动作记忆:记忆研究的新范畴
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摘要
动作记忆是伴随动作操作和意识卷入过程的一种记忆活动,其强调意识卷入状态和操作情景对记忆活动的影响。以往的研究均采用SPT范式探讨动作记忆及其影响因素,并提出非策略加工、多通道加工、动作编码和情景整合理论以解释SPT效应,但由于关注角度不同,所提的理论模型不能全面揭示动作记忆的加工机制。部分研究试图从来源监控方面探究动作记忆的内在机制,但研究仍然存在分歧。
Action memory is a type of memory involved with better awareness and enactment. It not only emphasizes the influence of better awareness on memory, but also stresses the integration of physical enactment on memory. The early researches mainly paid attention on the action memory as well as the affected factors through the SPT paradigm, and proposed four theories to account for the enactment effect. However, all of the theories could not reveal the processing mechanism of action memory completely as each of the theories focused on the enactment effect from different angles. Some of empirical researches attempted to explore the mechanism of action memory from the source monitoring. But, the results did still not lead to an agreement so far.
Action memory is a type of memory involved with better awareness and enactment. It not only emphasizes the influence of better awareness on memory, but also stresses the integration of physical enactment on memory. The early researches mainly paid attention on the action memory as well as the affected factors through the SPT paradigm, and proposed four theories to account for the enactment effect. However, all of the theories could not reveal the processing mechanism of action memory completely as each of the theories focused on the enactment effect from different angles. Some of empirical researches attempted to explore the mechanism of action memory from the source monitoring. But, the results did still not lead to an agreement so far.
引文
罗琳,韩布新,陈天勇.(2001).被试操作任务(SPT)范式与动作记忆研究.心理科学,24(2),217–218.
B?ckman,L.(1985).Further evidence for the lack of adultage differences on free recall of subject-performed tasks:The importance of motor action.Human Learning:Journal of Practical Research&Applications,4(2),79–87.
B?ckman,L.,&Nilsson,L.G.(1984).Aging effects in freerecall:An exception to the rule.Human Learning:Journalof Practical Research&Applications,3(1),53–69.
B?ckman,L.,&Nilsson,L.G.(1985).Prerequisites for lackof age differences in memory performance.ExperimentalAging Research,11(2),67–73.
Brodeur,M.B.,Pelletier,M.,&Lepage,M.(2009).Memoryfor everyday actions in schizophrenia.SchizophreniaResearch,114(1),71–78.
Brustrom,J.E.,&Ober,B.A.(1996).Source memory foractions in Alzheimer’s disease.Aging,Neuropsychology,and Cognition,3(1),56–66.
Cohen,G.,&Faulkner,D.(1989).Age differences in sourceforgetting:Effects on reality monitoring and oneyewitness testimony.Psychology and Aging,4(1),10–17.
Cohen,R.L.(1981).On the generality of some memory laws.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,22(1),267–281.
Cohen,R.L.(1983).The effect of encoding variables on thefree recall of words and action events.Memory&Cognition,11(6),575–582.
Cohen,R.L.(1989).Memory for action events:The power of enactment.Educational Psychology Review,1(1),57–80.
Cohen,R.L.,&Bean,G.(1983).Memory in educablementally retarded adults:Deficit in subject orexperimenter?Intelligence,7(3),287–298.
Conway,M.A.,&Dewhurst,S.A.(1995).Remembering,familiarity,and source monitoring.The Quarterly Journalof Experimental Psychology Section A:HumanExperimental Psychology,48(1),125–140.
Cook,D.L.,&Kausler,D.H.(1995).Content memory andtemporal memory for actions in survivors of traumaticbrain injury.Journal of Clinical and ExperimentalNeuropsychology,17(1),90–99.
Dixon,P.,&Glover,S.(2004).Action and memory.Psychology of Learning and Motivation:Advances inResearch and Theory,45,143–174.
Engelkamp,J.,Seiler,K.H.,&Zimmer,H.D.(2005).Differential relational encoding of categorical informationin memory for action events.Memory&Cognition,33(3),371–379.
Engelkamp,J.,&Zimmer,H.D.(1984).Motor programmeinformation as a separable memory unit.PsychologicalResearch,46(3),283–299.
