(3)Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and Hiroaki Shiga,“Normative Framing of Development Cooperation:Japanese Bilateral Aid between the DAC and Southern Donors”,JICA Research Institute working paper No.130,JICA Research Institute,2016,参见https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/publication/workingpaper/jrft3q00000063lo-att/JICA-RI_WP_No.130.pdf。
(4)久保田勇夫『Q&AわかりやすいODA―その仕組みと役割』、ぎょうせい1990年。
(5)西川吉光『戦後アジアの国際関係』、晃洋書房1993年、6頁。
(1)参见Steven W.Hook and Guang Zhang,“Japan’s Aid Policy since the Cold War:Rhetoric and Reality”,Asian Survey,Vol.38,No.11,1998,pp.1051-1066;Henry Scheyvens,“Reform of Japan’s Official Development Assistance:A Complete Overhaul or Merely a Fresh Coat of Paint?”,Progress in Development Studies,Vol.5,No.2,2005,pp.89-98。
(2)参见Mitsya Araki,“Japan’s Official Development Assistance:The Japan ODA Model that Began Life in Southeast Asia”,Asia-Pacific Review,Vol.14,No.2,2007,pp.17-29;Sakiko and Hiroaki,“Normative Framing of Development Cooperation:Japanese Bilateral Aid between the DACand Southern Donors”。
(1)Steven W.Hook and Guang zhang,“Japan’s Aid Policy since the Cold War:Rhetoric and Reality”.
(2)Saori N.Katada,“Japan’s Two-Track Aid Approach:The Forces behind Competing Triads”,Asian Survey,Vol.42,No.2,2002,pp.320-342.
(3)Keiko Hirata,“New Challenges to Japan’s Aid:An Analysis of Aid Policy-Making”,Pacific Affairs,Vol.71,No.3,1998,pp.311-334.
(4)Matsuo Watanabe,“Japan’s Foreign Aid Policy in Transition:An Interpretation of TICADIV”,Japan Aktuell-Journal of Current Japanese Affairs,Vol.16,No.3,2008,pp.7-26.
(5)Shigeru Ishikawa,“Supporting Growth and Poverty Reduction:toward Mutual Learning from the British Model in Africa and the Japanese Model in East Asia”,JBIC Institute,Japan Bank for International Cooperation,2005,参见https://www.jica.go.jp/jica-ri/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jbic/report/discussion/pdf/dp08_e.pdf。
(1)Monir Hossain Moni,“Why Japan’s Development Aid Matters Most for Dealing with Global Environmental Problems”,Asia Pacific Review,Vol.16,No.1,2009,pp.8-36.
(1)United Nations,“Treaty of Peace with Japan”,in United Nations-Treaty Series,1952,参见https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf。
(2)Ministry of Economy,Trade and Industry of the Government of Japan,“White Paper on International Economy and Trade”,2007,p.377,参见http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/2007WhitePaper/Section4-3.pdf。
(1)作者根据IMF Direction of Trade Statistics(DOTS)数据库数据计算,参见http://data.imf.org/?sk=9D6028D4-F14A-464C-A2F2-59B2CD424B85。
(1)日本的ODA预算和支出均以日元形式进行,但是OECD DAC在进行ODA统计时,是以美元计算的。1985年《广场协定》签订之后,日元兑美元强势升值,客观导致了以美元计价的日本ODA也经历了迅猛增长。
(1)作者根据OECD DAC数据库数据计算,参见http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/。
(1)这里特指OECD国家中位于西欧的18个国家,包括奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国。
(1)作者根据OECD DAC数据库进行计算,参见http://stats.oecd.org/qwids/。
(2)日本外务省:《政府开发援助大纲(旧ODA大纲)》,1992,参见http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/taikou/sei_1_1.html。
(3)日本外务省:《政府开发援助(ODA)大纲》,2003,参见http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/taikou.html。
(1)The Government of Japan,“National Security Strategy”,2013,参见http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/siryou/131217anzenhoshou/nss-e.pdf。
(2)日本外务省:《开发合作大纲》,2015,参见http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/seisaku/taikou_201502.html。
(3)日本外务省:《开发合作大纲》,2015。
(4)同上。
(5)日本国家安全保障会议:《国家安全保障战略》,2013,参见http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kakugikettei/2013/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2013/12/17/20131217-1_1.pdf。
(1)日本外务省:《开发合作大纲》。
(2)同上。
(1)根据图16的计算得出。
(1)据财经网2015年6月22日报道,2015年5月,日本首相安倍晋三宣布了一个名为“高质量基础设施合作伙伴关系:投资亚洲的未来”的计划,在未来五年将向亚洲基础设施建设提供1100亿美元的投资,正好超过中国发起的亚投行的资本金1000亿美元,参见http://yuanchuang.caijing.com.cn/2015/0622/3909969.shtml。2015年10月,日本首相时隔九年再次访问中亚五国并签下巨额援助,参见https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/what-did-abe-accomplish-in-central-asia/。