Development and application of an instrument for simulating wetting-drying cycles of expansive soils under loads
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摘要
Alternating rainfall and evaporation in nature severely impact the shear strength of expansive soils. This study presents an instrument for simulating the effect of wetting–drying cycles on the strength of expansive soils under different loads, and its testing error is verified. With this instrument,direct shear tests were performed on samples experiencing 0-6 cycles under vertical loads of 0 kPa,5 kPa, 15 kPa, and 30 k Pa. The results found that this instrument provides a new method for evaluating the effects of wetting–drying cycles on soils, and this method represents actual engineering conditions more accurately than do preexisting methods. It accurately controls the water content within 1% while simulating the specified loads at different soil depths.Cohesion is significantly affected by wetting–drying cycles, while the friction angle is not as sensitive to these cycles. Decrease in shear strength can be attributed to the fissures in soils caused by wetting–drying cycles. The existence of vertical loads effectively restricts shrinkage fissuring and cohesion attenuation, consequently inhibiting the attenuation of shear strength.
Alternating rainfall and evaporation in nature severely impact the shear strength of expansive soils. This study presents an instrument for simulating the effect of wetting–drying cycles on the strength of expansive soils under different loads, and its testing error is verified. With this instrument,direct shear tests were performed on samples experiencing 0-6 cycles under vertical loads of 0 kPa,5 kPa, 15 kPa, and 30 k Pa. The results found that this instrument provides a new method for evaluating the effects of wetting–drying cycles on soils, and this method represents actual engineering conditions more accurately than do preexisting methods. It accurately controls the water content within 1% while simulating the specified loads at different soil depths.Cohesion is significantly affected by wetting–drying cycles, while the friction angle is not as sensitive to these cycles. Decrease in shear strength can be attributed to the fissures in soils caused by wetting–drying cycles. The existence of vertical loads effectively restricts shrinkage fissuring and cohesion attenuation, consequently inhibiting the attenuation of shear strength.
Alternating rainfall and evaporation in nature severely impact the shear strength of expansive soils. This study presents an instrument for simulating the effect of wetting–drying cycles on the strength of expansive soils under different loads, and its testing error is verified. With this instrument,direct shear tests were performed on samples experiencing 0-6 cycles under vertical loads of 0 kPa,5 kPa, 15 kPa, and 30 k Pa. The results found that this instrument provides a new method for evaluating the effects of wetting–drying cycles on soils, and this method represents actual engineering conditions more accurately than do preexisting methods. It accurately controls the water content within 1% while simulating the specified loads at different soil depths.Cohesion is significantly affected by wetting–drying cycles, while the friction angle is not as sensitive to these cycles. Decrease in shear strength can be attributed to the fissures in soils caused by wetting–drying cycles. The existence of vertical loads effectively restricts shrinkage fissuring and cohesion attenuation, consequently inhibiting the attenuation of shear strength.
引文
Chen FH(1988)Foundation on Expansive Soils.Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.Amsterdam,Netherlands.
Elbadry H(2016)Simplified reliable prediction method for determining the volume change of expansive soil based on simply physical tests.HBRC Journal 13(3):353-360.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2015.10.001
Faith Z,William JL.,Asce M(2016)Alternative methods for wet-dry cycling of geosynthetic clay liners.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142(11):04016063.https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001508
GB 50112-2013(2012)Technical Code for Building in Expansive Soil Region.China Architecture&Building Press,Beijing.(In Chinese)
Griffiths DV,Lane PA(1999)Slope stability analysis by finite elements.Geotechnique 49(3):387-403.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.387
Jahangir K,Hossein M(2017)Soft expansive soil improvement by Eco-Friendly Waste and Quick Lime.Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 18:1-9.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2590-3
John TH,Hendra S(2017)Shear behavior of calcium carbide residue-bagasse ash stabilized expansive soil.Procedia Engineering 171:476-483.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.359
JTG E40-2007(2007)Test Methods of Soils for Highway Engineering.People's Communications Press,Beijing,China.(In Chinese)
Liu CZ(2000)Geological Disaster Survey Guide.Geology Press,Beijing,China.(In Chinese)
Li JJ,Kong LW,Mu K(2017)In-situ borehole shear test on expansive soil and its strength characteristics.Rock and Soil Mechanics 38(2):453-461.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.02.019
Li XW,Kong LW,Chen JB,et al.(2010)Field test on atmosphere influence depth on newly excavated expansive soil slope.Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science)29(1):99-102.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0562.2010.01.026
Liu HW(2013)Numerical analysis on slope excavation and experimental study on reinforced slope protection applied in expansive soil district at Yun Gui railway.Master Thesis,Central South University,Changsha,China.(In Chinese)
Liu XR,Li DL,Wang Z,et al.(2016)The effect of dry-wet cycles with acidic wetting fluid on strength deterioration of shaly sandstone.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 35(8):1543-1554.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2015.1419
Li WJ,Zhang ZY,Wang C(2015)Propagation and closure law of desiccation cracks of loamy clay during cyclic drying-wetting process.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 31(8):126-132.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.08.019
Lv BL,Wang JW,Cai DG(2013)Experimental study of influence of shear rate on clay undrained strength.Railway Engineering(1):73-75.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-1995.2013.01.23
Lv HB,Zeng ZT,Zhao YL(2012)Preliminary study on the cumulative damage of expansive soil in alternation of wettingdrying environment.Journal of Natural Disasters 21(6):119-123.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13577/j.jnd.2012.0617
Nayak NV(1971)Swelling characteristics of compacted expansive soils.Journal of Clay and Clay Miner 19(4):251-261.https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1971.0190406
Pupple AJ,Punthutaecha K,Vananpalli SK(2006)Soil water characteristics curves of stabilized expansive soils.Journal of Geotechnical&Geoenvironmental Engineering 132(6):736-751.
