太湖大浦湖区环境变化的沉积物同位素响应特征
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摘要
在137 CS年代学分析的基础上,通过对太湖大浦湖区钻孔沉积物的有机质碳、氮同位素(δ13 C、δ15 N)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等指标分析,开展了大浦湖区水体富营养化过程的同位素示踪研究。结果表明,随着湖泊水体从低营养向富营养演化,沉积物有机质δ13 C、δ15 N有明显的规律性变化。20世纪50年代以前,湖泊初级生产力低,水环境好,受人类活动影响弱,湖泊沉积记录表现为δ13 C偏高、δ15 N偏低以及较低含量的TOC、TN、TP;到1990s,湖泊环境出现显著的变化,湖泊初级生产力大幅提高,湖泊水环境恶化,营养化水平迅速提高,以致到达富营养阶段。相应地,湖泊沉积物有机质δ13 C快速下降而δ15 N升高,两者呈明显的反相关系(R=-0.81),而草型湖区东太湖δ13 C和δ15 N组合变化则呈明显正相关(R=0.96),反映了不同湖区同位素对环境变化的响应差异。据此,初步建立了藻型和草型湖泊富营养化过程的稳定碳氮同位素示踪模式。
Through the determinations of δ13C,δ15N,total organic C,total N,total P in sediments of Dapu area in the Taihu Lake,this paper analyzed the eutrophication process of this area.The results showed that δ13C,δ15N in sediments had a significant change in patferns with the water evolution from low nutrition to eutrophication.Before 1950s,primary productivity of the lake was low and the water environment was good.Moreover,the impact of human activities was weak,and the lake sediments record showed a high value of δ13C and low values of δ15N,TOC,TN,TP.In 1990s,the lake environment changed significantly and the primary productivity increased substantially.As the result,the water environment deteriorated and the nutrition level increased rapidly resulting in eutrophication.Accordingly,the value of δ13C decreased rapidly,but δ15N increased,and the correlation showed significant reverse(R=-0.81).However,the correlation between δ13C and δ15N was significantly positive(R=0.96).This phenomenon reflected that the isotopic elements of different lakes responded differently to environmental changes,and the eutrophication patterns of grass-type lake and algae-type lake were initially established.
Through the determinations of δ13C,δ15N,total organic C,total N,total P in sediments of Dapu area in the Taihu Lake,this paper analyzed the eutrophication process of this area.The results showed that δ13C,δ15N in sediments had a significant change in patferns with the water evolution from low nutrition to eutrophication.Before 1950s,primary productivity of the lake was low and the water environment was good.Moreover,the impact of human activities was weak,and the lake sediments record showed a high value of δ13C and low values of δ15N,TOC,TN,TP.In 1990s,the lake environment changed significantly and the primary productivity increased substantially.As the result,the water environment deteriorated and the nutrition level increased rapidly resulting in eutrophication.Accordingly,the value of δ13C decreased rapidly,but δ15N increased,and the correlation showed significant reverse(R=-0.81).However,the correlation between δ13C and δ15N was significantly positive(R=0.96).This phenomenon reflected that the isotopic elements of different lakes responded differently to environmental changes,and the eutrophication patterns of grass-type lake and algae-type lake were initially established.
引文
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[17]林琳,吴敬禄.太湖梅梁湾沉积岩芯元素地球化学记录的多元统计分析[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(1):76-82.[LIN Lin,WU Jinglu.Application of multivariate statistical analysis toelemental geochemical records of lacustrine sediment of Mel-liang Bay in Lake Taihu[J].J.Lake Sci.,2008,20(1):76-82.]
[18]刘建军,吴敬禄.太湖大浦湖区近百年来湖泊记录的环境信息[J].古地理学报,2006,8(4):559-564.[LIU Jianjun,WUJinglu.Environmental information of recent 100years recor-ded sediments of Dapu area in Taihu Lake[J].Journal ofPalaeogeography,2006,8(4):559-564.]
[19]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范(第二版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.[JIN Xiangcan,TU Qingying.Criteria of Evaluating Lake Eutrophication(2nd edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.]
