用分时段修正双源模型估算南京地区冬小麦生育期蒸散量
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摘要
冬小麦是南京地区重要的粮食作物,模拟冬小麦蒸散量(evapotranspiration,ET)并研究其对气象因素的响应可为冬小麦田间水分管理提供参考。该文基于大型称重式蒸渗仪实际测定值分析了冬小麦ET变化规律,分别采用单源模型(Penman-Monteith,PM)和双源模型(Shuttleworth-Wallace,SW)模拟不同时期冬小麦ET,并探讨分时段修正SW模型的模拟方法,在此基础上,分析了ET对气象因素的响应。结果表明,生育初期,冬小麦的ET逐步增加,进入越冬期则逐步降低并保持在较低水平。返青期和拔节期ET迅速增加,开花和成熟期又保持稳定。2011-2012和2013-2014年分时段采用SW模型估算整个生育期冬小麦的蒸散量比整个生育期采用单一估算模型能够减小模拟平均绝对误差0.01~0.04 mm/h。小麦乳熟成熟期采用最小气孔阻力150 s/m计算的修正SW模型可以比整个生育期用单一最小气孔阻力的SW模型降低冬小麦蒸发蒸腾量的估算平均绝对误差0.03~0.13 mm/h。冬小麦蒸发蒸腾量与气象因素密切相关,与净辐射、空气温度和饱和水汽压差等环境因素决定系数顺序为净辐射>饱和水汽压差>空气温度>风速。这表明南京地区冬小麦蒸发蒸腾量主要决定因素为净辐射。该研究能够为冬小麦蒸散量的模拟方法以及田间水分管理提供参考。
Winter wheat is an important food crop in Nanjing. In order to investigate the water management and increase the yield, it is crucial to investigate the precise water consumption of winter wheat and its influencing factors. Using the data of measured evapotranspiration(ET) with weighing lysimeter and meteorology factors from automatic weather station during 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, we analyzed the seasonal variation of winter wheat ET and simulated the ET using Penman-Monteith(PM) and Shuttleworth-Wallace(SW) model in 4 different periods from sowing to harvest in the experiment site of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(118.8 °E, 32.0 °N, with an altitude of 32 m). The site belonged to subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 15.6 ℃ and an average annual rainfall of 1 106 mm. The soil was yellow brunisolic soil with a field capacity of 0.30 cm~3/cm~3. The weighing lysimeter had an effective evapotranspiration area of 4 m~2, with an accuracy of 0.1±0.01 mm. Jarvis model was modified to calculate the canopy resistance which was considered as the most sensitive variable in PM and SW models. In addition, we discussed the relationships between ET and environmental factors. The results showed that winter wheat ET increased gradually to 0.25 mm/h in the sowing and tillering stage, kept at a low level of about 0.20 mm/h in the winter period, and increased rapidly in the regreening and shooting period. The peak ET was 1.37 mm/h in April when the canopy was well developed. The PM model was suitable for calculating the ET in developed canopy cover, but the underestimate of the ET occurred in the beginning of the stage and the overestimate of the ET occurred in the end of the growing season. The analysis of modeling ET in sowing-tillering, tillering completion-regreen stage and jointing-filling stage indicated that the SW model performed well with a minimum stomatal resistance of 70 s/m, however, there was still large errors in milky stage. Lower soil water content occurred in the end of the growing season for winter wheat in Nanjing area, as a result the minimum stomatal resistance increased, which might be the direct reason that caused the obvious error in the ET simulation. Thus, we corrected the minimum stomatal resistance to a high value of 150 s/m for the Jarvis model in milky stage. The comparison between the ET from SW model and the measured ET by lysimeter in milky stage indicated that the modified SW was better than the unmodified SW model, for the modified and unmodified models, the slope was 1.12 and 3.57, the mean absolute error(MAE) was 0.05 and 0.18 mm/h and the agreement index was 0.62 and 0.33, respectively, in 2011-2012 and the MAE was 0.09 and 0.12 mm/h respectively in 2013-2014. The combined SW model obtained better results than each single model when evaluating the seasonal ET because of the optimized canopy resistance in different seasons. The modified SW model increased the determination coefficient(R2) to 0.87 and 0.67, decreased the MAE by 0.02 and 0.01 mm/h and apparently increased the agreement index to 0.82 and 0.70, respectively, in 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. The values of whole season ET were 408 and 453 mm using the modified SW model respectively during 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, and the ratio of soil evaporation to total ET was 28%. ET was mainly controlled by net radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature and the order of determination coefficient of the environmental factors was net radiation > vapor pressure deficit > air temperature. It was concluded that we could use a larger canopy resistance in SW model in milky stage in order to evaluate the ET during the whole season. The results can improve the evaluation precision of the ET throughout the whole season and be used as a reference for water management of winter wheat in Nanjing.
