专利行政部门在开放许可制度中应有的职能
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摘要
专利开放许可制度在国外已实施百年,专利行政部门的服务职能有逐步强化的趋势。借鉴国外经验并结合我国具体情况看,我国应坚持专利许可制度的自愿性,专利行政部门的职能宜以服务为主,并可在适当范围内就争议进行裁决。专利法修改方案中应规定开放许可合同必须备案,强化专利行政部门的登记职能;限定专利行政部门的裁决内容并明确其裁决程序;要求专利行政部门发布《专利开放许可指南》,丰富和细化其服务内容。
Patent opening liscence system has been enforced for a hundred years internationally.The function of the patent administrative department is enhanced ever since.Learning from foreign experience and combining with China's specific circumstances,China shall maintain the voluntary feature of patent liscence.The main function of the patent administrative department is to provide relevant service.It can also adjudicate disputes within appropriate scope.The Patent Law Draft should make it compulsory for the registration of contract under licences of right frame,enhance the registration function of the patent administrative department;define the subject matter and the process of the administrative adjudication;order the patent administrative department to issue Guidance of Patent Liscence with detailed service content.
Patent opening liscence system has been enforced for a hundred years internationally.The function of the patent administrative department is enhanced ever since.Learning from foreign experience and combining with China's specific circumstances,China shall maintain the voluntary feature of patent liscence.The main function of the patent administrative department is to provide relevant service.It can also adjudicate disputes within appropriate scope.The Patent Law Draft should make it compulsory for the registration of contract under licences of right frame,enhance the registration function of the patent administrative department;define the subject matter and the process of the administrative adjudication;order the patent administrative department to issue Guidance of Patent Liscence with detailed service content.
引文
(1)参见2015年12月2日国务院法制办公布的国家知识产权局报请国务院审议的《专利法修订草案(送审稿)》,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/ztzl/zlfxg/xylzlfxg/1051938.htm,2018年12月10日最后访问。
(2)笔者认为此处应使用“撤销”而不是“撤回”一词。根据《合同法》第80条和第81条,“撤回”要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人,“撤销”要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。即对已经生效的要约不能撤回,而只能撤销。而“审议稿”第50条第2款显然是指专利权人想要终止已经生效的开放许可声明的效力,因此,应用“撤销”一词。
(3)参见李庆保:《市场化模式当然许可制度的构建》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期。
(4)参见李文江:《我国专利当然许可制度分析——兼评〈专利法(修订草案送审稿)〉第82、83、84条》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期。
(5)参见王素娟、冯晓雨:《专利实施中引入当然许可制度的正当性分析》,载《北方工业大学学报》2018年第4期。
(6)参见王洪新:《专利行政部门在开放许可中的定位》,载《黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报》2017年第5期。
(7)See B.Zorina Khan,An Economic Histroy of Patent Institutions,available at:https://eh.net/encyclopedia/an-economic-history-of-patent-institutions/(available at:12November 2018).
(8)Section 24UK Patents and Designs Act of 1919;现行Section 46Patents Act 1977.
(9)B.Zorina Khan,An Economic Histroy of Patent Institutions,available at:https://eh.net/encyclopedia/an-economic-history-of-patent-institutions/(available at:12November 2018).
(10)这些国家包括:阿尔巴尼亚,保加利亚,捷克,德国,西班牙,英国,意大利,希腊,爱尔兰,立陶宛,卢森堡,拉脱维亚、马耳他,斯洛伐克,圣马力诺,土耳其,俄罗斯,泰国,新加坡等。See Catherine Jewell and Charlotte Tilbury,Licences of Right in European Patent Convention(EPC)Territories and with respect to European Unitary Patents(http://www.beckgreener.com/licences-right-european-patent-convention-epc-territories-and-respect-european-unitary-patents,Last visited on12November 16,2018).
(11)§23(1)PatG.
(12)Art.50(1)Patent Law(Royal Decree No.1127of June 29,1939,as last amended by Legislative Decree No.198of March 19,1996),意大利的开放许可翻译为offer of nonexclusive licenses.英文版见:http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=128267(last visited on 12November 2018).
