GPS measured static and kinematic offsets at near and far field of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake
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摘要
The Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake that hit the mainland Japan on 11 th March, 2011 had resulted a devastating Tsunami due to an active thrusting between the Pacific and the North American Plates. Static and kinematic offsets at the offshore epicentre of the Mw 9.0 event remain unanswered and being investigated along with their near and far field limiting distances from the epicentre. Accordingly, offset measurements from 60 continuously operating IGS and GEONET GNSS stations were radially classified from the epicentre and interpreted with analytical models to find their linear offset decay rates. Co-and post-seismic static positional anomaly offsets of sixty days show almost all near field stations had strong or appreciable eastward or south eastward static shifts. Near stations(<250 km) showed both kinematic and static offsets. GEONET station '0175' showed maximum resultant static offset of-4.5 m, which diminishes approximately 1-2 cm at far sites like SMST and AIRA. Characteristic decay duration('b') of the mean kinematic co-seismic shift('a')of near field stations was 17.28 s during earthquake hours with an EW component shift >1.5 m. Spatial models of projected N-S static and kinematic offsets show their asymmetrical distributions around the epicentre with maximum model offset of-1.84 m displaced towards south at-45 km north of the epicentre. The Tohoku-Oki earthquake produced a resultant kinematic offset of-10.2 m towards East at its offshore epicentre; while the estimated near field static offset is ～9.82 m. However, both estimates are bigger than double the resultant offset measured value(～4.3 m) in the Japanese mainland using GPS. The difference in the kinematic and static near field offsets highlight that the near surface had elastic or in-elastic kinematic strain dissipation as against the lithospheric level viscoelastic static response, which resulted rapid kinematic strain release(1.12 cm/km)within the limiting radius of ～220 km from the Tohoku-Oki epicentre.
The Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake that hit the mainland Japan on 11 th March, 2011 had resulted a devastating Tsunami due to an active thrusting between the Pacific and the North American Plates. Static and kinematic offsets at the offshore epicentre of the Mw 9.0 event remain unanswered and being investigated along with their near and far field limiting distances from the epicentre. Accordingly, offset measurements from 60 continuously operating IGS and GEONET GNSS stations were radially classified from the epicentre and interpreted with analytical models to find their linear offset decay rates. Co-and post-seismic static positional anomaly offsets of sixty days show almost all near field stations had strong or appreciable eastward or south eastward static shifts. Near stations(<250 km) showed both kinematic and static offsets. GEONET station '0175' showed maximum resultant static offset of-4.5 m, which diminishes approximately 1-2 cm at far sites like SMST and AIRA. Characteristic decay duration('b') of the mean kinematic co-seismic shift('a')of near field stations was 17.28 s during earthquake hours with an EW component shift >1.5 m. Spatial models of projected N-S static and kinematic offsets show their asymmetrical distributions around the epicentre with maximum model offset of-1.84 m displaced towards south at-45 km north of the epicentre. The Tohoku-Oki earthquake produced a resultant kinematic offset of-10.2 m towards East at its offshore epicentre; while the estimated near field static offset is ～9.82 m. However, both estimates are bigger than double the resultant offset measured value(～4.3 m) in the Japanese mainland using GPS. The difference in the kinematic and static near field offsets highlight that the near surface had elastic or in-elastic kinematic strain dissipation as against the lithospheric level viscoelastic static response, which resulted rapid kinematic strain release(1.12 cm/km)within the limiting radius of ～220 km from the Tohoku-Oki epicentre.
The Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake that hit the mainland Japan on 11 th March, 2011 had resulted a devastating Tsunami due to an active thrusting between the Pacific and the North American Plates. Static and kinematic offsets at the offshore epicentre of the Mw 9.0 event remain unanswered and being investigated along with their near and far field limiting distances from the epicentre. Accordingly, offset measurements from 60 continuously operating IGS and GEONET GNSS stations were radially classified from the epicentre and interpreted with analytical models to find their linear offset decay rates. Co-and post-seismic static positional anomaly offsets of sixty days show almost all near field stations had strong or appreciable eastward or south eastward static shifts. Near stations(<250 km) showed both kinematic and static offsets. GEONET station '0175' showed maximum resultant static offset of-4.5 m, which diminishes approximately 1-2 cm at far sites like SMST and AIRA. Characteristic decay duration('b') of the mean kinematic co-seismic shift('a')of near field stations was 17.28 s during earthquake hours with an EW component shift >1.5 m. Spatial models of projected N-S static and kinematic offsets show their asymmetrical distributions around the epicentre with maximum model offset of-1.84 m displaced towards south at-45 km north of the epicentre. The Tohoku-Oki earthquake produced a resultant kinematic offset of-10.2 m towards East at its offshore epicentre; while the estimated near field static offset is ～9.82 m. However, both estimates are bigger than double the resultant offset measured value(～4.3 m) in the Japanese mainland using GPS. The difference in the kinematic and static near field offsets highlight that the near surface had elastic or in-elastic kinematic strain dissipation as against the lithospheric level viscoelastic static response, which resulted rapid kinematic strain release(1.12 cm/km)within the limiting radius of ～220 km from the Tohoku-Oki epicentre.
引文
[1] G.F. Sella, T.H. Dixon, M. Mao, REVEL:a model for recent plate velocities from space geodesy, J. Geophys. Res. 107(B4)(2002)2081, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000033.
[2] Earthquake Research Committee(ERC), Long-term forecast of Miyagi-oki earthquake, The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/00nov4/miyagi.html.
[3] K. Abe, Tectonic implications of the large Shioya-oki earthquake of 1938,Tectonophysics 41(1977)269-289.
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[11] H. Suito, T. Nishimura, M. Tobita, T. Imakire, S. Ozawa, Inter-plate fault slip along the Japan Trench before the occurrence of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake as inferred from GPS data, Earth Planets Space 63(2011)615-619.
[12] A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima, N. Umino, S. Miura, Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc and its implications for crustal deformation and shallow seismic activity, Tectonophysics 403(2005)59-75.
[13] J. Muto, Rheological structure of northeastern Japan lithosphere based on geophysical observations and rock mechanics, Tecto nophysics 503(2011)201-206.
[14] M. Ohzono, Y. Ohta, T. Iinuma, S. Miura, J. Muto, Geodetic evidence of viscoelastic relaxation after the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake, Earth Planets Space 64(2012)759-764.
[15] Y. Bock, J. Behr, P. Fang, J. Dean, R. Leigh, Scripps orbit and permanent array center(SOPAC)and southern California permanent GPS array(PGGA), in:The Global Positioning System for the Geosciences, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington,D. C, 1997, pp. 55-61.
[16] D. Dong, T.A. Herring, R.W. King, Estimating regional deformation from a combination of space and terrestrial geodetic data, J. Geodyn. 72(1998)200-214.
[17] R.W. King, Y. Bock, Documentation for Gamitgps Analysis Software Version10.01, Report for Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Scripps, 2004.
[18] T.A. Herring, GLOBK Global Kalman Filter VLBI and GPS Analysis Program,Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Massachesetts, 2004.
[19] Z. Altamimi, P. Rebischung, L. Metivier, X. Collilieux, ITRF, A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions, J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth 121(2014)6109-6131, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013098.
[20] http://geoweb.mit.edu/~floyd/courses/gg/201706_UNAVCO/.
[21] Y. Bock, L. Prawirodirdjo, T. Melbourne, Detection of arbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense high-rate GPS network, Geophy Res. Lett. 31(6)(2004)L06604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL01950.
[22] S. Miyazaki, K. Laeson, K. Choi, et al., Modeling the rupture process of the 2003Septembter 25 Tokachi-Oki(Hokkaido)earthquake using 1 Hz GPS data,Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(21)(2004)L21603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021457.
