塔里木河下游生态环境变化时序监测与对比分析
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摘要
塔里木河下游地区是我国西部干旱区生态环境问题比较突出的区域。本文主要从地表水(湖泊、河流和湿地)、地下水、地表植被覆盖的角度,基于多源遥感和长时间序列数据,监测和分析生态输水前后区域环境变化和生态响应。首先,采用基于知识迁移的专题图斑更新技术,实现了1990、1995、2000、2005、2010和2015年区域湿地遥感制图和植被覆盖度等生态因子指标提取;然后,以2000年为基准(生态输水起始年),结合地下水位观测数据,对比分析了人工生态输水前后区域生态环境动态变化过程。结果显示:①生态输水前(1990-2000年),塔河下游的生态环境持续恶化,流域范围内一半以上的沼泽湿地消失、河道干涸,地下水位下降,区域植被覆盖大幅度下降;②生态输水后(2000-2017年),区域生态环境明显好转,改变了下游河道长期断流状态,区域地下水位明显抬升,地表水域(湖泊和沼泽)面积呈现"V"型逆转增加,区域植被覆盖区和覆盖度均呈现显著增加趋势,曾经一度干涸的塔河尾闾台特玛湖水域面积2017年8月达到147.87 km2。以上研究结果综合表明人工生态输水工程对塔河下游生态环境拯救和治理发挥了重要作用,遏制了生态输水前塔河下游生态环境继续恶化局面,流域生态环境正在逐步恢复。
The lower reaches of the Tarim River is a region with fragile ecology and significant environmental problems in an arid area of Western China. The local ecological environment has experienced tremendous degradation over the decades, due to water resource deficits from human activities and climate change. In the year 2000, the Tarim River Basin Administration Bureau(TBAB) initiated the Ecological Water Conveyance Project(EWCP) in an attempt to restore the downstream ecosystem. By the end of 2017, 18 water delivery projects had been completed, totaling 6.3 billion m3. Understanding the effect of water delivery on the ecological environment in the lower reaches of the Tarim River is of environmental importance. This paper monitors and analyses regional environmental changes and ecological responses before and after water conveyance from surface water(lakes, rivers and wetlands), groundwater and vegetation cover, using multi-source remote sensing and long-term series data. Wetland information and updated maps were produced using thematic map plaque knowledge transfer technology. Regional wetlands mapping and area change statistics were then completed for the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. Finally, regional wetland and vegetation change characteristics were analyzed pre-EWCP period(before 2000) and post-EWCP(after 2000). Results indicate that:(1) Pre-EWCP period(1990-2000), the regional ecological environment in the lower reaches of the Tarim River continued to deteriorate(almost half of the swamp wetlands in the basin disappeared and the regional vegetation coverage decreased significantly).(2) Post-EWCP period(2000-2017), the regional ecological environment has been significantly improved. This was indicated by a"V"type reversal in the lakes and wetlands of the basin. In addition, the areas containing medium and sparse vegetation coverage had a significant increasing trend, and the ecological environment of wetland was gradually restored. Furthermore, the long-term dry and shut-off state of the downstream river channel has been changed. In particular, the Tail Lake(Taitema Lake) gradually regained its vitality after 30 years of becoming dry(area reached 147.87 km2 in Aug. 2017). This research showed that the EWCP played a key role in the rescue and control of the ecological environment in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and hence, the regional ecological environment is gradually recovering. These findings are critical for environmental effect assessments by the EWCP and future ecological restoration effort in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. They may also provide useful technical support and decision-making references for ecological engineering construction and performance evaluation.
