独乐乐与众乐乐?社会与非社会正性情绪刺激的加工差异:一个ERP研究
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摘要
个体情绪加工具有其生物基础,也受到文化因素的影响。社会性和非社会性情绪刺激加工可能存在不同的机制。以往大多数研究主要关注负性情绪的加工差异。因此,本研究选取大学生被试20名并采用图片感知范式(picture perception paradigm)探讨个体在加工社会性和非社会性正性情绪刺激的脑电位活动差异。研究发现:(1)在P1成分上,情绪图片诱发的波幅要显著大于中性图片。(2)在N2成分上,正性社会情绪图片诱发的波幅要显著大于正性非社会情绪图片(3)在早期时间窗中,由正性社会情绪图片与非社会情绪图片诱发的LPP波幅差异不显著。在中期时间窗中,正性社会情绪图片与非社会情绪图片的LPP波幅差异显著。晚期时间窗中,正性社会情绪图片诱发的LPP波幅显著大于正性非社会情绪图片。由此,相对于非社会正性情绪刺激来说,正性社会情绪刺激在加工上可能占据优势地位。
There were all sorts of different events which may arouse our emotional experiences in daily life. When processing and perceiving these emotional stimuli, we may experience different emotional reactivity. They could be influenced by biological factors as well as cultural factors. It had been recognized that emotions exist along a social/nonsocial emotional dimension. The sociality dimension may reflect the differences between basic biological drives(nonsocial) and complex social interaction(social). Even though previous studies examined the important differences in social and non-social emotional stimuli, most of them focused on the negative emotions. However, as an important and indispensable part of the field of emotion study, it is necessary to include the study of positive emotions. Positive emotions are considered to be adaptive experiences and helpful to promote individual's psychological well-being. In the current study, we aimed to examine the differences of the emotional reactivity with regard to processing social/nonsocial positive emotions.Emotion perception is a process that integrates physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. A series of event-related brain potential(ERP) studies have been reviewed to demonstrate the consistent and robust modulation of specific ERP components by emotional images. Specifically, emotional, compared with neural, pictures elicit an increase in the early ERP components(e.g., P1, P2, and N2) and the late positive potential(LPP). Modulations of the ERP components are thought to reflect the facilitated processing of, and increased attention to, motivationally salient stimuli. Therefore, ERPs provide a powerful measurement tool for capturing neural activity related to emotional responding. In the present ERP study, we used the Picture Perception Paradigm to explore the differences in the brain cortical reactivity to social/nonsocial positive emotions. When 20 undergraduates watched and evaluated these social, neutral, and nonsocial pictures, their ERPs were recorded. 180 pictures were used in the study. The results showed that(1) The P1 was larger for emotional than neutral pictures. As for P2, the difference was not significant,(2) The N2 was larger for social than nonsocial pictures; but had no significant differences between emotional and neutral pictures,(3) As for LPP, we divided it into three time-windows: the first one was from 300 ms to 600 ms, the second one was from 600 ms to 1000 ms, and the last one was from 1000 ms to 1500 ms. In the early time-window, there were no significant results among different stimuli. In the second and the third time-windows, the LPP was larger for social than nonsocial pictures. However, there was no significant difference between emotional and neutral pictures.The results suggested that positive social emotions properly had a higher priority during the emotional processing. And the advantage could be reflected in subjective experiences and physiological responses. These findings deepened our understandings of social/nonsocial emotions. Besides, these results could also provide empirical supports to processing positive emotions. The future research could make significant progress in laying out the foundations identifying the diverse mechanism of emotional processing of different emotional stimuli.
