动作记忆中SPT效应的元分析
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摘要
目的:运用元分析方法探究动作记忆中被试操作任务(Subject Performed Tasks,简称SPT)对记忆绩效影响的效应大小及其调节变量。方法:依据PRISMA原则,搜集中英文文献,共纳入52篇文献(共73个独立效应量),总样本量为4625名,运用CMA2.0软件进行效应量和调节效应的分析与处理。结果表明:(1)SPT对记忆绩效具有很好的促进作用,合并效应量为1.22,95%CI为(1.05,1.40),属于大效应;(2)调节效应检验发现,记忆测验类型与实验设计类型对SPT效应起调节作用,其中SPT条件下的再认测验绩效好于回忆测验;(3)SPT效应不受被试年龄、群体类型、项目关联度、记忆项目内容、有无真实操作对象、回忆测验类型以及出版类型的调节作用。从动作精细程度、动作速度及物理属性等方面探究SPT效应的调节变量是未来研究的重点。
Objective:A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect size of the subject performed tasks(Referred to as SPT)on memory performance and its moderate variables in action memory.Methods:According to the principle of PRISMA,the relevant literature in both Chinese and English databases were collected and 52 papers(73 independent effect sizes)together with 4625 participants were included,which were all included in the meta-analysis,and using the software of CMA 2.0 to analysis and process effect sizes and moderate effect.The results revealed that:(1)SPT had a great role in promoting memory performance,the combined effect was 1.22 and 95% CI was(1.05,1.40),which belonged to large effect;(2)The moderate effect analysis revealed that the type of memory test and the type of experimental design played regulatory role in the SPT effect.Among them,the performance of the recognition test under SPT condition was better than the recall test;(3)The SPT effect was not influenced by the age of subjects,the type of group,the degree of project relevance,the content of memory project,the presence or absence of actual operations,the type of recall test,and the type of publication.Future studies should examine the moderator variables of the SPT effect from the aspects of fineness and speed of movement and physical properties.
Objective:A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect size of the subject performed tasks(Referred to as SPT)on memory performance and its moderate variables in action memory.Methods:According to the principle of PRISMA,the relevant literature in both Chinese and English databases were collected and 52 papers(73 independent effect sizes)together with 4625 participants were included,which were all included in the meta-analysis,and using the software of CMA 2.0 to analysis and process effect sizes and moderate effect.The results revealed that:(1)SPT had a great role in promoting memory performance,the combined effect was 1.22 and 95% CI was(1.05,1.40),which belonged to large effect;(2)The moderate effect analysis revealed that the type of memory test and the type of experimental design played regulatory role in the SPT effect.Among them,the performance of the recognition test under SPT condition was better than the recall test;(3)The SPT effect was not influenced by the age of subjects,the type of group,the degree of project relevance,the content of memory project,the presence or absence of actual operations,the type of recall test,and the type of publication.Future studies should examine the moderator variables of the SPT effect from the aspects of fineness and speed of movement and physical properties.
引文
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[3]Cohen RL.On the generality of some memory laws[J].Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,1981,22(1):267-281.
[4]Engekalmp J,Krumnacker H.Imagery and motor processes in memory of verbal material[J].Zeitschrift fur Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie,1980,27:511-533.
[5]Steffens MC,Jelenec P,Mecklenbruker S.Decomposing the memory processes contributing to enactment effects by multinomial modelling[J].European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,2009,21(1):61-83.
[6]Sahakyan L.Environmental context change affects memory for performed actions[J].The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2010,63(3):425-433.
[7]Cohen RL.Memory for action events:The power of enactment[J].Educational Psychology Review,1989,1(1):57-80.
[8]Kormi-nouri R.The role of movement and object in action memory:A comparative study between blind,blindfolded and sighted subjects[J].Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,2000,41(1):71-75.
[9]Engelkamp J,Dehn DM.Item and order information in subject-performed tasks and experimenter-performed tasks[J].J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn,2000,26(3):671-682.