(13)Art.81(1)Ley 11/86,de 20de marzo,de Patentes.
(14)Section 64-67Law No.9.279of May 14,1996.
(15)Art.81(4),Ley 11/86,de 20de marzo,de Patentes.
(16)Patent Act(1992)of Ireland,available at:http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1992/act/1/enacted/en/html(last visited on 12November 2018).
(17)See Esther van Zimmeren and Geertrui Van Overwalle,Compulsory License Regimes for Public Health in Europe,in:Biotechnology-Volume XI:Fundamentals in biotechnology(edited by:Horst W.Doelie,J.Stefan Rokem,Marin Berovic),2009,p.77;刘明江:《当然许可期间专利侵权救济探讨——兼评〈专利法(修订草案送审稿)〉第83条第3款》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期注(32);也有学者持相反意见,如胡新建:《我国专利当然许可制度的构建》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期。
(18)Section 24UK Patents and Designs Act 1919.
(19)Section 237of UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
(20)See James Love。Remuneration guidelines for non-volumtary use of a patent on medical technologies,(https://www.keionline.org/wp-content/uploads/who_undp_2005_royalty_guidelines.pdf,last visited on 15April 15,2018).
(21)See Flynn,A.Hollis,and M.Palmedo,“An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries,”Journal of Law,Medicine&Ethics 37,no.2(2009):pp.184-209。
(22)德国《专利法》第30条第1款规定:“专利局负责专利登记簿的登记,文档可供公众查询的专利申请的名称、授权专利名称、延长保护证明的名称(第16a条)、申请人或者专利权利人的姓名和住所,以及情况需要时其代理人和送达全权代表(第25条)的姓名和住所。专利登记簿内还应当记载专利生效、期限届满、失效、限制令、撤销、宣告无效、延长保护证明(第16a条)、以及提起异议和无效的情况。”
(23)Art.50(1)Italian Patent Law.
(24)Art.81(1)Spain Patent Law.
(25)Art.1368(1)Russian Civil Code.
(26)Section 64(1)Law No.9.279of May 14,1996.
(27)§23,Rn.Patentgesetz und Gebrauchsmustergesetz:in der Fassung v.18.7.1953,Rudolf Busse(Ed.)2.Auflage(1956).
(28)Busse/Keukenschrijver PatG(6Aufl.),§23,Rn.44.
(29)BPatGE 13,159,160.
(30)Section 64-67Law No.9.279of May 14,1996(Law on Industrial Property),巴西知识产权法英文版见http://www.wipoi.nt/wipolex/en/textj.sp?file_id=125397(last visited on 15October 2018).
(31)参见谢嘉图:《效率与诚信之间:专利当然许可申请的规则重构》,载《电子知识产权》2017年第9期。
(32)Benkard PatG/Schfers(11Auflage),2015,§30,Rn.27.
(33)参见《<专利法修订草案(送审稿)>的说明》第4页。
(34)德国开放许可数据库可以在德国专利商标局网站查阅:https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/Uebersicht,last visited on 15October 2018.
(35)参见https://www.ip2.sg/RPS/WP/CM/SearchAdvanceP.aspx(by using Boolean search and selecting Licences of Rights within the Search field and‘Yes’for the required value).
(36)See Andrew Gowers,Gowers Review of Intellectual Property,December 2006.5.50.available at:https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228849/0118404830.pdf(last visited on 12November,2018).
(37)同前注(36)。
(38)UKIPO launches new patent databases,available at:https://wwwl.exology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=edf7c827-b665-4dfc-ba51-d8c516dafee4(last visited on 11November 2018).英国开放许可声明数据库网址为:Patents Endorsed Licence of Right(LOR)and Patens Not in Force(NIF),https://wwwi.po.gov.uk/p-dl-licenceofright?filter=Search+within+results&perPage=10&sort=LOR+Start+Date+Reverse(last visited on 11November,2018).