Winter wheat is an important food crop in Nanjing. In order to investigate the water management and increase the yield, it is crucial to investigate the precise water consumption of winter wheat and its influencing factors. Using the data of measured evapotranspiration(ET) with weighing lysimeter and meteorology factors from automatic weather station during 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, we analyzed the seasonal variation of winter wheat ET and simulated the ET using Penman-Monteith(PM) and Shuttleworth-Wallace(SW) model in 4 different periods from sowing to harvest in the experiment site of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology(118.8 °E, 32.0 °N, with an altitude of 32 m). The site belonged to subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 15.6 ℃ and an average annual rainfall of 1 106 mm. The soil was yellow brunisolic soil with a field capacity of 0.30 cm~3/cm~3. The weighing lysimeter had an effective evapotranspiration area of 4 m~2, with an accuracy of 0.1±0.01 mm. Jarvis model was modified to calculate the canopy resistance which was considered as the most sensitive variable in PM and SW models. In addition, we discussed the relationships between ET and environmental factors. The results showed that winter wheat ET increased gradually to 0.25 mm/h in the sowing and tillering stage, kept at a low level of about 0.20 mm/h in the winter period, and increased rapidly in the regreening and shooting period. The peak ET was 1.37 mm/h in April when the canopy was well developed. The PM model was suitable for calculating the ET in developed canopy cover, but the underestimate of the ET occurred in the beginning of the stage and the overestimate of the ET occurred in the end of the growing season. The analysis of modeling ET in sowing-tillering, tillering completion-regreen stage and jointing-filling stage indicated that the SW model performed well with a minimum stomatal resistance of 70 s/m, however, there was still large errors in milky stage. Lower soil water content occurred in the end of the growing season for winter wheat in Nanjing area, as a result the minimum stomatal resistance increased, which might be the direct reason that caused the obvious error in the ET simulation. Thus, we corrected the minimum stomatal resistance to a high value of 150 s/m for the Jarvis model in milky stage. The comparison between the ET from SW model and the measured ET by lysimeter in milky stage indicated that the modified SW was better than the unmodified SW model, for the modified and unmodified models, the slope was 1.12 and 3.57, the mean absolute error(MAE) was 0.05 and 0.18 mm/h and the agreement index was 0.62 and 0.33, respectively, in 2011-2012 and the MAE was 0.09 and 0.12 mm/h respectively in 2013-2014. The combined SW model obtained better results than each single model when evaluating the seasonal ET because of the optimized canopy resistance in different seasons. The modified SW model increased the determination coefficient(R2) to 0.87 and 0.67, decreased the MAE by 0.02 and 0.01 mm/h and apparently increased the agreement index to 0.82 and 0.70, respectively, in 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. The values of whole season ET were 408 and 453 mm using the modified SW model respectively during 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, and the ratio of soil evaporation to total ET was 28%. ET was mainly controlled by net radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature and the order of determination coefficient of the environmental factors was net radiation > vapor pressure deficit > air temperature. It was concluded that we could use a larger canopy resistance in SW model in milky stage in order to evaluate the ET during the whole season. The results can improve the evaluation precision of the ET throughout the whole season and be used as a reference for water management of winter wheat in Nanjing.