There were all sorts of different events which may arouse our emotional experiences in daily life. When processing and perceiving these emotional stimuli, we may experience different emotional reactivity. They could be influenced by biological factors as well as cultural factors. It had been recognized that emotions exist along a social/nonsocial emotional dimension. The sociality dimension may reflect the differences between basic biological drives(nonsocial) and complex social interaction(social). Even though previous studies examined the important differences in social and non-social emotional stimuli, most of them focused on the negative emotions. However, as an important and indispensable part of the field of emotion study, it is necessary to include the study of positive emotions. Positive emotions are considered to be adaptive experiences and helpful to promote individual's psychological well-being. In the current study, we aimed to examine the differences of the emotional reactivity with regard to processing social/nonsocial positive emotions.Emotion perception is a process that integrates physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. A series of event-related brain potential(ERP) studies have been reviewed to demonstrate the consistent and robust modulation of specific ERP components by emotional images. Specifically, emotional, compared with neural, pictures elicit an increase in the early ERP components(e.g., P1, P2, and N2) and the late positive potential(LPP). Modulations of the ERP components are thought to reflect the facilitated processing of, and increased attention to, motivationally salient stimuli. Therefore, ERPs provide a powerful measurement tool for capturing neural activity related to emotional responding. In the present ERP study, we used the Picture Perception Paradigm to explore the differences in the brain cortical reactivity to social/nonsocial positive emotions. When 20 undergraduates watched and evaluated these social, neutral, and nonsocial pictures, their ERPs were recorded. 180 pictures were used in the study. The results showed that(1) The P1 was larger for emotional than neutral pictures. As for P2, the difference was not significant,(2) The N2 was larger for social than nonsocial pictures; but had no significant differences between emotional and neutral pictures,(3) As for LPP, we divided it into three time-windows: the first one was from 300 ms to 600 ms, the second one was from 600 ms to 1000 ms, and the last one was from 1000 ms to 1500 ms. In the early time-window, there were no significant results among different stimuli. In the second and the third time-windows, the LPP was larger for social than nonsocial pictures. However, there was no significant difference between emotional and neutral pictures.The results suggested that positive social emotions properly had a higher priority during the emotional processing. And the advantage could be reflected in subjective experiences and physiological responses. These findings deepened our understandings of social/nonsocial emotions. Besides, these results could also provide empirical supports to processing positive emotions. The future research could make significant progress in laying out the foundations identifying the diverse mechanism of emotional processing of different emotional stimuli.
引文
白露,马慧,黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2005).中国情绪图片系统的编制-在46名中国大学生中的试用.中国心理卫生杂志,19(11),719-722.
高培霞,刘惠军,丁妮,郭德俊.(2010).青少年对情绪性图片加工的脑电反应特征.心理学报,42(3),342-351.
郭军锋,罗跃嘉.(2007).社会情绪负性偏向的事件相关电位研究.中国临床心理学杂志,15(6),574-576.
何媛媛,袁加锦,伍泽莲,李红.(2008).正性情绪刺激效价强度的变化对外倾个体注意的调制作用.心理学报,40(11),1158-1164.
黄安琪.(2015).大学生心理弹性对注意偏向和记忆偏向的影响研究.江西师范大学硕士学位论文.
黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2009).负性情绪刺激是否总是优先得到加工ERP研究.心理学报,41(9),822-831.
李继波,黄希庭.(2010).情绪性场景图片加工的ERP研究:成果与问题.心理学探新,30(5),45-51.
刘艳丽,许远理.(2012).情绪、情绪调节的ERPs晚正成分研究进展.四川教育学院学报,28(10),117-121.
刘英丽,金真,郭春彦.(2009).正性情绪状态对工作记忆刷新功能的影响.自然科学进展,19(9),906-916.
任俊,朱琼嫦.(2015).内隐情绪调节:一种有效的自我保护.心理科学进展,23(12),2054-2063.
魏萍,康冠兰,丁锦红,郭春彦.(2014).奖赏预期对面孔情绪加工的影响:一项事件相关电位研究.心理学报,46(4),437-449.
侠牧,李雪榴,叶春,李红.(2014).面部表情加工的ERP成分.心理科学进展,22(10),1556-1563.
周晓林,于宏波.(2015).社会情绪与社会行为的脑机制.苏州大学学报(教育科学版),(1),37-47.
Batty,M.,&Taylor,M.J.(2006).The development of emotional face processing during childhood.Developmental Science,9(2),207-220.
Britton,J.C.,Phan,K.L.,Taylor,S.F.,Welsh,R.C.,Berridge,K.C.,&Liberzon,I.(2006).Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions:An f MRI study.Neuro Image,31(1),397-409.
Britton,J.C.,Taylor,S.F.,Berridge,K.C.,Mikels,J.A.,&Liberzon,I.(2006).Differential subjective and psychophysiological responses to socially and nonsocially generated emotional stimuli.Emotion,6(1),150-155.