(39)该数据来源于英国知识产权局给笔者的回复。
(40)参见https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/apply-for-a-patent-register-entry-to-show-licenceare-available-as-of-right(last visited on 12November,2018).
(41)参见https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancel-entry-in-register-that-licences-under-the-patent-are-available-as-of-right(last visited on 12November,2018.
(42)新加坡的开放许可声明和撤销使用同一表格。https://www.ipos.gov.sg/docs/default-source/resources-library/patents/patent-forms-and-fees/form-pf28——otc477d1877c2d0635fa1cdff0000abd271.pdf.
(43)参见https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385819/licensingchecklist.pdf,last visited on 12November 2018.
(44)参见https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385820/skeleton-licence.pdf,last visited on 12November 2018.
(45)Benkard PatG/Schfers(11Auflage),2015,§30,Rn.27.
(46)Art.50(2)Italian Patent Law.
(47)Art.81(3)Spain Patent Law.
(48)§46PatG.
(49)§47PatG.
(50)See Jerome H.Reichman,Compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceutical inventions:evaluating the options,in Correa,C.(ed.)Research Handbook on the Protection of Intellectual Property Under WTO Rules,Edward Elgar Publishing,2010,pp.589-621.
(51)Cassou's Patent[1971]RPC 91.
(52)BPatG,06.12.2000-5W(pat)430/99.
(53)BPatG,12.09.2016-35W(pat)19/15.
(54)Sections 86,87and 88of The Patents Act 1970(as amended up to Patents(Amendment)Act,1999).http://www.wipoi.nt/wipolex/en/textj.sp?file_id=128092,last visited on 12November,2018.
(55)The Patent(Second)Amendment Bill,available at:http://wwwl.egalserviceindia.com/articles/law.htm(last visited on 12November 15,2018).
(56)同前注(6),王洪新文。
(57)See Australian Government Productivity Commission 2013,Compulsory Licensing of Patents,Inquiry Report No.61,Canberra,p.223.
(58)参见《2016年中国专利调查数据报告》,第27页,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-07/01/5207170/files/0d83016749434af3aeffe3db92343ad9.pdf(last visited on 12November 2018).
(59)参见《第十三届全国人大代表大会常委会第七次会议所做的关于<中华人民共和国专利法修正案(草案)>的说明》。
(60)参见“送审稿”第84条。
(61)参见何练红:《论中国知识产权纠纷行政调解》,载《法律科学》2014年第1期。
(62)§23(4)PatG.
(63)Art.50(2)Italian Patent Law.
(64)Art.81(3)Spain Patent Law.
(65)参见范愉:《行政调解刍议》,载《广东社会科学》2008年第6期。
(66)参见江苏省高级人民法院(2005)苏民三初字第0006号判决书。
(67)参见最高人民法院(2007)民三终字第3号判决书。
(68)参见上海市第一中级人民法院(2004)沪一中民(知)初字第31号判决书。
(2)笔者认为此处应使用“撤销”而不是“撤回”一词。根据《合同法》第80条和第81条,“撤回”要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人,“撤销”要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。即对已经生效的要约不能撤回,而只能撤销。而“审议稿”第50条第2款显然是指专利权人想要终止已经生效的开放许可声明的效力,因此,应用“撤销”一词。
(3)参见李庆保:《市场化模式当然许可制度的构建》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期。
(4)参见李文江:《我国专利当然许可制度分析——兼评〈专利法(修订草案送审稿)〉第82、83、84条》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期。
(5)参见王素娟、冯晓雨:《专利实施中引入当然许可制度的正当性分析》,载《北方工业大学学报》2018年第4期。
(6)参见王洪新:《专利行政部门在开放许可中的定位》,载《黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报》2017年第5期。
(7)See B.Zorina Khan,An Economic Histroy of Patent Institutions,available at:https://eh.net/encyclopedia/an-economic-history-of-patent-institutions/(available at:12November 2018).
(8)Section 24UK Patents and Designs Act of 1919;现行Section 46Patents Act 1977.
