Mesozoic Deformation and Its Geological Significance in the Southern Margin of the South China Sea
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摘要
The pre-Eocene history of the region around the present South China Sea is not well known. New multi-channel seismic profiles provide valuable insights into the probable Mesozoic history of this region. Detailed structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the multi-channel seismic profiles, calibrated with relevant drilling and dredging data, show major Mesozoic structural features. A structural restoration was done to remove the Cenozoic tectonic influence and calculate the Mesozoic tectonic compression ratios. The results indicate that two groups of compressive stress with diametrically opposite orientations, S(S)E– N(N)W and N(N)W–S(S)E, were active during the Mesozoic. The compression ratio values gradually decrease from north to south and from west to east in each stress orientation. The phenomena may be related to the opening of the proto-South China Sea(then located in south of the Nansha block) and the rate at which the Nansha block drifted northward in the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous. The Nansha block drifted northward until it collided and sutured with the southern China margin. The opening of the present South China Sea may be related to this suture zone, which was a tectonic zone of weakness.
The pre-Eocene history of the region around the present South China Sea is not well known. New multi-channel seismic profiles provide valuable insights into the probable Mesozoic history of this region. Detailed structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the multi-channel seismic profiles, calibrated with relevant drilling and dredging data, show major Mesozoic structural features. A structural restoration was done to remove the Cenozoic tectonic influence and calculate the Mesozoic tectonic compression ratios. The results indicate that two groups of compressive stress with diametrically opposite orientations, S(S)E– N(N)W and N(N)W–S(S)E, were active during the Mesozoic. The compression ratio values gradually decrease from north to south and from west to east in each stress orientation. The phenomena may be related to the opening of the proto-South China Sea(then located in south of the Nansha block) and the rate at which the Nansha block drifted northward in the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous. The Nansha block drifted northward until it collided and sutured with the southern China margin. The opening of the present South China Sea may be related to this suture zone, which was a tectonic zone of weakness.
The pre-Eocene history of the region around the present South China Sea is not well known. New multi-channel seismic profiles provide valuable insights into the probable Mesozoic history of this region. Detailed structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the multi-channel seismic profiles, calibrated with relevant drilling and dredging data, show major Mesozoic structural features. A structural restoration was done to remove the Cenozoic tectonic influence and calculate the Mesozoic tectonic compression ratios. The results indicate that two groups of compressive stress with diametrically opposite orientations, S(S)E– N(N)W and N(N)W–S(S)E, were active during the Mesozoic. The compression ratio values gradually decrease from north to south and from west to east in each stress orientation. The phenomena may be related to the opening of the proto-South China Sea(then located in south of the Nansha block) and the rate at which the Nansha block drifted northward in the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous. The Nansha block drifted northward until it collided and sutured with the southern China margin. The opening of the present South China Sea may be related to this suture zone, which was a tectonic zone of weakness.
引文
Areshev,E.G.,Dong,T.L.,San,N.T.,and Shnip,O.A.,1992.Reservoirs in fractured basement on the continental shelf of southern Vietnam.Journal of Petroleum Geology,15(4):451-464.
Briais,A.,Patriat,P.,and Tapponnier,P.,1993.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea:Implications for the tertiary tectonics of southeast Asia.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,98(B4):6299-6328,DOI:10.1029/92JB02280.
Bulnes,M.,and Mc Clay,K.,1999.Benefits and limitations of different 2D algorithms used in cross-section restoration of inverted extensional faults:Application to physical experiments.Tectonophysics,312(2):175-189,DOI:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00161-4.
Burov,E.B.,and Diament,M.,1992.Flexure of the continental lithosphere with multilayered rheology.Geophysical Journal International,109(2):449-468,DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00107.x.
Clift,P.,Lee,G.H.,Duc,N.A.,Barckhausen,U.,Long,H.V.,and Sun,Z.,2008.Seismic reflection evidence for a dangerous grounds miniplate:No extrusion origin for the South China Sea.Tectonics,27(3):3043-3061,DOI:10.1029/2007TC002216.
Cohen,K.M.,Finney,S.C.,Gibbard,P.L.,and Fan,J.X.,2016.The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart.Episodes,36:199-204.
Cullen,A.,Reemst,P.,Henstra,G.,Gozzard,S.,and Ray,A.,2010.Rifting of the South China Sea:New perspectives.Petroleum Geoscience,16:273-282,DOI:10.1144/1354-079309-908.