Campanella,S.,Gaspard,C.,Debatisse,D.,Bruyer,R.,Crommelinck,M.,&Guerit,J.M.(2002).Discrimination of emotional facial expressions in a visual oddball task:An ERP study.Biological Psychology,59(3),171-186.
de Groot,J.H.B.,Smeets,M.A.M.,Rowson,M.J.,Bulsing,P.J.,Blonk,C.G.,Wilkinson,J.E.,&Semin,G.R.(2015).A sniff of happiness.Psychological Science,26(6),684-700.
Dolcos,F.,&Cabeza,R.(2002).Event-related potentials of emotional memory:Encoding pleasant,unpleasant,and neutral pictures.Cognitive,Affective,and Behavioral Neuroscience,2(3),252-263.
Foti,D.,&Hajcak,G.(2008).Deconstructing reappraisal:Descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),977-988.
Fridlund,A.J.(1994).Human facial expression:An evolutionary view.San Diego:Academic Press.
Gehricke,J.G.,&Shapiro,D.(2001).Facial and autonomic activity in depression:Social context differences during imagery.International Journal of Psychophysiology,41(1),53-64.
Hajcak,G.,Macnamara,A.,&Olvet,D.M.(2010).Event-related potentials,emotion,and emotion regulation:An integrative review.Developmental Neuropsychology,35(2),129-155.
Hajcak,G.,Moser,J.S.,&Simons,R.F.(2006).Attending to affect:Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures.Emotion,6(3),517-522.
Hajcak,G.,&Olvet,D.M.(2008).The persistence of attention to emotion:Brain potentials during and after picture presentation.Emotion,8(2),250-255.
Hess,U.,Banse,R.,&Kappas,A.(1995).The intensity of facial expression is determined by underlying affective state and social situation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69(2),280-288.
Hess,T.M.,Popham,L.E.,Dennis,P.A.,&Emery,L.(2013).Information content moderates positivity and negativity biases in memory.Psychology and Aging,28(3),853-863.
Hilgard,J.,Weinberg,A.,Hajcak Proudfit,G.,&Bartholow,B.D.(2014).The negativity bias in affective picture processing depends on top-down and bottom-up motivational significance.Emotion,14(5),940-949.
Kitayama,S.,Mesquita,B.,&Karasawa,M.(2006).Cultural affordances and emotional experience:Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in japan and the united states.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(5),890-903.
Lang,P.J.,Bradley,M.M.,Cuthbert,B.N.International Affective Picture System(IAPS):Instruction manual and affective ratings.Gainesville:University of Florida:2005.
Langeslag,S.J.E.,&van Strien,J.W.(2010).Comparable modulation of the late positive potential by emotion regulation in younger and older adults.Journal of Psychophysiology,24(3),186-197.
Murata,A.,Moser,J.S.,&Kitayama,S.(2013).Culture shapes electrocortical responses during emotion suppression.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,8(5),595-601.
Nadler,R.T.,Rabi,R.,&Minda,J.P.(2010).Better mood and better performance:Learning rule-described categories is enhanced by positive mood.Psychological Science,21(12),1770-1776.
Nagy,E.,Potts,G.F.,&Loveland,K.A.(2003).Sex-related ERP differences in deviance detection.International Journal of Psychophysiology,48(3),285-292.
Olofsson,J.K.,Nordin,S.,Sequeira,H.,&Polich,J.(2008).Affective picture processing:An integrative review of ERP findings.Biological Psychology,77(3),247-265.
Schupp,H.T.,Flaisch,T.,Stockburger,J.,&Jungh?fer,M.(2006).Emotion and attention:Event-related brain potential studies.Progress in Brain Research,156,31-51.
Schupp,H.T.,Schm?lzle,R.,&Flaisch,T.(2014).Explicit semantic stimulus categorization interferes with implicit emotion processing.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9(11),1738-1745.
Silvers,J.A.,Mc Rae,K.,Gabrieli,J.D.,Gross,J.J.,Remy,K.A.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2012).Age-related differences in emotional reactivity,regulation,and rejection sensitivity in adolescence.Emotion,12(6),1235-1247.
Uchida,Y.,&Kitayama,S.(2009).Happiness and unhappiness in east and west:Themes and variations.Emotion,9(4),441-456.