[23] H.T. Yin, W.J. Gan, G.R. Xiao, et al., Progress on monitoring strong earthquake ground motions using high-rate GPS, Prog. Geophys. 24(6)(2009)2012-2019.
[24] C. Vigny, A. Socquet, S. Peyrat, et al., The 2010 Mw8.8 maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile, monitored by GPS, Science 332(6036)(2011)1417-1421, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204132.
[25] Z. Wang, T. Kato, X. Zhou, J. Fukuda, Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Okiearthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data,Earth Planets Space 68(2016)193.
[26] G. Wubbena, Software developments for geodetic positioning with GPS using TI-4100 code and carrier measurements.//goad c c, in:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global PositioningSysetm, Maryland, 1985, pp. 15-19.
[27] G. Melbourne, The case for ranging in GPS based geodetic systems.//clyde g,in:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning Sysetm, Maryland, 1985, pp. 373-386.
[28] S.L. Bilek, H.R. DeShon, E.R. Engdahl, Spatial variations in earthquake source characteristics within the 2011 Mw=9.0 Tohoku, Japan rupture zone, Geophys. Res. Lett. 39(2012)L09304.
[29] Yue H, Lay T. Source rupture models for the Mw 9.0 2011 Tohoku earthquake from joint inversions of high-rate geodetic and seismic data. Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am.; 103:1242-1255.
[30] K. Koketsu, Y. Yokota, N. Nishimura, Y. Yagi, S. Miyazaki, K. Satake, Y. Fujii,H. Miyake, S. Sakai, Y. Yamanaka, T. Okada, A unified source model for the2011 Tohoku earthquake, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 310(2011)480-487.
[31] S. Yang, Z. Nie, Z. Jia, H. Chen, M. Peng, Co-seismic displacements of 2011Japan Mw9. 0 earthquake recorded by far-field GPS stations, Geodesy and Geodynamics 2(3)(2011)12-15.
[32] P. Wessel, W.H.F. Smith, R. Scharroo, J.F. Luis, F. Wobbe, Generic mapping tools:improved version released, EOS Trans. AGU 94(2013)409-410.
[2] Earthquake Research Committee(ERC), Long-term forecast of Miyagi-oki earthquake, The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion, http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/00nov4/miyagi.html.
[3] K. Abe, Tectonic implications of the large Shioya-oki earthquake of 1938,Tectonophysics 41(1977)269-289.
[4] C. DeMets, Oblique convergence and deformation along the Kuril and Japan trenches, J. Geophys. Res. 97(1992a)17615-17625.
[5] C. DeMets, A test of present-day plate geometries for northeast Asia and Japan,J. Geophys. Res. 97(1992b)17627-17635.
[6] T. Seno, T. Sakurai, Stein S, Can the Okhotsk plate be discriminated from the North American plate? J. Geophys. Res. 101(1996)11305-11315.
[7] P. Bird, An updated digital model of plate boundaries, Geochem. Geophys.Geosyst. 4(2003)1027.
[8] A. Sugimura, S. Uyeda,“Island Arc”-Japan and its Environs, Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1973, p. 247.
[9] T. Sagiya, S. Miyazaki, T. Tada, Continuous GPS array and present day crustal deformation of Japan, Pure Appl. Geophys. 157(2000)2303-2322.
[10] M. Simons, E.M. Sarah, A. Sladen, F. Ortega, J. Jiang, S.E. Owen, L. Meng,A. Jean-Paul, S. Wei, R. Chu, D.V. Helmberger, H. Kanamori, Eric,A.W. Moore, F.H. Webb, The 2011 magnitude 9.0 tohoku-oki earthquake:mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries, Science 332(2011)1421-1425.
[11] H. Suito, T. Nishimura, M. Tobita, T. Imakire, S. Ozawa, Inter-plate fault slip along the Japan Trench before the occurrence of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake as inferred from GPS data, Earth Planets Space 63(2011)615-619.
[12] A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima, N. Umino, S. Miura, Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc and its implications for crustal deformation and shallow seismic activity, Tectonophysics 403(2005)59-75.
