A Method for Calculating Bottom Backscattering Strength Using Omnidirectional Projector and Omnidirectional Hydrophone
|
摘要
A method of obtaining bottom backscattering strength by employing an omnidirectional projector and omnidirectional hydrophone is proposed. The backscattering strength is extracted from monostatic backscattering data. The method was adopted in an experiment conducted in the South Yellow Sea of China. The seafloor surface was relatively smooth and covered by a small quantity of shell fragments, as observed through a digital camera system. Sampling data showed that the main component of the sediment at this experimental site was fine sand. In this paper, we detail the calculation method. Preliminary results of backscattering strength as a function of grazing angle(20?–70?) in the frequency range of 6–24 kHz are presented. The measured backscattering strength increased with the grazing angle and changed more rapidly at large grazing angles(60?–70?). A comparison of the data at different frequencies reveals that the measured backscattering strength substantially rises with the increase of acoustic frequency. A fitting curve of Lambert's law against the measured data shows that the backscattering strength deviates from Lambert's law at large grazing angles.
A method of obtaining bottom backscattering strength by employing an omnidirectional projector and omnidirectional hydrophone is proposed. The backscattering strength is extracted from monostatic backscattering data. The method was adopted in an experiment conducted in the South Yellow Sea of China. The seafloor surface was relatively smooth and covered by a small quantity of shell fragments, as observed through a digital camera system. Sampling data showed that the main component of the sediment at this experimental site was fine sand. In this paper, we detail the calculation method. Preliminary results of backscattering strength as a function of grazing angle(20?–70?) in the frequency range of 6–24 kHz are presented. The measured backscattering strength increased with the grazing angle and changed more rapidly at large grazing angles(60?–70?). A comparison of the data at different frequencies reveals that the measured backscattering strength substantially rises with the increase of acoustic frequency. A fitting curve of Lambert's law against the measured data shows that the backscattering strength deviates from Lambert's law at large grazing angles.
A method of obtaining bottom backscattering strength by employing an omnidirectional projector and omnidirectional hydrophone is proposed. The backscattering strength is extracted from monostatic backscattering data. The method was adopted in an experiment conducted in the South Yellow Sea of China. The seafloor surface was relatively smooth and covered by a small quantity of shell fragments, as observed through a digital camera system. Sampling data showed that the main component of the sediment at this experimental site was fine sand. In this paper, we detail the calculation method. Preliminary results of backscattering strength as a function of grazing angle(20?–70?) in the frequency range of 6–24 kHz are presented. The measured backscattering strength increased with the grazing angle and changed more rapidly at large grazing angles(60?–70?). A comparison of the data at different frequencies reveals that the measured backscattering strength substantially rises with the increase of acoustic frequency. A fitting curve of Lambert's law against the measured data shows that the backscattering strength deviates from Lambert's law at large grazing angles.
引文
Bassett,C.,Lavery,A.C.,Maksym,T.,and Wilkinson,J.P.,2016.Broadband acoustic backscatter from crude oil laboratory-grown sea ice.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,140(4):2274-2283.
Chotiros,N.P.,Boehme,H.,Goldsberry,T.G.,Pitt,S.P.,Lamb,R.A.,Garcia,A.L.,and Altenburg,R.A.,1985.Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles from the ocean bottom.PartⅡ.Statistical characteristics of bottom backscattering at a shallow water site.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,77(3):975-982.
Day,C.M.,and Yamamoto,T.,1999.Low grazing angle bistatic sea floor scattering on the Florida Atlantic coastal shelf.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,106(4):1744-1754.
De,C.,and Chakraborty,B.,2011.Model-based acoustic remote sensing of seafloor characteristics.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,49(10):3868-3877.
Greaves,R.J.,and Stephen,R.A.,1997.Seafloor acoustic backscattering from different geological provinces in the Atlantic natural laboratory.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,101(1):193-208.
Greenlaw,C.F.,Holliday,D.V.,and McGehee,D.E.,2004.High-frequency scattering from saturated sand sediments.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,115(6):2818-2823.
Hairs,K.,Chakraborty,B.,De,C.,Prabhudesai,R.G.,and Fernandes,W.,2011.Model-based seafloor characterization employing multi-beam angular backscatter data-A comparative study with dual-frequency single beam.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,130(6):3623-3632.