Davison,I.,1986.Listric normal fault profiles:Calculation using bed-length balance and fault displacement.Journal of Structural Geology,8(2):209-210,DOI:10.1016/0191-8141(86)90112-4.
Ding,W.W.,Franke,D.,Li,J.B.,and Steuer,S.,2013.Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic structure from a composite multichannel seismic profile across the entire Dangerous Grounds,South China Sea.Tectonophysics,582:162-176,DOI:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.026.
Ding,W.W.,Li,J.B.,Clift,P.D.,and Expedition 349 Scientists,2016.Spreading dynamics and sedimentary process of the southwest sub-basin,South China Sea:Constraints from multichannel seismic data and IODP Expedition 349.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,115:97-113,DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.09.013.
Expedition 349 Scientists,2014.South China Sea tectonics:Opening of the South China Sea and its implications for southeast Asian tectonics,climates,and deep mantle processes since the late Mesozoic.International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report 349,1-109.
Franke,D.,2013.Rifting,lithosphere breakup and volcanism:Comparison of magma-poor and volcanic rifted margins.Marine and Petroleum Geology,43:63-87,DOI:10.1016/j.mar petgeo.2012.11.003.
Franke,D.,Savva,D.,Pubellier,M.,Steuer,S.,Mouly,B.,Auxietre,J.L.,Meresse,F.,and Chamot-Rooke,N.,2014.The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,58:704-720,DOI:10.1016/j.marpet geo.2013.11.020.
Gibbs,A.D.,1983.Balanced cross-section construction from seismic sections in areas of extensional tectonics.Journal of Structural Geology,5(2):153-160,DOI:10.1016/0191-8141(83)90040-8.
Hall,R.,2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific:Computed-based reconstructions,model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20:353-431,DOI:10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00069-4.
Hao,H.J.,Lin,H.M.,and Yang,M.X.,2001.The Mesozoic in Chaoshan Depression-The new domain of petroleum exploration.China Offshore Oil and Gas(Geology),15(3):157-163(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hesse,S.,Back,S.,and Franke,D.,2009.The deep-water fold and thrust belt offshore NW Borneo:Gravity-driven versus basement-driven shortening.Geological Society of America Bulletin,121(5-6):939-953,DOI:10.1130/b26411.1.
Hinz,K.,and Schülter,H.U.,1985.Geology of the Dangerous Grounds,South China Sea,and the continental margin off southwest Palawan:Results of SONNE cruises SO-23 and SO-27.Energy,10(3-4):297-315,DOI:10.1016/0360-5442(85)90048-9.
Holloway,N.H.,1982.North Palawan block,Philippines-Its relation to Asian mainland and role in evolution of South China Sea.AAPG Bulletin,66(9):1355-1383.
Hsu,S.K.,Yeh,Y.C.,Doo,W.B.,and Tsai,C.H.,2004.New bathymetry and magnetic lineations identifications in the northernmost South China Sea and their tectonic implications.Marine Geophysical Researches,25(1-2):29-44,DOI:10.1007/s11001-005-0731-7.
Hutchison,C.S.,2004.Marginal basin evolution:The southern South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,21:1129-1148,DOI:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.07.002.
Jahn,B.M.,Chen,P.,and Yen,T.P.,1976.Rb-Sr ages of granitic rocks in southeastern China and their tectonic significance.Geological Society of America Bulletin,86:763-776.
Kudrass,H.R.,Wiedicke,M.,Cepeck,P.,Kreuzer,H.,and Müller,P.,1986.Mesozoic and Cainozoic rocks dredged from the South China Sea(Reed Bank area)and Sulu Sea and their significance for plate-tectonic reconstructions.Marine and Petroleum Geology,3:19-30,DOI:10.1016/0264-8172(86)90053-X.
Liu,H.L.,Guo,L.Z.,Sun,Y.,Zhou,D.,Shu,L.S.,Yang,S.K.,Zhang,Y.X.,and Zhang,B.Y.,2002.Study on Fault System in Nansha Block(South China Sea)and the Block’s Lithospheric Dynamics.Science Press,Beijing,64-68(in Chinese).
Liu,H.L.,Xie,G.F.,Yan,P.,Liu,Y.C.,and Zheng,H.B.,2007.Tectonic implication of Mesozoic marine depositsin the Nansha Islands of the South China Sea.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,38(3):272-278(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.L.,Yang,T.,Zhu,S.F.,Zhang,B.Y.,Qiu,X.L.,and Shi,X.B.,2004.Tectonic evolution of Cenozoic sedimentary basements in the northwestern South China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,26(3):54-67(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.L.,Zheng,H.B.,Wang,Y.L.,Lin,Q.J.,Wu,C.H.,Zhao,M.S.,and Du,Y.K.,2011.Basement of the South China Sea area:Tracing the Tethyan realm.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),85(3):637-655.