The lower reaches of the Tarim River is a region with fragile ecology and significant environmental problems in an arid area of Western China. The local ecological environment has experienced tremendous degradation over the decades, due to water resource deficits from human activities and climate change. In the year 2000, the Tarim River Basin Administration Bureau(TBAB) initiated the Ecological Water Conveyance Project(EWCP) in an attempt to restore the downstream ecosystem. By the end of 2017, 18 water delivery projects had been completed, totaling 6.3 billion m3. Understanding the effect of water delivery on the ecological environment in the lower reaches of the Tarim River is of environmental importance. This paper monitors and analyses regional environmental changes and ecological responses before and after water conveyance from surface water(lakes, rivers and wetlands), groundwater and vegetation cover, using multi-source remote sensing and long-term series data. Wetland information and updated maps were produced using thematic map plaque knowledge transfer technology. Regional wetlands mapping and area change statistics were then completed for the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. Finally, regional wetland and vegetation change characteristics were analyzed pre-EWCP period(before 2000) and post-EWCP(after 2000). Results indicate that:(1) Pre-EWCP period(1990-2000), the regional ecological environment in the lower reaches of the Tarim River continued to deteriorate(almost half of the swamp wetlands in the basin disappeared and the regional vegetation coverage decreased significantly).(2) Post-EWCP period(2000-2017), the regional ecological environment has been significantly improved. This was indicated by a"V"type reversal in the lakes and wetlands of the basin. In addition, the areas containing medium and sparse vegetation coverage had a significant increasing trend, and the ecological environment of wetland was gradually restored. Furthermore, the long-term dry and shut-off state of the downstream river channel has been changed. In particular, the Tail Lake(Taitema Lake) gradually regained its vitality after 30 years of becoming dry(area reached 147.87 km2 in Aug. 2017). This research showed that the EWCP played a key role in the rescue and control of the ecological environment in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and hence, the regional ecological environment is gradually recovering. These findings are critical for environmental effect assessments by the EWCP and future ecological restoration effort in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. They may also provide useful technical support and decision-making references for ecological engineering construction and performance evaluation.
引文
[1]孙涛,李纪人,杜龙江.塔里木河下游应急输水前后生态变化遥感监测分析[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2004,2(3):179-184.[Sun T,Li J R and Du L J.Remote sensing monitoring of ecological changes of lower Tarim river before and after the emergent water-transportation[J].Journal of China Insitute of Water Resource and Hydropower Research,2004,2(3):179-184.]
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[3]陈亚宁,张小雷,祝向民,等.新疆塔里木河下游断流河道输水的生态效应分析[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(5):475-482.[Chen Y N,Zhang X L,Zhu X M,et al.Analysis of ecological effects of water conveyance in the drying up river of the lower reaches of the Tarim River in Xinjiang[J].Science in China Series D:Earth,2004,34(5):475-482.]
[4]刘宝茹.应急输水工程对塔里木河下游生态环境时空变化影响的遥感监测与分析[J].地理信息世界,2008,12(2):58-63.[Niu B R.The remote sensing monitor study and the analysis and research on effects of emergent water project on vegetation coverage in the lower reaches of Tarim river[J].Geomatics World,2008,12(2):58-63.]
[5]Aishan T,ümüt Halik,Cyffka B,et al.Monitoring the hydrological and ecological response to water diversion in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,northwest China[J].Quaternary International,2013,311(9):155-162.
[6]Tao H,Gemmer M,Song Y,et al.Ecohydrological responses on water diversion in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,China[J].Water Resources Research,2008,44(8):853-861.
[7]李卫红,陈亚鹏,张宏锋,等.塔里木河下游断流河道应急输水与地表植被响应[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(3):301-305.[Li W H,Chen Y P,Zhang H F,et al.Response of vegetation to water input at lower dry Tarim river[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(3):301-305.]
[8]盛昊,李均力,杨辽,等.MODIS-NDVI时序数据分析方法研究--以塔里木河下游第七次秋季输水为例[J].干旱区地理,2007,30(2):251-257.[Sheng H,Li J L,Yang L,et al.MODIS-NDVI time series method--a case study on the 7thautumn ecologic water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim river[J].Arid Land Geography,2007,30(2):251-257.]
[9]闫正龙,黄强,牛宝茹,等.应急输水工程对塔里木河下游地区植被覆盖度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(3):621-626.[Yan Z L,Huang Q,Niu B R,et al.Effects of Emergent water project on vegetation coverage in the lower reaches of Tarim river[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(3):621-626.]
[10]李卫红,杨玉海,覃新闻,等.塔里木河下游断流河道输水的生态变化分析[J].中国水土保持,2009(6):10-19.[Li W H,Yang Y H,Qin X W and et al.Ecological changes of water conveyance in dried-up river way in the downstream of Tarim river[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2009(6):10-19.]
[11]李丽君.应急输水就塔河下游生态环境影响探讨[J].吉林水利,2010,5(5):48-51.[Li L J.Discussion on the impact of emergency water transferring on the ecological environment downstream Trim river[J].Journal of Jilin Water Resources,2010,5(5):48-51.]