[10]Brodeur MB,Pelletier M,Lepage M.Memory for everyday actions in schizophrenia[J].Schizophrenia Research,2009,114(1):71-78.
[11]Wojcik DZ,Allen RJ,Brown C,et al.Memory for actions in autism spectrum disorder[J].Memory,2011,19(6):549-558.
[12]Knopf M,Mack W,Lenel A,et al.Memory for action events:Findings in neurological patients[J].Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,2005,46(1):11-19.
[13]Steffens MC,Buchner A,Wender KF,et al.Limits on the role of retrieval cues in memory for actions:Enactment effects in the absence of object cues in the environment[J].Memory&Cognition,2007,35(8):1841-1853.
[14]Zimmer HD,Saathoff J.The influence of enactment on short-term recognition[J].Acta Psychologica,1997,95(1):85.
[15]Dick MB,Kean ML,Sands D.Memory for action events in Alzheimer-type dementia:further evidence of an encoding failure[J].Brain&Cognition,1989,9(1):71-87.
[16]Zimmer HD.Representation and processing of the spatial layout of objects with verbal and nonverbal input[J].Advances in Psychology,1994,108:97-112.
[17]Zimmer HD.Memory for action:a distinct form of episodic memory[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001.
[18]Engelkamp J,Zimmer HD.Motor programme information as a separable memory unit[J].Psychological research,1984,46(3):283-299.
[19]Kormi-nouri R.The nature of memory for action events:An episodic integration view[J].European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,1995,7(4):337-363.
[20]Price DW,Goodman GS.Visiting the wizard:children’s memory for a recurring event[J].Child Development,1990,61(3):664.
[21]张慧娟.情绪性记忆材料对被试操作效应的影响[D].长春:吉林大学,2015.
[22]姜鹤.动作精细度与注意水平在动作记忆SPT效应中的交互作用[D].长春:吉林大学,2015.
[23]Engelkamp J.Nouns and verbs in paired-associate learning:Instructional effects[J].Psychological Research,1986,48(3):153-159.
[24]Knopf M.Having shaved a kiwi fruit memory of unfamiliar subject-performed actions[J].Psychological Research,1991,53(3):203-211.
[25]Moher D,Liberati A,Tetzlaff J,et al.Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses:The PRISMA statement[J].PLoS medicine,2009,6(7):1-6.
[26]Slim K,Nini E,Forestier D,et al.Methodological index for non-randomized studies(minors):development and validation of a new instrument[J].ANZ Journal of Surgery,2003,73(9):712-716.
[27]Appelbaum M,Cooper H,Kline RB,et al.Journal article reporting standards for quantitative research in psychology:The APA publications and communications board task force report[J].American Psychologist,2018,73(1):3-25.
[28]Conhen J.Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences[M].New Jersey:Lawrence Earlbaum Associates,1988:35-36.
[29]Card NA.Applied meta-analysis for social science research[M].New York:The Guilford Press,2011:86.
[30]Higgins JP,Thompson SG,Deeks JJ,et al.Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses[J].British Medical Journal,2003,327(7414):557-560.
[31]Field AP.The problems in using fixed-effects models of meta-analysis on real-world data[J].Understanding Statistics,2003,2(2):105-124.
[32]Engelkamp J.Organisation and recall in verbal tasks and in subject-performed tasks[J].European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,1996,8(3):257-274.
[33]Badinlou F,Kormi-nouri R,Mousavi Nasab SM,et al.Developmental differences in episodic memory across school ages:evidence from enacted events performed by self and others[J].Memory,2017,25(1):84-94.
[34]Cohen RL,Bean G.Memory in educable mentally retarded adults:Deficit in subject or experimenter[J].Intelligence,1983,7(3):287-298.
[35]Dijkstra K,Kaschak MP.Encoding in verbal,enacted and autobiographical tasks in young and older adults[J].Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2006,59(8):1338-1345.