Qi SC,Vanapalli SK(2016)Influence of swelling behavior on the stability of an infinite unsaturated expansive soil slope.Computers and Geotechnics 76:154-169.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.02.018
Ramana KV(1993)Expansive soils:problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering.Engineering Geology 35(12):136-138.https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(93)90076-o
Skenpton AW(1964)Long-term stability of clay slopes.Geotechnique14(2):77-102.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.77
Shi BT,Zhang Y,Wang ZC,Wu JC,et al.(2015)Shear strength and shear rates of clay soils under different consolidation states.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology 42(6):59-64.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2015.06.09
Sopheap P,Satoshi N,Suched L(2017)Deformation characteristics and stress responses of cement-treated expansive clay under confined one-dimensional swelling.Applied Clay Science 146:316-324.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.06.022
Wu JH,Yang S(2017)Experimental study of matric suction measurement and its impact on shear strength under dryingwetting cycles for expansive soil.Rock and Soil Mechanics38(3):678-684.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.03.009
Xiao J,Yang HP,Li HF,et al.(2013)Shear strength test of Nanning expansive soil with various dry densities and low stresses.China Journal of Highway and Transport 26(6):15-21.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2013.06.003
Xiao J,Yang HP,Wang XZ,et al.(2014)Analysis of nonlinear characteristics of shear strength of Nanning expansive soil and its influence factors.China Journal of Highway and Transport 27(10):1-8.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2014.10.001
Xiao J,Yang HP,Zhang JH,et al.(2018)Surficial Failure of Expansive Soil Cutting Slope and Its Flexib le Support Treatment Technology.Advances in Civil Engineering 2018:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1609608
Xiao J,Yang HP,Zhang JH,et al.(2017)Properties of Drained Shear Strength of Expansive Soil Considering Low Stresses and Its Influencing Factors.International Journal of Civil Engineering(6):1-10.
Xu XF,Wei HZ,Meng QS,et al.(2013)Effects of shear rate on shear strength and deformation characteristics of coarsegrained soils in large-scale direct shear tests.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 35(4):728-733.(In Chinese)
Yang HP,Wang XZ,Xiao J(2014)Influence of wetting-drying cycles on strength characteristics of Nanning expansive soil.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 36(5):949-954.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201405020
Yemadje PL,Guibert H,Chevallier T,et al.(2016)Effect of biomass management regimes and wetting-drying cycles on soil carbon mineralization in a Sudano-Sahelian region.Journal of Arid Environments 127:1-6.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.10.017
Yin ZZ,Yuan JP,Wei J,et al.(2012)Influences of fissures on slope stability of expansive soil.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 34(12):2155-2161.(In Chinese)
Elbadry H(2016)Simplified reliable prediction method for determining the volume change of expansive soil based on simply physical tests.HBRC Journal 13(3):353-360.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2015.10.001
Faith Z,William JL.,Asce M(2016)Alternative methods for wet-dry cycling of geosynthetic clay liners.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142(11):04016063.https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001508
GB 50112-2013(2012)Technical Code for Building in Expansive Soil Region.China Architecture&Building Press,Beijing.(In Chinese)
Griffiths DV,Lane PA(1999)Slope stability analysis by finite elements.Geotechnique 49(3):387-403.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1999.49.3.387
Jahangir K,Hossein M(2017)Soft expansive soil improvement by Eco-Friendly Waste and Quick Lime.Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 18:1-9.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2590-3
John TH,Hendra S(2017)Shear behavior of calcium carbide residue-bagasse ash stabilized expansive soil.Procedia Engineering 171:476-483.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.359
JTG E40-2007(2007)Test Methods of Soils for Highway Engineering.People's Communications Press,Beijing,China.(In Chinese)
Liu CZ(2000)Geological Disaster Survey Guide.Geology Press,Beijing,China.(In Chinese)
Li JJ,Kong LW,Mu K(2017)In-situ borehole shear test on expansive soil and its strength characteristics.Rock and Soil Mechanics 38(2):453-461.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.02.019
Li XW,Kong LW,Chen JB,et al.(2010)Field test on atmosphere influence depth on newly excavated expansive soil slope.Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science)29(1):99-102.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0562.2010.01.026