[12]邓铭江.塔里木河下游应急输水与生态环境修复监测评估研究[R].中国水情分析研究报告,2011(12):1-16.[Deng M J.Monitoring and evaluation of emergency water transportation to ecological environment restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[R].Hydrological Analysis Report of China,2011(12):1-16.]
[13]苏宏超,高前兆,王进,等.塔里木河流域第七次应急输水期间径流情势及其对河流生态的影响[J].水资源保护,2011,27(5):83-87.[Su H C,Gao Q Z,Wang J,et al.Runoff regime and its effect on river ecology in Tarim river basin during seventh emergency water supply period[J].Water Resources Protection,2011,27(5):83-87.]
[14]陈亚宁,叶朝霞,毛晓辉,等.新疆塔里木河断流趋势分析与减缓对策[J],干旱区地理,2009,32(6):813-819.[Chen Y N,Ye Z X,Mao X H,et al.Dried-up trend of Tarim river and the counter measures for mitigation[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(6):813-819.]
[15]http://www.gscloud.cn/
[16]http://www.cresda.com/CN/
[17]王希义,徐海量,潘存德,等.2000-2014年塔里木河下游地下水补给量及合理需求量[J].水资源保护,2017,33(4):32-40.[Wang X Y,Xu H L,Pan C D,et al.Study on groundwater recharge amount and suitable demand amount in lower reaches of Tarim River from 2000 to2014[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(4):32-40.]
[18]Zhu C M,Zhang X and Huang Q H.Four decades of estuarine wetland changes in the Yellow River Delta based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013[J].Water,2018,10(7):1-25.
[19]吴田军,骆剑承,夏列钢,等.迁移学习支持下的遥感影像对象级分类样本自动选择方法[J].测绘学报,2014,43(9):908-916.[Wu T J,Luo J C,Xia L G,et al.An automatic sample collection method for object-oriented classification of remotely sensed imageries based on transfer learning[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(9):908-916.]
[20]朱长明,李均力,张新,等.新疆博斯腾流域湿地遥感监测及时空变化过程[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(3):954-961.[Zhu C M,Li J L,Zhang X,et al.Wetland mapping and spatio-temporal change analysis:Acase study on Bosten basin,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2013,43(3):954-961.]
[21]姜琦刚,崔瀚文,李远华,等.东北三江平原湿地动态变化研究[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2009,39(6):1127-1136.[Jiang Y G,Cui H W,Li Y H,et al.Study on Dynamic Change of wetland in sanjiang Plain,Northeast Area[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2009,39(6):1127-1136.]
[22]邓铭江,周海鹰,徐海量,等.塔里木河下游生态输水与生态调度研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2016,46(8):864.[Deng M J,Zhou H Y,Xu H L,et al.Research on the ecological operation in the lower reaches of Tarim River based on water conveyance[J].Scientia Sinica Technologica,2016,46(8):864-876.]
[2]Hai-Liang X U,Mao Y E,Ji-Mei L I.Changes in groundwater levels and the response of natural vegetation to transfer of water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19(10):1199-1207.
[3]陈亚宁,张小雷,祝向民,等.新疆塔里木河下游断流河道输水的生态效应分析[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(5):475-482.[Chen Y N,Zhang X L,Zhu X M,et al.Analysis of ecological effects of water conveyance in the drying up river of the lower reaches of the Tarim River in Xinjiang[J].Science in China Series D:Earth,2004,34(5):475-482.]
[4]刘宝茹.应急输水工程对塔里木河下游生态环境时空变化影响的遥感监测与分析[J].地理信息世界,2008,12(2):58-63.[Niu B R.The remote sensing monitor study and the analysis and research on effects of emergent water project on vegetation coverage in the lower reaches of Tarim river[J].Geomatics World,2008,12(2):58-63.]
[5]Aishan T,ümüt Halik,Cyffka B,et al.Monitoring the hydrological and ecological response to water diversion in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,northwest China[J].Quaternary International,2013,311(9):155-162.
[6]Tao H,Gemmer M,Song Y,et al.Ecohydrological responses on water diversion in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,China[J].Water Resources Research,2008,44(8):853-861.
[7]李卫红,陈亚鹏,张宏锋,等.塔里木河下游断流河道应急输水与地表植被响应[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(3):301-305.[Li W H,Chen Y P,Zhang H F,et al.Response of vegetation to water input at lower dry Tarim river[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(3):301-305.]