Lu,B.L.,Wang,P.J.,Liang,J.S.,Sun,X.M.,and Wang,W.Y.,2014.Structural properties of paleo-South China Sea and their relationship with the Tethys and the paleo-Pacific tectonic domain.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,44(5):1441-1450(in Chinese with English abstract).
Metcalfe,I.,1996.Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes.In:Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia.Hall,R.,and Blundell,D.J.,eds.,Geological Society,London,97-122.
Metcalfe,I.,2011.Palaeozoic-Mesozoic history of SE Asia.In:The SE Asian Gateway:History and Tectonics of the Austra lia-Asia Collision.Hall,R.,et al.,eds.,Geological Society,London,7-35.
Nguyen,T.T.B.,Satir,M.,Siebel,W.,and Chen,F.,2004.Granitoids in the dalat zone,southern Vietnam:Age constraints on magmatism and regional geological implications.International Journal of Earth Sciences,93(3):329-340,DOI:10.1007/s00531-004-0387-6.
Novoa,E.,Suppe,J.,and Shaw,J.H.,2000.Inclined-shear restoration of growth folds.AAPG Bulletin,84(6):787-804.
Qiu,Y.,Chen,G.N.,Liu,F.L.,and Peng,Z.L.,2008.Discovery of granite and its tectonic significance in southwestern basin of the South China Sea.Geological Bulletin of China,27(12):2104-2107(in Chinese with English abstract).
Northrup,C.J.,Royden,L.H.,and Burchfiel,B.C.,1995.Motion of the Pacific plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation to Cenozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia.Geology,23(8):719-722,DOI:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0719:MOTPPR>2.3.CO;2.
Schlüter,H.U.,Hinz,K.,and Block,M.,1996.Tectono-stratigraphic terranes and detachment faulting of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea.Marine Geology,130(1-2):39-51,DOI:10.1016/0025-3227(95)00137-9.
Sclater,J.G.,and Christie,P.A.F.,1980.Continental stretching:An explanation of the post-mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin.Journal of Geophysical Research,85(B7):3711-3739,DOI:10.1029/JB085i B07p03711.
Shipboard Scientific Party,2000.Leg 184 Summary:Exploring the Asian monsoon through drilling in the South China Sea.In:Proceeding of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports Volume 184.Wang,P.,et al.,eds.,IODP,College Station,TX,1-77.
Song,T.R.,and Li,C.F.,2015.Rifting to drifting transition of the southwest subbasin of the South China Sea.Marine Geophysical Research,36(2):167-185,DOI:10.1007/s11001-015-9253-0.
Sun,L.T.,Sun,Z.,and Zhou,D.,2008.Stratigraphic and structural characteristics of Lile basin in Nansha area.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,32(2):151-158(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,L.T.,Tian,Z.X.,Zhan,W.H.,and Sun,Z.X.,2011.Crust structure and tectonostratigraphy of Liyue block,northeast of Nansha area.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,36(5):861-868(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,L.T.,Zhan,W.H.,Sun,Z.X.,Zhu,J.J.,and Zhao,M.H.,2005.Study on the activity of the western margin of South China Sea fault.Marine Science Bulletin,24(3):42-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Taylor,B.,and Hayes,D.E.,1980.The tectonic evolution of the South China Sea Basin.In:The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands,Geophysical Monograph Volume 23.Hayes,D.E.,ed.,American Geophysical Union,Washington,D C,89-104.
Taylor,B.,and Hayes,D.E.,1983.Origin and history of the South China Sea Basin.In:The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands,Geophysical Monograph Volume 27.Hayes,D.E.,ed.,American Geophysical Union,Washington,D C,23-56.
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Briais,A.,Patriat,P.,and Tapponnier,P.,1993.Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea:Implications for the tertiary tectonics of southeast Asia.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,98(B4):6299-6328,DOI:10.1029/92JB02280.
Bulnes,M.,and Mc Clay,K.,1999.Benefits and limitations of different 2D algorithms used in cross-section restoration of inverted extensional faults:Application to physical experiments.Tectonophysics,312(2):175-189,DOI:10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00161-4.