Engelkamp,J.,&Zimmer,H.D.(1985).Motor programsand their relation to semantic memory.German Journal ofPsychology,9(3),239–254.
Engelkamp,J.,&Zimmer,H.D.(1989).Memory for actionevents:A new field of research.Psychological Research,51(4),153–157.
Erngrund,K.,M?ntyl?,T.,&R?nnlund,M.(1996).Actingor listening:Adult age differences in source recall ofenacted and nonenacted statements.Journal of AdultDevelopment,3(4),217–232.
Feyereisen,P.(2009).Enactment effects and integrationprocesses in younger and older adults’memory for actions.Memory,17(4),374–385.
Foley,M.A.,&Ratner,H.H.(1998).Children's recoding inmemory for collaboration:A way of learning from others.Cognitive Development,13(1),91–108.
Glover,S.,Rosenbaum,D.A.,Graham J.,&Dixon,P.(2004).Grasping the meaning of words.ExperimentalBrain Research,154(1),103–108.
Glover,S.,&Dixon,P.(2013).Context and vision effects onreal and imagined actions:Support for the commonrepresentation hypothesis of motor imagery.The Journalof Experimental Psychology:Human Perception andPerformance,39(5),1352–1364.
Helstrup,T.(1987).One,two,or three memories?Aproblem-solving approach to memory for performed acts.Acta Psychologica,66(1),37–68.
Hornstein,S.L.,&Mulligan,N.W.(2004).Memory foractions:Enactment and source memory.PsychonomicBulletin&Review,11(2),367–372.
Hudson,J.A.(1988).Children's memory for atypical actionsin script-based stories:Evidence for a disruption effect.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,46(2),159–173.
Jacoby,L.L.,&Brooks,L.R.(1984).Nonanalytic cognition:Memory,perception and concept learning.In G.H.Bower(Ed.),The psychology of learning and motivation(pp.1–47).New York:Academic Press.
Kormi-Nouri,R.(1995).The nature of memory for actionevents:An episodic integration view.European Journal ofCognitive Psychology,7(4),337–363.
Kormi-Nouri,R.(2000).The role of movement and object inaction memory:A comparative study between blind,blindfolded and sighted subjects.Scandinavian Journal ofPsychology,41(1),71–76.
Kormi-Nouri,R.,&Nilsson,L.G.(2001).The motorcomponent is not crucial!In H.D.Zimmer,R.L.Cohen,M.J.Guynn,J.Engelkamp,R.Kormi-Nouri,&M.A.Foley(Eds.),Memory for action:A distinct form ofepisodic memory?(pp.97–111).New York:OxfordUniversity Press.
Leynes,P.A.,Grey,J.A.,&Crawford,J.T.(2006).Event-related potential(ERP)evidence for sensory-basedaction memories.International Journal of Psychophysiology,62(1),193–202.
Masumoto,K.,Yamaguchi,M.,Sutani,K.,Tsuneto,S.,Fujita,A.,&Tonoike,M.(2006).Reactivation of physicalmotor information in the memory of action events.BrainResearch,1101(1),102–109.
Manzi,A.,&Nigro,G.(2008).Long-term memory forperformed and observed actions:Retrieval awareness andsource monitoring.Memory,16(6),595–603.
McDaniel,M.A.,Lyle,K.B.,Butler,K.M.,Dornburg,C.C.(2008).Age-related deficits in reality monitoring of actionmemories.Psychology and Aging,23(3),646–656.
Mecklenbr?uker,S.,Steffens,M.C.,Jelenec,P.,&Goergens,N.K.(2011).Interactive context integration in children?Evidence from an action memory study.Journal ofExperimental Child Psychology,108(4),747–761.
Peelen,M.V.,Wiggett,A.J.,&Downing,P.E.(2006).Patterns of fMRI activity dissociate overlappingfunctional brain areas that respond to biological motion.Neuron,49(6),815–822.
Rosa,N.M.,&Gutchess,A.H.(2011).Source memory foraction in young and older adults:Self vs.close orunknown others.Psychology and Aging,26(3),625–630.