(9)B.Zorina Khan,An Economic Histroy of Patent Institutions,available at:https://eh.net/encyclopedia/an-economic-history-of-patent-institutions/(available at:12November 2018).
(10)这些国家包括:阿尔巴尼亚,保加利亚,捷克,德国,西班牙,英国,意大利,希腊,爱尔兰,立陶宛,卢森堡,拉脱维亚、马耳他,斯洛伐克,圣马力诺,土耳其,俄罗斯,泰国,新加坡等。See Catherine Jewell and Charlotte Tilbury,Licences of Right in European Patent Convention(EPC)Territories and with respect to European Unitary Patents(http://www.beckgreener.com/licences-right-european-patent-convention-epc-territories-and-respect-european-unitary-patents,Last visited on12November 16,2018).
(11)§23(1)PatG.
(12)Art.50(1)Patent Law(Royal Decree No.1127of June 29,1939,as last amended by Legislative Decree No.198of March 19,1996),意大利的开放许可翻译为offer of nonexclusive licenses.英文版见:http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=128267(last visited on 12November 2018).
(13)Art.81(1)Ley 11/86,de 20de marzo,de Patentes.
(14)Section 64-67Law No.9.279of May 14,1996.
(15)Art.81(4),Ley 11/86,de 20de marzo,de Patentes.
(16)Patent Act(1992)of Ireland,available at:http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1992/act/1/enacted/en/html(last visited on 12November 2018).
(17)See Esther van Zimmeren and Geertrui Van Overwalle,Compulsory License Regimes for Public Health in Europe,in:Biotechnology-Volume XI:Fundamentals in biotechnology(edited by:Horst W.Doelie,J.Stefan Rokem,Marin Berovic),2009,p.77;刘明江:《当然许可期间专利侵权救济探讨——兼评〈专利法(修订草案送审稿)〉第83条第3款》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期注(32);也有学者持相反意见,如胡新建:《我国专利当然许可制度的构建》,载《知识产权》2016年第6期。
(18)Section 24UK Patents and Designs Act 1919.
(19)Section 237of UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
(20)See James Love。Remuneration guidelines for non-volumtary use of a patent on medical technologies,(https://www.keionline.org/wp-content/uploads/who_undp_2005_royalty_guidelines.pdf,last visited on 15April 15,2018).
(21)See Flynn,A.Hollis,and M.Palmedo,“An Economic Justification for Open Access to Essential Medicine Patents in Developing Countries,”Journal of Law,Medicine&Ethics 37,no.2(2009):pp.184-209。
(22)德国《专利法》第30条第1款规定:“专利局负责专利登记簿的登记,文档可供公众查询的专利申请的名称、授权专利名称、延长保护证明的名称(第16a条)、申请人或者专利权利人的姓名和住所,以及情况需要时其代理人和送达全权代表(第25条)的姓名和住所。专利登记簿内还应当记载专利生效、期限届满、失效、限制令、撤销、宣告无效、延长保护证明(第16a条)、以及提起异议和无效的情况。”
(23)Art.50(1)Italian Patent Law.
(24)Art.81(1)Spain Patent Law.
(25)Art.1368(1)Russian Civil Code.
(26)Section 64(1)Law No.9.279of May 14,1996.
(27)§23,Rn.Patentgesetz und Gebrauchsmustergesetz:in der Fassung v.18.7.1953,Rudolf Busse(Ed.)2.Auflage(1956).
(28)Busse/Keukenschrijver PatG(6Aufl.),§23,Rn.44.
(29)BPatGE 13,159,160.
(30)Section 64-67Law No.9.279of May 14,1996(Law on Industrial Property),巴西知识产权法英文版见http://www.wipoi.nt/wipolex/en/textj.sp?file_id=125397(last visited on 15October 2018).
(31)参见谢嘉图:《效率与诚信之间:专利当然许可申请的规则重构》,载《电子知识产权》2017年第9期。
(32)Benkard PatG/Schfers(11Auflage),2015,§30,Rn.27.