Hines,P.C.,Osler,J.C.,and MacDougald,D.J.,2005.Acoustic backscatter measurements from littoral seabeds at shallow grazing angles at 4 and 8 k Hz.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,117(6):3504-3516.
Holland,C.W.,and Neumann,P.,1998.Sub-bottom scattering:A modeling approach.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,104(3):1363-1373.
Holland,C.W.,Hollett,R.,and Troiano,L.,2000.Measurement technique for bottom scattering in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,108(3):997-1011.
Holland,C.W.,Steininger,G.,and Dosso,S.E.,2015.Discrimination between discrete and continuum scattering from the sub-seafloor.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,138(2):663-673.
Ivakin,A.N.,2016.A full-field perturbation approach to scattering and reverberation in range-dependent environments with rough interfaces.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,140(1):657-665.
Jackson,D.R.,Baird,A.M.,Crisp,J.J.,and Thomson,P.A.G.,1986.High-frequency bottom backscatter measurements in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,80(4):1188-1199.
Jackson,D.R.,and Richardson,M.D.,2007.High-Frequency Seafloor Acoustics.Springer,New York,495-508.
La,H.,and Choi,J.W.,2010.8-k Hz bottom backscattering measurements at low grazing angles in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,127(4):160-165.
Rogers,A.K.,and Yamamoto,T.,1996.Analysis of high-frequency acoustic scattering data measured in the shallow water of the Florida Strait.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,106(5):2469-2480.
Soukup,R.J.,and Gragg,R.F.,2003.Backscatter from a limestone seafloor at 2-3.5 k Hz:Measurements and modeling.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,113(5):2501-2514.
Stanic,S.,Briggs,K.B.,Fleischer,P.,Ray,R.I.,and Sawyer,W.B.,1988.Shallow-water high-frequency bottom scattering off Panama City,Florida.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,83(6):2134-2144.
Stanic,S.,Briggs,K.B.,Fleischer,P.,Sawyer,W.B.,and Ray,R.I.,1989.High-frequency acoustic backscattering from a coarse shell ocean bottom.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,85(1):125-136.
Stanic,S.,Kennedy,E.,and Ray,R.I.,1991.Variability of shallow-water bistatic bottom backscattering.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,90(1):547-553.
Steininger,G.,Dosso,S.E.,Holland,C.W.,and Dettmer,J.,2014.Estimating seabed scattering mechanisms via Bayesian model seclection.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,136(4):1552-1562.
Weber,T.C.,and Ward,L.G.,2015.Observations of backscatter from sand and gravel seafloors between 170 and 250 k Hz.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,138(4):2169-2180.
Williams,K.L.,2009.Forward scattering from a rippled sand/water interface:Modeling,measurements,and determination of the plane wave,flat surface reflection coefficient.IEEEJournal of Oceanic Engineering,34(4):399-406.
Williams,K.L.,Hackman,R.H.,and Trivett,D.H.,1988.Highfrequency scattering from liquid/porous sediment interfaces.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,84(2):760-770.
Williams,K.L.,Jackson,D.R.,Tang,D.,Briggs,K.B.,and Thorsos,E.I.,2009.Acoustic backscattering from a sand and sand/mud environments:Experiments and data/model comparisons.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,34(4):388-398.
Williams,K.L.,Jackson,D.R.,Thorsos,E.I.,Tang,D.,and Briggs,K.B.,2002.Acoustic backscattering experiments in a well characterized sand sediments:Data/model comparisons using sediment fluid and Biot models.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,27(3):376-387.
Chotiros,N.P.,Boehme,H.,Goldsberry,T.G.,Pitt,S.P.,Lamb,R.A.,Garcia,A.L.,and Altenburg,R.A.,1985.Acoustic backscattering at low grazing angles from the ocean bottom.PartⅡ.Statistical characteristics of bottom backscattering at a shallow water site.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,77(3):975-982.
Day,C.M.,and Yamamoto,T.,1999.Low grazing angle bistatic sea floor scattering on the Florida Atlantic coastal shelf.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,106(4):1744-1754.