[20]张燕,潘少明,彭补拙.用137Cs计年法确定湖泊沉积物沉积速率研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(6):671-678.[ZHANG Yan,PAN Shaoming,PENG Buzhuo.An over-view on the evaluation of sediment accumulation rate of lakeby 137Cs dating[J].Advances in Earth Sciences,2005,20(6):671-678.]
[21]曾理,吴丰昌,万国江,等.中国地区湖泊沉积物中137Cs分布特征和环境意义[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(1):1-9.[ZENLi,WU Fengchang,WAN Guojiang,et al.The distributioncharacteristic and environmental significance of Cesium-137deposit profile in Chinese lacustrine sediment[J].J.LakeSci.,2009,21(1):1-9.]
[22]万国江.137Cs及210Pbex方法湖泊沉积计年研究新进展[J].地球科学进展,1995,10(2):188-192.[WAN Guojiang.Pro-gresses on 137Cs and 210Pbexdating of lake sediments[J].Ad-vances In Earth Sciences,1995,10(2):188-192.]
[23]万国江.现代沉积的210Pb计年[J].第四纪研究,1997,17(3):230-239.[WAN Guojiang.210Pb dating for recent sed-imentation[J].Quaternary Sciences,1997,17(3):230-239.]
[24]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的累积[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(2):143-150.[ZHU Guanwei,QIN Boqiang,GAO Guang,et al.Accumulation characteris-tics of heavy metals in the sediments of Lake Taihu,China[J].J.Lake Sci.,2005,17(2):143-150.]
[25]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光.太湖现代沉积物中磷的沉积通量及空间差异性[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(4):329-335.[ZHUGuangwei,QIN Boqiang,GAO Guang.Phosphorus sedi-mentation flux and its spatial heterogeneity in Taihu Lakes,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(4):329-335.]
[26]Meyers P A,Leenheer M,Bourbonniere R.Diagenesis ofvascular plant organic matter components during burial inlake sediments[J].Aquatic Geochem,1995,1:35-52.
[27]Meyers P A.Preservation of source identification of sedimen-tary organic matter during and after deposition[J].ChemicalGeology,1994,144:289-302.
[28]Krish naunurhy R V,Bhalla charya S K,Kusumgar S.Paleoclimatic changes deduced from 13C/12 C and C/N ratios ofKarewa Lake sediments,India[J].Nature,1986,323:150-152.
[29]Muller A,Ulrlle M.The paleo environments of coastal la-goons in the southern Baltic sea:The application of sedimen-tary C/N ratios as source indications of organic matter[J].Palaeo geography,Palaeo climatology,Palaeo ecology,1999,145:1-16.
[30]Orem W H,Colman S M,Lerch H E.Lignin phenols in sed-iments of Lake Baikal,Siberia:Application to paleo environ-mental studies[J].Organic Geochemistry,1997,27:153-172.
[31]Stuiver M.Climate versus changes in content of organic com-ponent of lake sediment during the Late Quarternary[J].Quat.Res.,1975,5:252-262.
[32]Spiker E C,Hatcher P G.Carbon isotope fractionation of sa-propelic organic matter during early diagenesis[J].OrganicGeochemistry,1984,5(4):283-290.
[33]Keely J E,Sandquist D R.Carbon:freshwater plants[J].Plant Cell Environment,1992,15:1021-1035.
[34]Bernasconi S M,Barbieri A,Simona M.Carbon and nitrogenisotope variations in sedimenting organic matter in Lake Lua-gano[J].Limnol.Oceanogr.,1997,42(8):1755-1765.
[35]林泽新.太湖流域水环境变化及缘由分析[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(2):111-116.[LIN Zexin.Analysis of water envi-ronmental change in Taihu watershed[J].J.Lake Sci.,2002,14(2):111-116.]
[2]张艳艳.试论太湖富营养化的发展、现状及治理[J].环境科学与管理,2009,34(5):126-129.[ZHANG Yanyan.The dis-cussion of water eutrophication progress and treatment coun-termeasures in Lake Taihu[J].Environmental Science andManagement,2009,34(5):126-129.]