引文
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[3]司建华,冯起,张小由,等.植物蒸散耗水量测定方法研究进展[J].水科学进展,2005,16(3):450-459.Si Jianhua,Feng Qi,Zhang Xiaoyou,et al.Research progress on surveying and calculation of evapotranspiration of plants and its prospects[J].Advances in Water Science,2005,16(3):450-459.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[14]Kato T,Kimurab R,Kamichika M.Estimation of evapotranspiration,transpiration ratio and water-use efficiency from a sparse canopy using a compartment model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,65(3):173-191.
[15]Tourula T,Heikinheimo M.Modelling evapotranspiration from a barley field over the growing season[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,91(3/4):237-250.
[16]贾红.稻田双源蒸散模型研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2008.Jia Hong.Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration From Rice Field Using Dual Source Model[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]李俊,韩凤明,同小娟,等.麦田蒸散模型的改进及其对阻力参数的敏感性分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(6):635-643.Li Jun,Han Fengming,Tong Xiaojuan,et al.Evapotranspiration models for a winter wheat field:The improvements and analyses on their sensitivities to the resistance parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(6):635-643.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于S–W模型的韩江流域潜在蒸散发的气候和植被敏感性[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):92-100.Liu Yuan,Zhou Maichun,Chen Zhijing,et al.Sensitivity of the potential evapotranspiration to climate and vegetation in Hanjiang River basin based on S–W model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(10):92-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Wang P,Yamanaka T.Application of a two–source model for partitioning evapotranspiration and assessing its controls in temperate grasslands in central Japan[J].Ecohydrology,2014,7(2):345-353.
[20]Zhang B,Kang S,Li F,et al.Comparison of three evapotranspiration models to Bowen ratio–energy balance method for a vineyard in an arid desert region of northwest China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(10):1629-1640.
[21]刘战东,段爱旺,高阳,等.河南新乡地区冬小麦叶面积指数的动态模型研究[J].麦类作物学报,2008,28(4):680-685.Liu Zhandong,Duan Aiwang,Gao Yang,et al.Study on dynamic model of leaf area index(LAI)for winter wheat in Xinxiang area[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2008,28(4):680-685.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[23]Katerji N,Rana G,Fahed S.Parameterizing canopy resistance using mechanistic and semi-empirical estimates of hourly evapotranspiration:critical evaluation for irrigated crops in the Mediterranean[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(1):117-129.
[24]Jarvis P G.The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B,Biological Sciences(1934-1990),1976,273(927):593-610.
[25]李永秀,娄运生,张富存.冬小麦气孔导度模型的比较[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(1):106-110.Li Yongxiu,Lou Yunshegn,Zhang Fucun.Comparison of stomatal conductance models for winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(1):106-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]张成军,陈国祥,黄春娟,等.干旱对高产小麦宁麦9号旗叶光合特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(3):24-27.Zhang Chengjun,Chen Guoxiang,Huang Chunjuan,et al.Effects of drought on photosynthetic properties in flag leaves of a high-yield wheat variety Ningmai 9[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(3):24-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Zhang B,Liu Y,Xu D,et al.The dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning evapotranspiration of the winter wheat–summer maize crop sequence in North China Plain[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(6):1303-1316.
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[2]Allen R G,Pruitt W O,Wright J L,et al.A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ET0 by the FAO 56 Penman–Monteith method[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,81(1):1-22.
[3]司建华,冯起,张小由,等.植物蒸散耗水量测定方法研究进展[J].水科学进展,2005,16(3):450-459.Si Jianhua,Feng Qi,Zhang Xiaoyou,et al.Research progress on surveying and calculation of evapotranspiration of plants and its prospects[J].Advances in Water Science,2005,16(3):450-459.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Penman H L.Natural evaporation from open water,bare soil and grass[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1948,193(1032):120-145.
[5]Monteith J.L.Evaporation and environment.19th Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology[C]//Cambridge:University Press,1965:205-234.
[6]刘春伟.西北旱区苹果园水分传输机理与耗水模拟[D].北京:中国农业大学,2012.Liu Chunwei.Water transport mechanism and evapotranspiration simulation of mature apple orchard in arid region[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Green S R,Mc Naughton K,Wünsche J N,et al.Modeling light interception and transpiration of apple tree canopies[J].Agronomy Journal,2003,95(6):1380-1387.