De,C.,and Chakraborty,B.,2011.Model-based acoustic remote sensing of seafloor characteristics.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,49(10):3868-3877.
Greaves,R.J.,and Stephen,R.A.,1997.Seafloor acoustic backscattering from different geological provinces in the Atlantic natural laboratory.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,101(1):193-208.
Greenlaw,C.F.,Holliday,D.V.,and McGehee,D.E.,2004.High-frequency scattering from saturated sand sediments.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,115(6):2818-2823.
Hairs,K.,Chakraborty,B.,De,C.,Prabhudesai,R.G.,and Fernandes,W.,2011.Model-based seafloor characterization employing multi-beam angular backscatter data-A comparative study with dual-frequency single beam.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,130(6):3623-3632.
Hines,P.C.,Osler,J.C.,and MacDougald,D.J.,2005.Acoustic backscatter measurements from littoral seabeds at shallow grazing angles at 4 and 8 k Hz.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,117(6):3504-3516.
Holland,C.W.,and Neumann,P.,1998.Sub-bottom scattering:A modeling approach.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,104(3):1363-1373.
Holland,C.W.,Hollett,R.,and Troiano,L.,2000.Measurement technique for bottom scattering in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,108(3):997-1011.
Holland,C.W.,Steininger,G.,and Dosso,S.E.,2015.Discrimination between discrete and continuum scattering from the sub-seafloor.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,138(2):663-673.
Ivakin,A.N.,2016.A full-field perturbation approach to scattering and reverberation in range-dependent environments with rough interfaces.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,140(1):657-665.
Jackson,D.R.,Baird,A.M.,Crisp,J.J.,and Thomson,P.A.G.,1986.High-frequency bottom backscatter measurements in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,80(4):1188-1199.
Jackson,D.R.,and Richardson,M.D.,2007.High-Frequency Seafloor Acoustics.Springer,New York,495-508.
La,H.,and Choi,J.W.,2010.8-k Hz bottom backscattering measurements at low grazing angles in shallow water.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,127(4):160-165.
Rogers,A.K.,and Yamamoto,T.,1996.Analysis of high-frequency acoustic scattering data measured in the shallow water of the Florida Strait.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,106(5):2469-2480.
Soukup,R.J.,and Gragg,R.F.,2003.Backscatter from a limestone seafloor at 2-3.5 k Hz:Measurements and modeling.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,113(5):2501-2514.
Stanic,S.,Briggs,K.B.,Fleischer,P.,Ray,R.I.,and Sawyer,W.B.,1988.Shallow-water high-frequency bottom scattering off Panama City,Florida.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,83(6):2134-2144.
Stanic,S.,Briggs,K.B.,Fleischer,P.,Sawyer,W.B.,and Ray,R.I.,1989.High-frequency acoustic backscattering from a coarse shell ocean bottom.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,85(1):125-136.
Stanic,S.,Kennedy,E.,and Ray,R.I.,1991.Variability of shallow-water bistatic bottom backscattering.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,90(1):547-553.
Steininger,G.,Dosso,S.E.,Holland,C.W.,and Dettmer,J.,2014.Estimating seabed scattering mechanisms via Bayesian model seclection.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,136(4):1552-1562.
Weber,T.C.,and Ward,L.G.,2015.Observations of backscatter from sand and gravel seafloors between 170 and 250 k Hz.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,138(4):2169-2180.
Williams,K.L.,2009.Forward scattering from a rippled sand/water interface:Modeling,measurements,and determination of the plane wave,flat surface reflection coefficient.IEEEJournal of Oceanic Engineering,34(4):399-406.
Williams,K.L.,Hackman,R.H.,and Trivett,D.H.,1988.Highfrequency scattering from liquid/porous sediment interfaces.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,84(2):760-770.
Williams,K.L.,Jackson,D.R.,Tang,D.,Briggs,K.B.,and Thorsos,E.I.,2009.Acoustic backscattering from a sand and sand/mud environments:Experiments and data/model comparisons.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,34(4):388-398.
Williams,K.L.,Jackson,D.R.,Thorsos,E.I.,Tang,D.,and Briggs,K.B.,2002.Acoustic backscattering experiments in a well characterized sand sediments:Data/model comparisons using sediment fluid and Biot models.IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,27(3):376-387.