[3]毛新伟,徐枫,徐彬,等.太湖水质及富营养化变化趋势分析[J].水资源保护.2009,25(1):48-51.[MAO Xinwei,XUFeng,XU Bin,et al.Changes of water quality and eutrophica-tion in Taihu Lake[J].Water Resources Protection,2009,25(1):48-51.]
[4]朱广伟.太湖富营养化现状及原因分析[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(1):21-26.[ZHU Guangwei.Eutrophic status and cau-sing factors for a large,shallow and subtropical Lake Taihu,China[J].J.Lake Sci.,2008,20(1):21-26.]
[5]Stuiver M.Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of fresh-watercarbonates as climatic indicators[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1970,75:5247-5257.
[6]Fritz P,Anderson T W,Lewis C F M.Late-Quaternary cli-matic trends and history of Lake Erie from stable isotope stud-ies[J].Science,1975,190:267-269.
[7]Siegenthaler U,Oeschger H.Correlation of 18 O in precipitati-on with temperature and altitude[J].Nature,1980,285:314-317.
[8]McKenzie J A.Carbon isotope and productivity in the lacus-trine and marine environment[M].In:Stumm W ed.Chemi-cal Processes in Lakes.New York:Wiley,1985:99-118.
[9]Hollander D J,McKenzie J A.CO2control on carbon isotopefractionation during aquatic photosynthesis:A paleo-pCO2ba-rometer[J].Geology,1991,19:929-932.
[10]Schelske CL,Hodell DA.Recent changes in productivity andclimate of Lake Ontario detected by isotope analysis of sedi-ments[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1991,36:961-975.
[11]Hollander D J,Haven H L.A 200year sedimentary recordof progressive eutrophication in Lake Greifen(Switzerland):Implications for the origin of organic-carbon rich sediments[J].Geology,1992,20:825-828.
[12]周志华,李军,朱兆洲.龙感湖沉积物碳、氮同位素记录的环境演化[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(5):693-699.[ZHOU Zhi-hua,LI Jun,ZHU Zhaozhou.Environmental evolution ofLong-gan Lake sediments recorded by carbon and nitrogen i-sotopes[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(5):693-699.]
[13]周志华,李军,朱兆洲.巢湖沉积物δ13Corg和δ15N记录的生态环境演化过程[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1338-1343.[ZHOU Zhihua,LI Jun,ZHU Zhaozhou.Record of ecosys-tem evolvement processes provided byδ13 Corg andδ15 N val-ues in Chaohu Lake sediments[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(6):1338-1343.]
[14]戴全裕.湖泊水生植物对重金属元素吸收积累的初步研究[J].环境污染与防治,1982(1):9-12.[DAI Quanyu.Heavymetal absorption and accumulation by Hydrophytes in lakes[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,1982(1):9-12.]
[15]丁树荣.高产水生维管束植物在城镇污水资源化中的作用及其发展前景[J].中国环境科学,1984,4(2):10-15.[DINGShurong.The function of purification of wastewater in urbansewage treatment and developing future[J].EnvironmentalSciences In China,1984,4(2):10-15.]
[16]吴敬禄,林琳,刘建军,等.太湖沉积物碳氮同位素组成特征与环境意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(2):25-30.[WU Jinglu,LIN Lin,LIU Jianjun,et al.Environmentalsignificance and stable isotope signatures from sedimented or-ganic matter in Lake Taihu[J].Marine Geology and Quater-nary Geology,2005,25(2):25-30.]
[17]林琳,吴敬禄.太湖梅梁湾沉积岩芯元素地球化学记录的多元统计分析[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(1):76-82.[LIN Lin,WU Jinglu.Application of multivariate statistical analysis toelemental geochemical records of lacustrine sediment of Mel-liang Bay in Lake Taihu[J].J.Lake Sci.,2008,20(1):76-82.]
[18]刘建军,吴敬禄.太湖大浦湖区近百年来湖泊记录的环境信息[J].古地理学报,2006,8(4):559-564.[LIU Jianjun,WUJinglu.Environmental information of recent 100years recor-ded sediments of Dapu area in Taihu Lake[J].Journal ofPalaeogeography,2006,8(4):559-564.]