Burov,E.B.,and Diament,M.,1992.Flexure of the continental lithosphere with multilayered rheology.Geophysical Journal International,109(2):449-468,DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00107.x.
Clift,P.,Lee,G.H.,Duc,N.A.,Barckhausen,U.,Long,H.V.,and Sun,Z.,2008.Seismic reflection evidence for a dangerous grounds miniplate:No extrusion origin for the South China Sea.Tectonics,27(3):3043-3061,DOI:10.1029/2007TC002216.
Cohen,K.M.,Finney,S.C.,Gibbard,P.L.,and Fan,J.X.,2016.The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart.Episodes,36:199-204.
Cullen,A.,Reemst,P.,Henstra,G.,Gozzard,S.,and Ray,A.,2010.Rifting of the South China Sea:New perspectives.Petroleum Geoscience,16:273-282,DOI:10.1144/1354-079309-908.
Davison,I.,1986.Listric normal fault profiles:Calculation using bed-length balance and fault displacement.Journal of Structural Geology,8(2):209-210,DOI:10.1016/0191-8141(86)90112-4.
Ding,W.W.,Franke,D.,Li,J.B.,and Steuer,S.,2013.Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic structure from a composite multichannel seismic profile across the entire Dangerous Grounds,South China Sea.Tectonophysics,582:162-176,DOI:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.026.
Ding,W.W.,Li,J.B.,Clift,P.D.,and Expedition 349 Scientists,2016.Spreading dynamics and sedimentary process of the southwest sub-basin,South China Sea:Constraints from multichannel seismic data and IODP Expedition 349.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,115:97-113,DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.09.013.
Expedition 349 Scientists,2014.South China Sea tectonics:Opening of the South China Sea and its implications for southeast Asian tectonics,climates,and deep mantle processes since the late Mesozoic.International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report 349,1-109.
Franke,D.,2013.Rifting,lithosphere breakup and volcanism:Comparison of magma-poor and volcanic rifted margins.Marine and Petroleum Geology,43:63-87,DOI:10.1016/j.mar petgeo.2012.11.003.
Franke,D.,Savva,D.,Pubellier,M.,Steuer,S.,Mouly,B.,Auxietre,J.L.,Meresse,F.,and Chamot-Rooke,N.,2014.The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,58:704-720,DOI:10.1016/j.marpet geo.2013.11.020.
Gibbs,A.D.,1983.Balanced cross-section construction from seismic sections in areas of extensional tectonics.Journal of Structural Geology,5(2):153-160,DOI:10.1016/0191-8141(83)90040-8.
Hall,R.,2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific:Computed-based reconstructions,model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20:353-431,DOI:10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00069-4.
Hao,H.J.,Lin,H.M.,and Yang,M.X.,2001.The Mesozoic in Chaoshan Depression-The new domain of petroleum exploration.China Offshore Oil and Gas(Geology),15(3):157-163(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hesse,S.,Back,S.,and Franke,D.,2009.The deep-water fold and thrust belt offshore NW Borneo:Gravity-driven versus basement-driven shortening.Geological Society of America Bulletin,121(5-6):939-953,DOI:10.1130/b26411.1.
Hinz,K.,and Schülter,H.U.,1985.Geology of the Dangerous Grounds,South China Sea,and the continental margin off southwest Palawan:Results of SONNE cruises SO-23 and SO-27.Energy,10(3-4):297-315,DOI:10.1016/0360-5442(85)90048-9.
Holloway,N.H.,1982.North Palawan block,Philippines-Its relation to Asian mainland and role in evolution of South China Sea.AAPG Bulletin,66(9):1355-1383.
Hsu,S.K.,Yeh,Y.C.,Doo,W.B.,and Tsai,C.H.,2004.New bathymetry and magnetic lineations identifications in the northernmost South China Sea and their tectonic implications.Marine Geophysical Researches,25(1-2):29-44,DOI:10.1007/s11001-005-0731-7.
Hutchison,C.S.,2004.Marginal basin evolution:The southern South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,21:1129-1148,DOI:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.07.002.
Jahn,B.M.,Chen,P.,and Yen,T.P.,1976.Rb-Sr ages of granitic rocks in southeastern China and their tectonic significance.Geological Society of America Bulletin,86:763-776.
Kudrass,H.R.,Wiedicke,M.,Cepeck,P.,Kreuzer,H.,and Müller,P.,1986.Mesozoic and Cainozoic rocks dredged from the South China Sea(Reed Bank area)and Sulu Sea and their significance for plate-tectonic reconstructions.Marine and Petroleum Geology,3:19-30,DOI:10.1016/0264-8172(86)90053-X.