[8]盛昊,李均力,杨辽,等.MODIS-NDVI时序数据分析方法研究--以塔里木河下游第七次秋季输水为例[J].干旱区地理,2007,30(2):251-257.[Sheng H,Li J L,Yang L,et al.MODIS-NDVI time series method--a case study on the 7thautumn ecologic water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim river[J].Arid Land Geography,2007,30(2):251-257.]
[9]闫正龙,黄强,牛宝茹,等.应急输水工程对塔里木河下游地区植被覆盖度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(3):621-626.[Yan Z L,Huang Q,Niu B R,et al.Effects of Emergent water project on vegetation coverage in the lower reaches of Tarim river[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(3):621-626.]
[10]李卫红,杨玉海,覃新闻,等.塔里木河下游断流河道输水的生态变化分析[J].中国水土保持,2009(6):10-19.[Li W H,Yang Y H,Qin X W and et al.Ecological changes of water conveyance in dried-up river way in the downstream of Tarim river[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2009(6):10-19.]
[11]李丽君.应急输水就塔河下游生态环境影响探讨[J].吉林水利,2010,5(5):48-51.[Li L J.Discussion on the impact of emergency water transferring on the ecological environment downstream Trim river[J].Journal of Jilin Water Resources,2010,5(5):48-51.]
[12]邓铭江.塔里木河下游应急输水与生态环境修复监测评估研究[R].中国水情分析研究报告,2011(12):1-16.[Deng M J.Monitoring and evaluation of emergency water transportation to ecological environment restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[R].Hydrological Analysis Report of China,2011(12):1-16.]
[13]苏宏超,高前兆,王进,等.塔里木河流域第七次应急输水期间径流情势及其对河流生态的影响[J].水资源保护,2011,27(5):83-87.[Su H C,Gao Q Z,Wang J,et al.Runoff regime and its effect on river ecology in Tarim river basin during seventh emergency water supply period[J].Water Resources Protection,2011,27(5):83-87.]
[14]陈亚宁,叶朝霞,毛晓辉,等.新疆塔里木河断流趋势分析与减缓对策[J],干旱区地理,2009,32(6):813-819.[Chen Y N,Ye Z X,Mao X H,et al.Dried-up trend of Tarim river and the counter measures for mitigation[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(6):813-819.]
[15]http://www.gscloud.cn/
[16]http://www.cresda.com/CN/
[17]王希义,徐海量,潘存德,等.2000-2014年塔里木河下游地下水补给量及合理需求量[J].水资源保护,2017,33(4):32-40.[Wang X Y,Xu H L,Pan C D,et al.Study on groundwater recharge amount and suitable demand amount in lower reaches of Tarim River from 2000 to2014[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(4):32-40.]
[18]Zhu C M,Zhang X and Huang Q H.Four decades of estuarine wetland changes in the Yellow River Delta based on Landsat observations between 1973 and 2013[J].Water,2018,10(7):1-25.
[19]吴田军,骆剑承,夏列钢,等.迁移学习支持下的遥感影像对象级分类样本自动选择方法[J].测绘学报,2014,43(9):908-916.[Wu T J,Luo J C,Xia L G,et al.An automatic sample collection method for object-oriented classification of remotely sensed imageries based on transfer learning[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(9):908-916.]
[20]朱长明,李均力,张新,等.新疆博斯腾流域湿地遥感监测及时空变化过程[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2013,43(3):954-961.[Zhu C M,Li J L,Zhang X,et al.Wetland mapping and spatio-temporal change analysis:Acase study on Bosten basin,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2013,43(3):954-961.]
[21]姜琦刚,崔瀚文,李远华,等.东北三江平原湿地动态变化研究[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2009,39(6):1127-1136.[Jiang Y G,Cui H W,Li Y H,et al.Study on Dynamic Change of wetland in sanjiang Plain,Northeast Area[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2009,39(6):1127-1136.]
[22]邓铭江,周海鹰,徐海量,等.塔里木河下游生态输水与生态调度研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2016,46(8):864.[Deng M J,Zhou H Y,Xu H L,et al.Research on the ecological operation in the lower reaches of Tarim River based on water conveyance[J].Scientia Sinica Technologica,2016,46(8):864-876.]