[19]金相灿,屠清瑛.湖泊富营养化调查规范(第二版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.[JIN Xiangcan,TU Qingying.Criteria of Evaluating Lake Eutrophication(2nd edition)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990.]
[20]张燕,潘少明,彭补拙.用137Cs计年法确定湖泊沉积物沉积速率研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(6):671-678.[ZHANG Yan,PAN Shaoming,PENG Buzhuo.An over-view on the evaluation of sediment accumulation rate of lakeby 137Cs dating[J].Advances in Earth Sciences,2005,20(6):671-678.]
[21]曾理,吴丰昌,万国江,等.中国地区湖泊沉积物中137Cs分布特征和环境意义[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(1):1-9.[ZENLi,WU Fengchang,WAN Guojiang,et al.The distributioncharacteristic and environmental significance of Cesium-137deposit profile in Chinese lacustrine sediment[J].J.LakeSci.,2009,21(1):1-9.]
[22]万国江.137Cs及210Pbex方法湖泊沉积计年研究新进展[J].地球科学进展,1995,10(2):188-192.[WAN Guojiang.Pro-gresses on 137Cs and 210Pbexdating of lake sediments[J].Ad-vances In Earth Sciences,1995,10(2):188-192.]
[23]万国江.现代沉积的210Pb计年[J].第四纪研究,1997,17(3):230-239.[WAN Guojiang.210Pb dating for recent sed-imentation[J].Quaternary Sciences,1997,17(3):230-239.]
[24]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的累积[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(2):143-150.[ZHU Guanwei,QIN Boqiang,GAO Guang,et al.Accumulation characteris-tics of heavy metals in the sediments of Lake Taihu,China[J].J.Lake Sci.,2005,17(2):143-150.]
[25]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光.太湖现代沉积物中磷的沉积通量及空间差异性[J].海洋与湖沼,2007,38(4):329-335.[ZHUGuangwei,QIN Boqiang,GAO Guang.Phosphorus sedi-mentation flux and its spatial heterogeneity in Taihu Lakes,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2007,38(4):329-335.]
[26]Meyers P A,Leenheer M,Bourbonniere R.Diagenesis ofvascular plant organic matter components during burial inlake sediments[J].Aquatic Geochem,1995,1:35-52.
[27]Meyers P A.Preservation of source identification of sedimen-tary organic matter during and after deposition[J].ChemicalGeology,1994,144:289-302.
[28]Krish naunurhy R V,Bhalla charya S K,Kusumgar S.Paleoclimatic changes deduced from 13C/12 C and C/N ratios ofKarewa Lake sediments,India[J].Nature,1986,323:150-152.
[29]Muller A,Ulrlle M.The paleo environments of coastal la-goons in the southern Baltic sea:The application of sedimen-tary C/N ratios as source indications of organic matter[J].Palaeo geography,Palaeo climatology,Palaeo ecology,1999,145:1-16.
[30]Orem W H,Colman S M,Lerch H E.Lignin phenols in sed-iments of Lake Baikal,Siberia:Application to paleo environ-mental studies[J].Organic Geochemistry,1997,27:153-172.
[31]Stuiver M.Climate versus changes in content of organic com-ponent of lake sediment during the Late Quarternary[J].Quat.Res.,1975,5:252-262.
[32]Spiker E C,Hatcher P G.Carbon isotope fractionation of sa-propelic organic matter during early diagenesis[J].OrganicGeochemistry,1984,5(4):283-290.
[33]Keely J E,Sandquist D R.Carbon:freshwater plants[J].Plant Cell Environment,1992,15:1021-1035.
[34]Bernasconi S M,Barbieri A,Simona M.Carbon and nitrogenisotope variations in sedimenting organic matter in Lake Lua-gano[J].Limnol.Oceanogr.,1997,42(8):1755-1765.
[35]林泽新.太湖流域水环境变化及缘由分析[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(2):111-116.[LIN Zexin.Analysis of water envi-ronmental change in Taihu watershed[J].J.Lake Sci.,2002,14(2):111-116.]