Liu HW(2013)Numerical analysis on slope excavation and experimental study on reinforced slope protection applied in expansive soil district at Yun Gui railway.Master Thesis,Central South University,Changsha,China.(In Chinese)
Liu XR,Li DL,Wang Z,et al.(2016)The effect of dry-wet cycles with acidic wetting fluid on strength deterioration of shaly sandstone.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 35(8):1543-1554.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2015.1419
Li WJ,Zhang ZY,Wang C(2015)Propagation and closure law of desiccation cracks of loamy clay during cyclic drying-wetting process.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 31(8):126-132.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.08.019
Lv BL,Wang JW,Cai DG(2013)Experimental study of influence of shear rate on clay undrained strength.Railway Engineering(1):73-75.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-1995.2013.01.23
Lv HB,Zeng ZT,Zhao YL(2012)Preliminary study on the cumulative damage of expansive soil in alternation of wettingdrying environment.Journal of Natural Disasters 21(6):119-123.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.13577/j.jnd.2012.0617
Nayak NV(1971)Swelling characteristics of compacted expansive soils.Journal of Clay and Clay Miner 19(4):251-261.https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1971.0190406
Pupple AJ,Punthutaecha K,Vananpalli SK(2006)Soil water characteristics curves of stabilized expansive soils.Journal of Geotechnical&Geoenvironmental Engineering 132(6):736-751.
Qi SC,Vanapalli SK(2016)Influence of swelling behavior on the stability of an infinite unsaturated expansive soil slope.Computers and Geotechnics 76:154-169.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.02.018
Ramana KV(1993)Expansive soils:problems and practice in foundation and pavement engineering.Engineering Geology 35(12):136-138.https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(93)90076-o
Skenpton AW(1964)Long-term stability of clay slopes.Geotechnique14(2):77-102.https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.77
Shi BT,Zhang Y,Wang ZC,Wu JC,et al.(2015)Shear strength and shear rates of clay soils under different consolidation states.Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology 42(6):59-64.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2015.06.09
Sopheap P,Satoshi N,Suched L(2017)Deformation characteristics and stress responses of cement-treated expansive clay under confined one-dimensional swelling.Applied Clay Science 146:316-324.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.06.022
Wu JH,Yang S(2017)Experimental study of matric suction measurement and its impact on shear strength under dryingwetting cycles for expansive soil.Rock and Soil Mechanics38(3):678-684.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2017.03.009
Xiao J,Yang HP,Li HF,et al.(2013)Shear strength test of Nanning expansive soil with various dry densities and low stresses.China Journal of Highway and Transport 26(6):15-21.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2013.06.003
Xiao J,Yang HP,Wang XZ,et al.(2014)Analysis of nonlinear characteristics of shear strength of Nanning expansive soil and its influence factors.China Journal of Highway and Transport 27(10):1-8.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2014.10.001
Xiao J,Yang HP,Zhang JH,et al.(2018)Surficial Failure of Expansive Soil Cutting Slope and Its Flexib le Support Treatment Technology.Advances in Civil Engineering 2018:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1609608
Xiao J,Yang HP,Zhang JH,et al.(2017)Properties of Drained Shear Strength of Expansive Soil Considering Low Stresses and Its Influencing Factors.International Journal of Civil Engineering(6):1-10.
Xu XF,Wei HZ,Meng QS,et al.(2013)Effects of shear rate on shear strength and deformation characteristics of coarsegrained soils in large-scale direct shear tests.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 35(4):728-733.(In Chinese)
Yang HP,Wang XZ,Xiao J(2014)Influence of wetting-drying cycles on strength characteristics of Nanning expansive soil.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 36(5):949-954.(In Chinese)https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201405020
Yemadje PL,Guibert H,Chevallier T,et al.(2016)Effect of biomass management regimes and wetting-drying cycles on soil carbon mineralization in a Sudano-Sahelian region.Journal of Arid Environments 127:1-6.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.10.017
Yin ZZ,Yuan JP,Wei J,et al.(2012)Influences of fissures on slope stability of expansive soil.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 34(12):2155-2161.(In Chinese)