[8]Zhang H,Simmonds L P,Morison J I L,et al.Estimation of transpiration by single trees:comparison of sap flow measurements with a combination equation[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1997,87(2/3):155-169.
[9]Matejka F,StrelcováK,HurtalováT,et al.Seasonal changes in transpiration and soil water content in a spruce primeval forest during a dry period[M].In:St?elcováK.,Matyas C.,Kleidon A.,et al,Bioclimatology and Natural Hazards,Springer,2008,197-206.
[10]袁小环,杨学军,陈超,等.基于蒸渗仪实测的参考作物蒸散发模型北京地区适用性评价[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(13):104-110.Yuan Xiaohuan,Yang Xuejun,Chen Chao,et al.Applicability assessment of reference evapotranspiration models in Beijing based on lysimeter measurement[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(13):104-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Shuttleworth W J,Wallace J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-An energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1985,111(469):839-855.
[12]Kool D,Agam N,Lazarovitch N,et al.A review of approaches for evapotranspiration partitioning[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014(184):56-70.
[13]Anadranistakis M,Liakatas A,Kerkides P,et al.Crop water requirements model tested for crops grown in Greece[J].Agricultural Water Management,2000,45(3):297-316.
[14]Kato T,Kimurab R,Kamichika M.Estimation of evapotranspiration,transpiration ratio and water-use efficiency from a sparse canopy using a compartment model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,65(3):173-191.
[15]Tourula T,Heikinheimo M.Modelling evapotranspiration from a barley field over the growing season[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,91(3/4):237-250.
[16]贾红.稻田双源蒸散模型研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2008.Jia Hong.Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration From Rice Field Using Dual Source Model[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2008.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]李俊,韩凤明,同小娟,等.麦田蒸散模型的改进及其对阻力参数的敏感性分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(6):635-643.Li Jun,Han Fengming,Tong Xiaojuan,et al.Evapotranspiration models for a winter wheat field:The improvements and analyses on their sensitivities to the resistance parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2014,35(6):635-643.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于S–W模型的韩江流域潜在蒸散发的气候和植被敏感性[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(10):92-100.Liu Yuan,Zhou Maichun,Chen Zhijing,et al.Sensitivity of the potential evapotranspiration to climate and vegetation in Hanjiang River basin based on S–W model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(10):92-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Wang P,Yamanaka T.Application of a two–source model for partitioning evapotranspiration and assessing its controls in temperate grasslands in central Japan[J].Ecohydrology,2014,7(2):345-353.
[20]Zhang B,Kang S,Li F,et al.Comparison of three evapotranspiration models to Bowen ratio–energy balance method for a vineyard in an arid desert region of northwest China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(10):1629-1640.
[21]刘战东,段爱旺,高阳,等.河南新乡地区冬小麦叶面积指数的动态模型研究[J].麦类作物学报,2008,28(4):680-685.Liu Zhandong,Duan Aiwang,Gao Yang,et al.Study on dynamic model of leaf area index(LAI)for winter wheat in Xinxiang area[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2008,28(4):680-685.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[M].FAO,1998.
[23]Katerji N,Rana G,Fahed S.Parameterizing canopy resistance using mechanistic and semi-empirical estimates of hourly evapotranspiration:critical evaluation for irrigated crops in the Mediterranean[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(1):117-129.
[24]Jarvis P G.The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B,Biological Sciences(1934-1990),1976,273(927):593-610.
[25]李永秀,娄运生,张富存.冬小麦气孔导度模型的比较[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(1):106-110.Li Yongxiu,Lou Yunshegn,Zhang Fucun.Comparison of stomatal conductance models for winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2011,32(1):106-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]张成军,陈国祥,黄春娟,等.干旱对高产小麦宁麦9号旗叶光合特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(3):24-27.Zhang Chengjun,Chen Guoxiang,Huang Chunjuan,et al.Effects of drought on photosynthetic properties in flag leaves of a high-yield wheat variety Ningmai 9[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(3):24-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Zhang B,Liu Y,Xu D,et al.The dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning evapotranspiration of the winter wheat–summer maize crop sequence in North China Plain[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(6):1303-1316.
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