Liu,H.L.,Guo,L.Z.,Sun,Y.,Zhou,D.,Shu,L.S.,Yang,S.K.,Zhang,Y.X.,and Zhang,B.Y.,2002.Study on Fault System in Nansha Block(South China Sea)and the Block’s Lithospheric Dynamics.Science Press,Beijing,64-68(in Chinese).
Liu,H.L.,Xie,G.F.,Yan,P.,Liu,Y.C.,and Zheng,H.B.,2007.Tectonic implication of Mesozoic marine depositsin the Nansha Islands of the South China Sea.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,38(3):272-278(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.L.,Yang,T.,Zhu,S.F.,Zhang,B.Y.,Qiu,X.L.,and Shi,X.B.,2004.Tectonic evolution of Cenozoic sedimentary basements in the northwestern South China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,26(3):54-67(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,H.L.,Zheng,H.B.,Wang,Y.L.,Lin,Q.J.,Wu,C.H.,Zhao,M.S.,and Du,Y.K.,2011.Basement of the South China Sea area:Tracing the Tethyan realm.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition),85(3):637-655.
Lu,B.L.,Wang,P.J.,Liang,J.S.,Sun,X.M.,and Wang,W.Y.,2014.Structural properties of paleo-South China Sea and their relationship with the Tethys and the paleo-Pacific tectonic domain.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,44(5):1441-1450(in Chinese with English abstract).
Metcalfe,I.,1996.Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes.In:Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia.Hall,R.,and Blundell,D.J.,eds.,Geological Society,London,97-122.
Metcalfe,I.,2011.Palaeozoic-Mesozoic history of SE Asia.In:The SE Asian Gateway:History and Tectonics of the Austra lia-Asia Collision.Hall,R.,et al.,eds.,Geological Society,London,7-35.
Nguyen,T.T.B.,Satir,M.,Siebel,W.,and Chen,F.,2004.Granitoids in the dalat zone,southern Vietnam:Age constraints on magmatism and regional geological implications.International Journal of Earth Sciences,93(3):329-340,DOI:10.1007/s00531-004-0387-6.
Novoa,E.,Suppe,J.,and Shaw,J.H.,2000.Inclined-shear restoration of growth folds.AAPG Bulletin,84(6):787-804.
Qiu,Y.,Chen,G.N.,Liu,F.L.,and Peng,Z.L.,2008.Discovery of granite and its tectonic significance in southwestern basin of the South China Sea.Geological Bulletin of China,27(12):2104-2107(in Chinese with English abstract).
Northrup,C.J.,Royden,L.H.,and Burchfiel,B.C.,1995.Motion of the Pacific plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation to Cenozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia.Geology,23(8):719-722,DOI:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0719:MOTPPR>2.3.CO;2.
Schlüter,H.U.,Hinz,K.,and Block,M.,1996.Tectono-stratigraphic terranes and detachment faulting of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea.Marine Geology,130(1-2):39-51,DOI:10.1016/0025-3227(95)00137-9.
Sclater,J.G.,and Christie,P.A.F.,1980.Continental stretching:An explanation of the post-mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin.Journal of Geophysical Research,85(B7):3711-3739,DOI:10.1029/JB085i B07p03711.
Shipboard Scientific Party,2000.Leg 184 Summary:Exploring the Asian monsoon through drilling in the South China Sea.In:Proceeding of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports Volume 184.Wang,P.,et al.,eds.,IODP,College Station,TX,1-77.
Song,T.R.,and Li,C.F.,2015.Rifting to drifting transition of the southwest subbasin of the South China Sea.Marine Geophysical Research,36(2):167-185,DOI:10.1007/s11001-015-9253-0.
Sun,L.T.,Sun,Z.,and Zhou,D.,2008.Stratigraphic and structural characteristics of Lile basin in Nansha area.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,32(2):151-158(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,L.T.,Tian,Z.X.,Zhan,W.H.,and Sun,Z.X.,2011.Crust structure and tectonostratigraphy of Liyue block,northeast of Nansha area.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,36(5):861-868(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,L.T.,Zhan,W.H.,Sun,Z.X.,Zhu,J.J.,and Zhao,M.H.,2005.Study on the activity of the western margin of South China Sea fault.Marine Science Bulletin,24(3):42-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
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