Russ,M.O.,Mack,W.,Grama,C.R.,Lanfermann,H.,&Knopf,M.(2003).Enactment effect in memory:Evidenceconcerning the function of the supramarginal gyrus.Experimental Brain Research,149(4),497–504.
Sahakyan,L.(2010).Environmental context change affectsmemory for performed actions.The Quarterly Journal ofExperimental Psychology,63(3),425–433.
Schatz,T.R.,Spranger,T.,&Knopf,M.(2010).Is there amemory profit after repeated learning of subjectperformed actions?Comparing direct and long-termmemory performance level as a function of age.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,51(6),465–472.
Schatz,T.R.,Spranger,T.,Kubik,V.,&Knopf,M.(2011).Exploring the enactment effect from an informationprocessing view:What can we learn from serial positionanalyses?Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,52(6),509–515.
Senkfor,A.J.(2008).Memory for pantomimed actionsversus actions with real objects.Cortex,44(7),820–833.
Senkfor,A.J.,Van Petten,C.,&Kutas,M.(2002).Episodicaction memory for real objects:An ERP investigation withperform,watch,and imagine action encoding tasks versusa non-action encoding task.Journal of CognitiveNeuroscience,14(3),402–419.
Spiegel,M.A.,Koester,D.,Weigelt,M.,&Schack,T.(2012).The costs of changing an intended action:Movement planning,but not execution,interferes with verbal working memory.Neuroscience Letters,509(2),82–86.
Steffens,M.C.(2007).Memory for goal-directed sequencesof actions:Is doing better than seeing?PsychonomicBulletin&Review,14(6),1194–1198.
Tessari,A.,Bosanac,D.,&Rumiati,R.I.(2006).Effect oflearning on imitation of new actions:implications for amemory model.Experimental Brain Research,173(3),507–513.
Vaillancourt,D.E.,Mayka,M.A.,&Corcos,D.M.(2004).The control process is represented in both the inferior andsuperior parietal lobules.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,27(1),51–52.
Watson,C.E.,&Chatterjee,A.(2011).The functionalneuroanatomy of actions.Neurology,76(16),1428–1434.
Wojcik,D.Z.,Allen,R.J.,Browm,C.,&Souchay,C.(2011).Memory for actions in autism spectrum disorder.Memory,19(6),549–558.
Zimmer,H.D.,&Engelkamp,J.(1999).Levels-ofprocessing effects in subject-performed tasks.Memory&Cognition,27(5),907–914.
Zimmer,H.D.,Helstrup,T.,&Engelkamp,J.(2000).Pop-out into memory:A retrieval mechanism that isenhanced with the recall of subject-performed tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,26(3),658–670.
Zimmer,H.D.(2001).Why do actions speak louder thanwords:Action memory as a variant of encodingmanipulations or the result of a specific memory system?In H.D.Zimmer,R.L.Cohen,M.J.Guynn,J.Engelkamp,R.Kormi-Nouri,&M.A.Foley(Eds.),Memory for action:A distinct form of episodic memory?(pp.151–198).NewYork:Oxford University Press.
B?ckman,L.(1985).Further evidence for the lack of adultage differences on free recall of subject-performed tasks:The importance of motor action.Human Learning:Journal of Practical Research&Applications,4(2),79–87.
B?ckman,L.,&Nilsson,L.G.(1984).Aging effects in freerecall:An exception to the rule.Human Learning:Journalof Practical Research&Applications,3(1),53–69.
B?ckman,L.,&Nilsson,L.G.(1985).Prerequisites for lackof age differences in memory performance.ExperimentalAging Research,11(2),67–73.
Brodeur,M.B.,Pelletier,M.,&Lepage,M.(2009).Memoryfor everyday actions in schizophrenia.SchizophreniaResearch,114(1),71–78.
Brustrom,J.E.,&Ober,B.A.(1996).Source memory foractions in Alzheimer’s disease.Aging,Neuropsychology,and Cognition,3(1),56–66.
Cohen,G.,&Faulkner,D.(1989).Age differences in sourceforgetting:Effects on reality monitoring and oneyewitness testimony.Psychology and Aging,4(1),10–17.
Cohen,R.L.(1981).On the generality of some memory laws.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,22(1),267–281.
Cohen,R.L.(1983).The effect of encoding variables on thefree recall of words and action events.Memory&Cognition,11(6),575–582.