[36]Lindner I,Schain C,Kopietz R,et al.When do we confuse self and other in action memory?Reduced false memories of self-performance after observing actions by an out-group vs.in-group actor[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2012,3(1):1-6.
[37]Kormi-nouri R,Shojaei RS,Moniri S,et al.The effect of childhood bilingualism on episodic and semantic memory tasks[J].Scandinavian journal of psychology,2008,49(2):93-109.
[38]Mangels JA,Heinberg A.Improved episodic integration through enactment:Implications for aging[J].The Journal of General Psychology,2006,133(1):37-65.
[39]Zimmer HD,Engelkamp J.Levels-of-processing effects in subject-performed tasks[J].Memory&cognition,1999,27(5):907-914.
[40]Summers JA,Craik FIM.The effects of subject-performed tasks on the memory performance of verbal autistic children[J].Journal of autism and developmental disorders,1994,24(6):773-783.
[41]Schatz T,Spranger T,Knopf M.Is there a memory profit after repeated learning of subject-performed actions?Comparing direct and long-term memory performance level as a function of age[J].Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,2010,51(6):465-472.
[42]Lindner I,Schain C,Echterhoff G.Other-self confusions in action memory:The role of motor processes[J].Cognition,2016,149(1):67-76.
[43]Engelkamp J.Memory for to-be-performed tasks versus memory for performed tasks[J].Memory&Cognition,1997,25(1):117-124.
[44]Karantzoulis S,Rich JB,Mangels JA.Subject-performed tasks improve associative learning in amnestic mild cognitive impairment[J].Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,2006,12(4):493-501.
[45]Schain C,Lindner I,Beck F,et al.Looking at the actor’s face:Identity cues and attentional focus in false memories of action performance from observation[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2012,48(5):1201-1204.
[46]Mulligan NW,Hornstein SL.Memory for actions:Self-performed tasks and the reenactment effect[J].Memory&Cognition,2003,31(3):412-421.
[47]Freeman JE,Ellis JA.The representation of delayed intentions a prospective subject-performed task[J]?Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,2003,29(5):976-992.
[48]Cohen RL,Mary S.How to avoid developmental effects in free recall[J].Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,1982,23(1):9-15.
[49]Ronnlund M,Nyberg L,Backman L,et al.Recall of subject-performed tasks,verbal tasks,and cognitive activities across the adult life span:parallel age-related deficits[J].Aging,Neuropsychology,and Cognition,2003,10(3):182-201.
[50]Arar L,Nilsson L,Molander B.Enacted and nonenacted encoding of social actions[J].Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,1993,34(1):39-46.
[51]Peterson DJ,Mulligan NW.Enactment and retrieval[J].Memory&Cognition,2010,38(2):233-243.
[52]Masumoto K,Takai T,Tsuneto S,et al.Influence of motoric encoding on forgetting function of memory for action sentences in patients with Alzheimer’s disease[J].Perceptual and motor skills,2004,98(1):299-306.
[53]Neely AS,B¨ackman L.Effects of multifactorial memory training in old age:Generalizability across tasks and individuals[J].J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,1995,50(3):134-140.
[54]Kormi-nouri R,Nilsson LG.The role of integration in recognition failure and action memory[J].Memory&Cognition,1998,26(4):681-691.
[55]Seiler KH,Engelkamp J.The role of item-specific information for the serial position curve in free recall[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,2003,29(5):954-964.
[56]Nyberg L,Nilsson LG.The role of enactment in implicit and explicit memory[J].Psychological research,1995,57(3):215-219.
[57]Engelkamp J,Seiler KH,Zimmer HD.Differential relational encoding of categorical information in memory for action events[J].Memory&Cognition,2005,33(3):371-379.
[58]Golly-h¨aring C,Engelkamp J.Categorical-relational and order-relational information in memory for subject-performed and experimenter-performed actions[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,2003,29(5):965-975.
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