Viviani,R.(2013).Emotion regulation,attention to emotion,and the ventral attentional network.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,746.
Vuilleumier,P.,&Pourtois,G.(2007).Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception:Evidence from functional neuroimaging.Neuropsychologia,45(1),174-194.
Watson,L.A.,Dritschel,B.,Obonsawin,M.C.,&Jentzsch,I.(2007).Seeing yourself in a positive light:Brain correlates of the self-positivity bias.Brain Research,1152,106-110.
Wood,J.N.,Romero,S.G.,Makale,M.,&Grafman,J.(2003).Category-specific representations of social and nonsocial knowledge in the human prefrontal cortex.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,15(2),236-248.
Zhang,X.Y.,Guo,Q.,Zhang,Y.X.,Lou,L.D.,&Ding,D.Q.(2015).Different timing features in brain processing of core and moral disgust pictures:An event-related potentials study.PLo S ONE,10(5),e0128531.
高培霞,刘惠军,丁妮,郭德俊.(2010).青少年对情绪性图片加工的脑电反应特征.心理学报,42(3),342-351.
郭军锋,罗跃嘉.(2007).社会情绪负性偏向的事件相关电位研究.中国临床心理学杂志,15(6),574-576.
何媛媛,袁加锦,伍泽莲,李红.(2008).正性情绪刺激效价强度的变化对外倾个体注意的调制作用.心理学报,40(11),1158-1164.
黄安琪.(2015).大学生心理弹性对注意偏向和记忆偏向的影响研究.江西师范大学硕士学位论文.
黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2009).负性情绪刺激是否总是优先得到加工ERP研究.心理学报,41(9),822-831.
李继波,黄希庭.(2010).情绪性场景图片加工的ERP研究:成果与问题.心理学探新,30(5),45-51.
刘艳丽,许远理.(2012).情绪、情绪调节的ERPs晚正成分研究进展.四川教育学院学报,28(10),117-121.
刘英丽,金真,郭春彦.(2009).正性情绪状态对工作记忆刷新功能的影响.自然科学进展,19(9),906-916.
任俊,朱琼嫦.(2015).内隐情绪调节:一种有效的自我保护.心理科学进展,23(12),2054-2063.
魏萍,康冠兰,丁锦红,郭春彦.(2014).奖赏预期对面孔情绪加工的影响:一项事件相关电位研究.心理学报,46(4),437-449.
侠牧,李雪榴,叶春,李红.(2014).面部表情加工的ERP成分.心理科学进展,22(10),1556-1563.
周晓林,于宏波.(2015).社会情绪与社会行为的脑机制.苏州大学学报(教育科学版),(1),37-47.
Batty,M.,&Taylor,M.J.(2006).The development of emotional face processing during childhood.Developmental Science,9(2),207-220.
Britton,J.C.,Phan,K.L.,Taylor,S.F.,Welsh,R.C.,Berridge,K.C.,&Liberzon,I.(2006).Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions:An f MRI study.Neuro Image,31(1),397-409.
Britton,J.C.,Taylor,S.F.,Berridge,K.C.,Mikels,J.A.,&Liberzon,I.(2006).Differential subjective and psychophysiological responses to socially and nonsocially generated emotional stimuli.Emotion,6(1),150-155.
Campanella,S.,Gaspard,C.,Debatisse,D.,Bruyer,R.,Crommelinck,M.,&Guerit,J.M.(2002).Discrimination of emotional facial expressions in a visual oddball task:An ERP study.Biological Psychology,59(3),171-186.
de Groot,J.H.B.,Smeets,M.A.M.,Rowson,M.J.,Bulsing,P.J.,Blonk,C.G.,Wilkinson,J.E.,&Semin,G.R.(2015).A sniff of happiness.Psychological Science,26(6),684-700.
Dolcos,F.,&Cabeza,R.(2002).Event-related potentials of emotional memory:Encoding pleasant,unpleasant,and neutral pictures.Cognitive,Affective,and Behavioral Neuroscience,2(3),252-263.
Foti,D.,&Hajcak,G.(2008).Deconstructing reappraisal:Descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),977-988.
Fridlund,A.J.(1994).Human facial expression:An evolutionary view.San Diego:Academic Press.
