粮食安全视角下欧盟—加勒比论坛国EPA出口限制规则探讨及启示
摘要
粮食出口大国滥用出口限制措施会导致国际粮价上涨,加剧粮食危机,在WTO法未能很好规制的情况下,通过区域合作框架对其监管进行革新成为一种重要方式,欧盟—加勒比论坛国EPA中完全禁止出口限制的规定就是一个典型。但这种规定过于极端,具有超WTO因素。这主要是深受欧盟原材料战略影响,将粮食产品与其他产品同等对待导致的结果,会使加勒比论坛粮食安全脆弱国丧失在粮食短缺时的干预机会,削减其贸易税收和解决粮食危机的能力,违背差别待遇原则,加剧出口限制监管国际规则的混乱和不公,反而不利于粮食安全的解决。因此,应加强区域贸易协定审查机制的完善,严格区分粮食与其他产品类型,确保区域合作下粮食出口限制规则在遵循WTO原则的基础上增加强制性和可操作性,达到规制与利用之间的平衡。中国随着粮食对外依存度的增加,在一带一路战略基础上应建立约束粮食出口限制区域合作保障机制,明确界定"临时"、"粮食严重短缺"等关键性概念,强化使用粮食出口限制措施的正当性,并对违规使用者采取相应的制裁措施。
引文
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[19]Gruni G.Going from one extreme to the other:Food security and export restrictions in the EU-CARIFO-RUM economic partnership agreement[J].European Law Journal,2013,19(6):864-883.
[2]Martin W,Anderson K.Export restrictions and price insulation during commodity price booms[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2015,94(2):422-427.
[3]何树全.国际粮食价格危机的农业政策根源[J].当代经济管理,2009,31(11):9-12.
[4]Anania G.Agricultural export restrictions and the WTO:What options do policy-makers have for promoting food security?[R].ICTSD,2013:33.
[5]Meléndez-Ortiz R,Bellmann C,Hepburn J.Tackling agriculture in the post-Bali context[C].Geneva:ICTSD,2014:183-194.
[6]郭于榛.粮食出口限制在WTO下是否可获得解決?[J].经贸法讯,2011(6):11-13.
[7]唐锋,孙林.WTO关于粮食出口限制约束机制:局限和发展[J].农业经济问题,2013(7):89-94.
[8]孙林,唐锋.粮食出口限制、粮食安全与区域合作框架视角的约束机制[J].国际经贸探索,2012,28(10):25-35.
[9]Korinek J,Bartos J.Multilateralising regionalism:Disciplines on export restrictions in regional trade agreements[J].OECD Publishing,2012,139(1):1-36.
[10]European Commission Directorate-General for Trade.Raw materials policy annual report[R].European Commission,2009:12-16.
[11]Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council.Raw materials initiative-meeting our critical needs for growth and jobs in Europe,COM(2008)699 final[Z].2008-11-04.
[12]Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council.Tackling the challenges in commodity markets and on raw materials,COM(2011)25 final[Z].2011-02-02.
[13]Gruni G.Going from one extreme to the other:Food security and export restrictions in the EU-CARIFO-RUM economic partnership agreement[J].European Law Journal,2013,19(6):864-883.
[14]Abbott P C.Export restrictions as stabilization responses to food crisis[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2012,94(2):428-434.
[15]Meyn M,Stevens C.The CARIFORUM-EU economic partnership agreement:The development component[R].ODI Annual Reports,2009:27.
[16]Baunsgaard T,Keen M.Trade revenue and trade liberalization[R].IMF,2005:8.
[17]Chang H J.Things They Don’t Tell You about Capitalism[M],London:Penguin Books,2010:23.
[18]Richardson S.Sustainability impact assessment of the EU-ACP economic partnership agreements regional SIA:Caribbean ACP countries[R].CPDC,2004:11.
[19]Gruni G.Going from one extreme to the other:Food security and export restrictions in the EU-CARIFO-RUM economic partnership agreement[J].European Law Journal,2013,19(6):864-883.