Simon效应的近红外研究
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摘要
该研究采用近红外成像技术,以30名大学生为被试,旨在验证近红外技术对于探讨反应层面冲突控制神经机制的有效性.实验过程中,要求被试按键判断计算机屏幕上出现的颜色块的颜色,包含2个实验条件:不一致条件(刺激颜色对应的按键位置和刺激出现的位置不同)和一致条件(刺激颜色对应的按键位置和刺激出现的位置相同).结果发现,不一致条件的反应时显著长于一致条件的反应时,说明被试需要更多的时间抑制冲突.此外,氧合血红蛋白浓度(HBO)的变化在刺激出现后9~12s时达到最高值.在此时间段内对Simon效应和HBO在两条件之间的差异进行相关分析,发现在9~10s时额叶左侧的HBO差值与Simon效应有统计学意义(P<0.05);在11~12s时额叶左侧和额中右侧的HBO差值也与Simon效应有统计学意义(P<0.05).这说明额叶与个体冲突控制能力有着显著相关,验证了近红外技术对于探讨冲突控制神经机制的有效性.
Due to advantages of temporal and spatial resolution ratio,near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) can be used to explore neural mechanisms of cognitive control.Simon task is one of the most reliable measures for conflict control.Previous fMRI studies have proved that the prefrontal cortex is critical in Simon task.The current study aimed to verify effectiveness of NIRS to measure brain mechanisms of conflict control at response level.Thirty(30)college students were selected for this experiment.Participants were required to judge the color of squares on left or right side of screen by pressing left or right key.The task included two conditions, congruent condition(corresponding key position of color is in accordance with stimulus position)and incongruent condition(corresponding key position of color is opposite to stimulus position).The behavioral data revealed that reaction time in incongruent condition was significantly longer than in congruent condition, indicating that individuals needed more time to resolve response conflict.In addition,concentration changes in oxy-hemoglobin(HBO)reached a peak 9~12safter stimulus.Correlation analysis between Simon effect and HBO difference between conditions showed that HBO difference in the left frontal cortex was significantly correlated with Simon effect during 9~10s;Moreover,a significant correlation between Simon effect and HBO differences in the left frontal and right middle frontal areas was found.Data indicated that brain activity in the prefrontal cortex was related to conflict control,verifying effectiveness of NIRS.
Due to advantages of temporal and spatial resolution ratio,near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) can be used to explore neural mechanisms of cognitive control.Simon task is one of the most reliable measures for conflict control.Previous fMRI studies have proved that the prefrontal cortex is critical in Simon task.The current study aimed to verify effectiveness of NIRS to measure brain mechanisms of conflict control at response level.Thirty(30)college students were selected for this experiment.Participants were required to judge the color of squares on left or right side of screen by pressing left or right key.The task included two conditions, congruent condition(corresponding key position of color is in accordance with stimulus position)and incongruent condition(corresponding key position of color is opposite to stimulus position).The behavioral data revealed that reaction time in incongruent condition was significantly longer than in congruent condition, indicating that individuals needed more time to resolve response conflict.In addition,concentration changes in oxy-hemoglobin(HBO)reached a peak 9~12safter stimulus.Correlation analysis between Simon effect and HBO difference between conditions showed that HBO difference in the left frontal cortex was significantly correlated with Simon effect during 9~10s;Moreover,a significant correlation between Simon effect and HBO differences in the left frontal and right middle frontal areas was found.Data indicated that brain activity in the prefrontal cortex was related to conflict control,verifying effectiveness of NIRS.
引文
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[14]Wittfoth M,Buck D,Fahle M,et al.Comparison of two Simon tasks:neuronal correlates of conflict resolution based on coherent motion perception[J].Neuroimage,2006,32(2):921
[15]Casey B,Durston S,Fossella J A.Evidence for a mechanistic model of cognitive control[J].Clinical Neuroscience Research,2001,1(4):267
[16]Casey B,Trainor R J,Orendi J L,et al.A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1997,9(6):835
[17]Miller E K,Cohen J D.An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function[J].Annual Review of Neuroscience,2001,24(1):167
[18]Tian F,Chance B,Liu H.Investigation of the prefrontal cortex in response to duration-variable anagram tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2009,14(5):054016
[19]Baird A A,Kagan J,Gaudette T,et al.Frontal lobe activation during object permanence:data from nearinfrared spectroscopy[J].Neuroimage,2002,16(4):1120
[2]Schroeter M L,Zysset S,Kupka T,et al.Near-infrared spectroscopy can detect brain activity during a color—word matching Stroop task in an event-related design[J].Human Brain Mapping,2002,17(1):61
[3]Obrig H,Wenzel R,Kohl M,et al.Near-infrared spectroscopy:does it function in functional activation studies of the adult brain?[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology,2000,35(2):125
[4]Braver T S,Barch D M,Gray J R,et al.Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict:effects of frequency,inhibition and errors[J].Cerebral Cortex,2001,11(9):825
[5]MacLeod C M.Half a century of research on the Stroop effect:an integrative review[J].Psychological Bulletin,1991,109(2):163
[6]Craft J L,Simon J R.Processing symbolic information from a visual display:interference from an irrelevant directional cue[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology,1970,83(3):415
[7]Lu C H,Proctor R W.The influence of irrelevant location information on performance:a review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects[J].Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,1995,2(2):174
[8]Botvinick M M,Braver T S,Barch D M,et al.Conflict monitoring and cognitive control[J].Psychological Review,2001,108(3):624
[9]Praamstra P,Kleine B U,Schnitzler A.Magnetic stimulation of the dorsal premotor cortex modulates the Simon effect[J].Neuro Report,1999,10(17):3671
[10]Banich M T,Milham M P,Atchley R A,et al.Prefrontal regions play apredominant role in imposing an attentional‘set':evidence from fMRI[J].Cognitive Brain Research,2000,10(1):1
[11]Peterson B S,Kane M J,Alexander G M,et al.An event-related functional MRI study comparing interference effects in the Simon and Stroop tasks[J].Cognitive Brain Research,2002,13(3):427
[12]Fan J,Flombaum J I,McCandliss B D,et al.Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict[J].Neuroimage,2003,18(1):42
[13]Liu X,Banich M T,Jacobson B L,et al.Common and distinct neural substrates of attentional control in an integrated Simon and spatial Stroop task as assessed by event-related fMRI[J].Neuroimage,2004,22(3):1097
[14]Wittfoth M,Buck D,Fahle M,et al.Comparison of two Simon tasks:neuronal correlates of conflict resolution based on coherent motion perception[J].Neuroimage,2006,32(2):921
[15]Casey B,Durston S,Fossella J A.Evidence for a mechanistic model of cognitive control[J].Clinical Neuroscience Research,2001,1(4):267
[16]Casey B,Trainor R J,Orendi J L,et al.A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1997,9(6):835
[17]Miller E K,Cohen J D.An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function[J].Annual Review of Neuroscience,2001,24(1):167
[18]Tian F,Chance B,Liu H.Investigation of the prefrontal cortex in response to duration-variable anagram tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2009,14(5):054016
[19]Baird A A,Kagan J,Gaudette T,et al.Frontal lobe activation during object permanence:data from nearinfrared spectroscopy[J].Neuroimage,2002,16(4):1120