Cohen,R.L.(1989).Memory for action events:The power of enactment.Educational Psychology Review,1(1),57–80.
Cohen,R.L.,&Bean,G.(1983).Memory in educablementally retarded adults:Deficit in subject orexperimenter?Intelligence,7(3),287–298.
Conway,M.A.,&Dewhurst,S.A.(1995).Remembering,familiarity,and source monitoring.The Quarterly Journalof Experimental Psychology Section A:HumanExperimental Psychology,48(1),125–140.
Cook,D.L.,&Kausler,D.H.(1995).Content memory andtemporal memory for actions in survivors of traumaticbrain injury.Journal of Clinical and ExperimentalNeuropsychology,17(1),90–99.
Dixon,P.,&Glover,S.(2004).Action and memory.Psychology of Learning and Motivation:Advances inResearch and Theory,45,143–174.
Engelkamp,J.,Seiler,K.H.,&Zimmer,H.D.(2005).Differential relational encoding of categorical informationin memory for action events.Memory&Cognition,33(3),371–379.
Engelkamp,J.,&Zimmer,H.D.(1984).Motor programmeinformation as a separable memory unit.PsychologicalResearch,46(3),283–299.
Engelkamp,J.,&Zimmer,H.D.(1985).Motor programsand their relation to semantic memory.German Journal ofPsychology,9(3),239–254.
Engelkamp,J.,&Zimmer,H.D.(1989).Memory for actionevents:A new field of research.Psychological Research,51(4),153–157.
Erngrund,K.,M?ntyl?,T.,&R?nnlund,M.(1996).Actingor listening:Adult age differences in source recall ofenacted and nonenacted statements.Journal of AdultDevelopment,3(4),217–232.
Feyereisen,P.(2009).Enactment effects and integrationprocesses in younger and older adults’memory for actions.Memory,17(4),374–385.
Foley,M.A.,&Ratner,H.H.(1998).Children's recoding inmemory for collaboration:A way of learning from others.Cognitive Development,13(1),91–108.
Glover,S.,Rosenbaum,D.A.,Graham J.,&Dixon,P.(2004).Grasping the meaning of words.ExperimentalBrain Research,154(1),103–108.
Glover,S.,&Dixon,P.(2013).Context and vision effects onreal and imagined actions:Support for the commonrepresentation hypothesis of motor imagery.The Journalof Experimental Psychology:Human Perception andPerformance,39(5),1352–1364.
Helstrup,T.(1987).One,two,or three memories?Aproblem-solving approach to memory for performed acts.Acta Psychologica,66(1),37–68.
Hornstein,S.L.,&Mulligan,N.W.(2004).Memory foractions:Enactment and source memory.PsychonomicBulletin&Review,11(2),367–372.
Hudson,J.A.(1988).Children's memory for atypical actionsin script-based stories:Evidence for a disruption effect.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,46(2),159–173.
Jacoby,L.L.,&Brooks,L.R.(1984).Nonanalytic cognition:Memory,perception and concept learning.In G.H.Bower(Ed.),The psychology of learning and motivation(pp.1–47).New York:Academic Press.
Kormi-Nouri,R.(1995).The nature of memory for actionevents:An episodic integration view.European Journal ofCognitive Psychology,7(4),337–363.
Kormi-Nouri,R.(2000).The role of movement and object inaction memory:A comparative study between blind,blindfolded and sighted subjects.Scandinavian Journal ofPsychology,41(1),71–76.
Kormi-Nouri,R.,&Nilsson,L.G.(2001).The motorcomponent is not crucial!In H.D.Zimmer,R.L.Cohen,M.J.Guynn,J.Engelkamp,R.Kormi-Nouri,&M.A.Foley(Eds.),Memory for action:A distinct form ofepisodic memory?(pp.97–111).New York:OxfordUniversity Press.
Leynes,P.A.,Grey,J.A.,&Crawford,J.T.(2006).Event-related potential(ERP)evidence for sensory-basedaction memories.International Journal of Psychophysiology,62(1),193–202.