[13] J. Muto, Rheological structure of northeastern Japan lithosphere based on geophysical observations and rock mechanics, Tecto nophysics 503(2011)201-206.
[14] M. Ohzono, Y. Ohta, T. Iinuma, S. Miura, J. Muto, Geodetic evidence of viscoelastic relaxation after the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake, Earth Planets Space 64(2012)759-764.
[15] Y. Bock, J. Behr, P. Fang, J. Dean, R. Leigh, Scripps orbit and permanent array center(SOPAC)and southern California permanent GPS array(PGGA), in:The Global Positioning System for the Geosciences, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington,D. C, 1997, pp. 55-61.
[16] D. Dong, T.A. Herring, R.W. King, Estimating regional deformation from a combination of space and terrestrial geodetic data, J. Geodyn. 72(1998)200-214.
[17] R.W. King, Y. Bock, Documentation for Gamitgps Analysis Software Version10.01, Report for Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Scripps, 2004.
[18] T.A. Herring, GLOBK Global Kalman Filter VLBI and GPS Analysis Program,Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Massachesetts, 2004.
[19] Z. Altamimi, P. Rebischung, L. Metivier, X. Collilieux, ITRF, A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions, J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth 121(2014)6109-6131, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013098.
[20] http://geoweb.mit.edu/~floyd/courses/gg/201706_UNAVCO/.
[21] Y. Bock, L. Prawirodirdjo, T. Melbourne, Detection of arbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense high-rate GPS network, Geophy Res. Lett. 31(6)(2004)L06604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL01950.
[22] S. Miyazaki, K. Laeson, K. Choi, et al., Modeling the rupture process of the 2003Septembter 25 Tokachi-Oki(Hokkaido)earthquake using 1 Hz GPS data,Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(21)(2004)L21603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021457.
[23] H.T. Yin, W.J. Gan, G.R. Xiao, et al., Progress on monitoring strong earthquake ground motions using high-rate GPS, Prog. Geophys. 24(6)(2009)2012-2019.
[24] C. Vigny, A. Socquet, S. Peyrat, et al., The 2010 Mw8.8 maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile, monitored by GPS, Science 332(6036)(2011)1417-1421, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204132.
[25] Z. Wang, T. Kato, X. Zhou, J. Fukuda, Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Okiearthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data,Earth Planets Space 68(2016)193.
[26] G. Wubbena, Software developments for geodetic positioning with GPS using TI-4100 code and carrier measurements.//goad c c, in:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global PositioningSysetm, Maryland, 1985, pp. 15-19.
[27] G. Melbourne, The case for ranging in GPS based geodetic systems.//clyde g,in:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Precise Positioning with the Global Positioning Sysetm, Maryland, 1985, pp. 373-386.
[28] S.L. Bilek, H.R. DeShon, E.R. Engdahl, Spatial variations in earthquake source characteristics within the 2011 Mw=9.0 Tohoku, Japan rupture zone, Geophys. Res. Lett. 39(2012)L09304.
[29] Yue H, Lay T. Source rupture models for the Mw 9.0 2011 Tohoku earthquake from joint inversions of high-rate geodetic and seismic data. Bull. Seismol.Soc.Am.; 103:1242-1255.
[30] K. Koketsu, Y. Yokota, N. Nishimura, Y. Yagi, S. Miyazaki, K. Satake, Y. Fujii,H. Miyake, S. Sakai, Y. Yamanaka, T. Okada, A unified source model for the2011 Tohoku earthquake, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 310(2011)480-487.
[31] S. Yang, Z. Nie, Z. Jia, H. Chen, M. Peng, Co-seismic displacements of 2011Japan Mw9. 0 earthquake recorded by far-field GPS stations, Geodesy and Geodynamics 2(3)(2011)12-15.
[32] P. Wessel, W.H.F. Smith, R. Scharroo, J.F. Luis, F. Wobbe, Generic mapping tools:improved version released, EOS Trans. AGU 94(2013)409-410.