(33)参见《<专利法修订草案(送审稿)>的说明》第4页。
(34)德国开放许可数据库可以在德国专利商标局网站查阅:https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/Uebersicht,last visited on 15October 2018.
(35)参见https://www.ip2.sg/RPS/WP/CM/SearchAdvanceP.aspx(by using Boolean search and selecting Licences of Rights within the Search field and‘Yes’for the required value).
(36)See Andrew Gowers,Gowers Review of Intellectual Property,December 2006.5.50.available at:https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228849/0118404830.pdf(last visited on 12November,2018).
(37)同前注(36)。
(38)UKIPO launches new patent databases,available at:https://wwwl.exology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=edf7c827-b665-4dfc-ba51-d8c516dafee4(last visited on 11November 2018).英国开放许可声明数据库网址为:Patents Endorsed Licence of Right(LOR)and Patens Not in Force(NIF),https://wwwi.po.gov.uk/p-dl-licenceofright?filter=Search+within+results&perPage=10&sort=LOR+Start+Date+Reverse(last visited on 11November,2018).
(39)该数据来源于英国知识产权局给笔者的回复。
(40)参见https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/apply-for-a-patent-register-entry-to-show-licenceare-available-as-of-right(last visited on 12November,2018).
(41)参见https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cancel-entry-in-register-that-licences-under-the-patent-are-available-as-of-right(last visited on 12November,2018.
(42)新加坡的开放许可声明和撤销使用同一表格。https://www.ipos.gov.sg/docs/default-source/resources-library/patents/patent-forms-and-fees/form-pf28——otc477d1877c2d0635fa1cdff0000abd271.pdf.
(43)参见https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385819/licensingchecklist.pdf,last visited on 12November 2018.
(44)参见https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385820/skeleton-licence.pdf,last visited on 12November 2018.
(45)Benkard PatG/Schfers(11Auflage),2015,§30,Rn.27.
(46)Art.50(2)Italian Patent Law.
(47)Art.81(3)Spain Patent Law.
(48)§46PatG.
(49)§47PatG.
(50)See Jerome H.Reichman,Compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceutical inventions:evaluating the options,in Correa,C.(ed.)Research Handbook on the Protection of Intellectual Property Under WTO Rules,Edward Elgar Publishing,2010,pp.589-621.
(51)Cassou's Patent[1971]RPC 91.
(52)BPatG,06.12.2000-5W(pat)430/99.
(53)BPatG,12.09.2016-35W(pat)19/15.
(54)Sections 86,87and 88of The Patents Act 1970(as amended up to Patents(Amendment)Act,1999).http://www.wipoi.nt/wipolex/en/textj.sp?file_id=128092,last visited on 12November,2018.
(55)The Patent(Second)Amendment Bill,available at:http://wwwl.egalserviceindia.com/articles/law.htm(last visited on 12November 15,2018).
(56)同前注(6),王洪新文。
(57)See Australian Government Productivity Commission 2013,Compulsory Licensing of Patents,Inquiry Report No.61,Canberra,p.223.
(58)参见《2016年中国专利调查数据报告》,第27页,http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-07/01/5207170/files/0d83016749434af3aeffe3db92343ad9.pdf(last visited on 12November 2018).
(59)参见《第十三届全国人大代表大会常委会第七次会议所做的关于<中华人民共和国专利法修正案(草案)>的说明》。
(60)参见“送审稿”第84条。
(61)参见何练红:《论中国知识产权纠纷行政调解》,载《法律科学》2014年第1期。
(62)§23(4)PatG.
(63)Art.50(2)Italian Patent Law.
(64)Art.81(3)Spain Patent Law.
(65)参见范愉:《行政调解刍议》,载《广东社会科学》2008年第6期。
(66)参见江苏省高级人民法院(2005)苏民三初字第0006号判决书。
(67)参见最高人民法院(2007)民三终字第3号判决书。
(68)参见上海市第一中级人民法院(2004)沪一中民(知)初字第31号判决书。