Masumoto,K.,Yamaguchi,M.,Sutani,K.,Tsuneto,S.,Fujita,A.,&Tonoike,M.(2006).Reactivation of physicalmotor information in the memory of action events.BrainResearch,1101(1),102–109.
Manzi,A.,&Nigro,G.(2008).Long-term memory forperformed and observed actions:Retrieval awareness andsource monitoring.Memory,16(6),595–603.
McDaniel,M.A.,Lyle,K.B.,Butler,K.M.,Dornburg,C.C.(2008).Age-related deficits in reality monitoring of actionmemories.Psychology and Aging,23(3),646–656.
Mecklenbr?uker,S.,Steffens,M.C.,Jelenec,P.,&Goergens,N.K.(2011).Interactive context integration in children?Evidence from an action memory study.Journal ofExperimental Child Psychology,108(4),747–761.
Peelen,M.V.,Wiggett,A.J.,&Downing,P.E.(2006).Patterns of fMRI activity dissociate overlappingfunctional brain areas that respond to biological motion.Neuron,49(6),815–822.
Rosa,N.M.,&Gutchess,A.H.(2011).Source memory foraction in young and older adults:Self vs.close orunknown others.Psychology and Aging,26(3),625–630.
Russ,M.O.,Mack,W.,Grama,C.R.,Lanfermann,H.,&Knopf,M.(2003).Enactment effect in memory:Evidenceconcerning the function of the supramarginal gyrus.Experimental Brain Research,149(4),497–504.
Sahakyan,L.(2010).Environmental context change affectsmemory for performed actions.The Quarterly Journal ofExperimental Psychology,63(3),425–433.
Schatz,T.R.,Spranger,T.,&Knopf,M.(2010).Is there amemory profit after repeated learning of subjectperformed actions?Comparing direct and long-termmemory performance level as a function of age.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,51(6),465–472.
Schatz,T.R.,Spranger,T.,Kubik,V.,&Knopf,M.(2011).Exploring the enactment effect from an informationprocessing view:What can we learn from serial positionanalyses?Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,52(6),509–515.
Senkfor,A.J.(2008).Memory for pantomimed actionsversus actions with real objects.Cortex,44(7),820–833.
Senkfor,A.J.,Van Petten,C.,&Kutas,M.(2002).Episodicaction memory for real objects:An ERP investigation withperform,watch,and imagine action encoding tasks versusa non-action encoding task.Journal of CognitiveNeuroscience,14(3),402–419.
Spiegel,M.A.,Koester,D.,Weigelt,M.,&Schack,T.(2012).The costs of changing an intended action:Movement planning,but not execution,interferes with verbal working memory.Neuroscience Letters,509(2),82–86.
Steffens,M.C.(2007).Memory for goal-directed sequencesof actions:Is doing better than seeing?PsychonomicBulletin&Review,14(6),1194–1198.
Tessari,A.,Bosanac,D.,&Rumiati,R.I.(2006).Effect oflearning on imitation of new actions:implications for amemory model.Experimental Brain Research,173(3),507–513.
Vaillancourt,D.E.,Mayka,M.A.,&Corcos,D.M.(2004).The control process is represented in both the inferior andsuperior parietal lobules.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,27(1),51–52.
Watson,C.E.,&Chatterjee,A.(2011).The functionalneuroanatomy of actions.Neurology,76(16),1428–1434.
Wojcik,D.Z.,Allen,R.J.,Browm,C.,&Souchay,C.(2011).Memory for actions in autism spectrum disorder.Memory,19(6),549–558.
Zimmer,H.D.,&Engelkamp,J.(1999).Levels-ofprocessing effects in subject-performed tasks.Memory&Cognition,27(5),907–914.
Zimmer,H.D.,Helstrup,T.,&Engelkamp,J.(2000).Pop-out into memory:A retrieval mechanism that isenhanced with the recall of subject-performed tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,26(3),658–670.
Zimmer,H.D.(2001).Why do actions speak louder thanwords:Action memory as a variant of encodingmanipulations or the result of a specific memory system?In H.D.Zimmer,R.L.Cohen,M.J.Guynn,J.Engelkamp,R.Kormi-Nouri,&M.A.Foley(Eds.),Memory for action:A distinct form of episodic memory?(pp.151–198).NewYork:Oxford University Press.