Gehricke,J.G.,&Shapiro,D.(2001).Facial and autonomic activity in depression:Social context differences during imagery.International Journal of Psychophysiology,41(1),53-64.
Hajcak,G.,Macnamara,A.,&Olvet,D.M.(2010).Event-related potentials,emotion,and emotion regulation:An integrative review.Developmental Neuropsychology,35(2),129-155.
Hajcak,G.,Moser,J.S.,&Simons,R.F.(2006).Attending to affect:Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures.Emotion,6(3),517-522.
Hajcak,G.,&Olvet,D.M.(2008).The persistence of attention to emotion:Brain potentials during and after picture presentation.Emotion,8(2),250-255.
Hess,U.,Banse,R.,&Kappas,A.(1995).The intensity of facial expression is determined by underlying affective state and social situation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69(2),280-288.
Hess,T.M.,Popham,L.E.,Dennis,P.A.,&Emery,L.(2013).Information content moderates positivity and negativity biases in memory.Psychology and Aging,28(3),853-863.
Hilgard,J.,Weinberg,A.,Hajcak Proudfit,G.,&Bartholow,B.D.(2014).The negativity bias in affective picture processing depends on top-down and bottom-up motivational significance.Emotion,14(5),940-949.
Kitayama,S.,Mesquita,B.,&Karasawa,M.(2006).Cultural affordances and emotional experience:Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in japan and the united states.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(5),890-903.
Lang,P.J.,Bradley,M.M.,Cuthbert,B.N.International Affective Picture System(IAPS):Instruction manual and affective ratings.Gainesville:University of Florida:2005.
Langeslag,S.J.E.,&van Strien,J.W.(2010).Comparable modulation of the late positive potential by emotion regulation in younger and older adults.Journal of Psychophysiology,24(3),186-197.
Murata,A.,Moser,J.S.,&Kitayama,S.(2013).Culture shapes electrocortical responses during emotion suppression.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,8(5),595-601.
Nadler,R.T.,Rabi,R.,&Minda,J.P.(2010).Better mood and better performance:Learning rule-described categories is enhanced by positive mood.Psychological Science,21(12),1770-1776.
Nagy,E.,Potts,G.F.,&Loveland,K.A.(2003).Sex-related ERP differences in deviance detection.International Journal of Psychophysiology,48(3),285-292.
Olofsson,J.K.,Nordin,S.,Sequeira,H.,&Polich,J.(2008).Affective picture processing:An integrative review of ERP findings.Biological Psychology,77(3),247-265.
Schupp,H.T.,Flaisch,T.,Stockburger,J.,&Jungh?fer,M.(2006).Emotion and attention:Event-related brain potential studies.Progress in Brain Research,156,31-51.
Schupp,H.T.,Schm?lzle,R.,&Flaisch,T.(2014).Explicit semantic stimulus categorization interferes with implicit emotion processing.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9(11),1738-1745.
Silvers,J.A.,Mc Rae,K.,Gabrieli,J.D.,Gross,J.J.,Remy,K.A.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2012).Age-related differences in emotional reactivity,regulation,and rejection sensitivity in adolescence.Emotion,12(6),1235-1247.
Uchida,Y.,&Kitayama,S.(2009).Happiness and unhappiness in east and west:Themes and variations.Emotion,9(4),441-456.
Viviani,R.(2013).Emotion regulation,attention to emotion,and the ventral attentional network.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,746.
Vuilleumier,P.,&Pourtois,G.(2007).Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception:Evidence from functional neuroimaging.Neuropsychologia,45(1),174-194.
Watson,L.A.,Dritschel,B.,Obonsawin,M.C.,&Jentzsch,I.(2007).Seeing yourself in a positive light:Brain correlates of the self-positivity bias.Brain Research,1152,106-110.
Wood,J.N.,Romero,S.G.,Makale,M.,&Grafman,J.(2003).Category-specific representations of social and nonsocial knowledge in the human prefrontal cortex.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,15(2),236-248.
Zhang,X.Y.,Guo,Q.,Zhang,Y.X.,Lou,L.D.,&Ding,D.Q.(2015).Different timing features in brain processing of core and moral disgust pictures:An event-related potentials study.PLo S ONE,10(5),e0128531.