平衡与动作控制中的预期性姿势调节
摘要
预期性姿势调节是近些年来姿势控制领域研究的重要内容,为解释干扰状态下人体平衡的控制机制提供了理论基础,也为老年人的平衡改善问题提供了新的思路。由于直立姿势具有不稳定性,人们又常常需要面对自主性动作和外部力量对姿势的干扰,预期性姿势调节是这些过程中的一种重要的调节方式。研究表明,人体姿势肌肉会在自主性动作发生前预先激活,并提前根据动作的大小调整姿势。另外,当遇到外来干扰时,人们也会根据干扰的信息提前调整姿势,减小干扰后反馈调节的负担,提高姿势控制的效率。本文将从干扰特点和姿势调整策略出发,对预期性姿势调节在平衡与动作控制中的作用和机制进行系统的文献回顾。
引文
[1]Schmidt RA,Lee TD.Motor control and learning:a be-havioral emphasis[M].Chicago:Human Kinetics.2011,135-174.
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[2]Heuer H,Keele SW.Handbook of Perception and ActionVolume 2:Motor skills[M].California:Academic Press,1996,337-356.
[3]Klous M,Mikulic P,Latash ML.Two aspects of feedfor-ward postural control:anticipatory postural adjustmentsand anticipatory synergy adjustments[J].J Neurophysiol,2011,105(5):2275-2288.
[4]Togo S,Imamizu H.Anticipatory synergy adjustments re-flect individual performance of feed forward force control[J].Neurosci Lett,2016,632:192-198.
[5]Piscitelli D,Falaki A,Cerri CG,et al.Anticipatory syner-gy adjustments and anticipatory postural adjustments:ef-fects of predictability of perturbation direction[J].GaitPosture,2016,49:S3-S4.
[6]Bouisset S,Do MC.Posture,dynamic stability,and volun-tary movement[J].Neurophysiol Clin,2008,38(6):345-62.
[7]Massion J.Movement,posture and equilibrium:interac-tion and coordination[J].Prog Neurobiol,1992,38(1):35.
[8]Belen'ki VE,Gurfinkel'VS,Pal'tsev EI.Control elementsof voluntary movements[J].Biofizika,1967,12(1):135-141.
[9]Bouisset S,Zattara M.Segmental Movement as a Perturba-tion to Balance?Facts and Concepts.Multiple MuscleSystems.Biomechanics and movement organization[M].NewYork:Springier-Verlag,1990.
[10]Bleuse S,Delval A,Defebvre L.Does overestimation of an object's mass during arm-raising modify postural ad-justments?[J].Neurosci Lett,2014,578:12-16.
[11]Li X,Aruin AS.Anticipatory postural adjustments in con-ditions of simulated reduced gravity[J].Gait Posture,2008,28(4):538-544.
[12]Li X,Aruin AS.The effect of short-term changes inbody mass distribution on feed-forward postural control[J].J Electromyogr Kines,2008,19(5):931-941.
[13]Caderby T,Dalleau G,Leroyer P,et al.Does an addition-al load modify the anticipatory postural adjustments ingait initiation?[J].Gait Posture,2013,37(1):144-146.
[14]Mickelborough J,Linden MLVD,Tallis RC,et al.Muscleactivity during gait initiation in normal elderly people[J].Gait Posture,2004,19(1):50-57.
[15]Yiou E,Schneider C,Roussel D.Coordination of rapidstepping with arm pointing:anticipatory changes andstep adaptation[J].Hum Movement Sci,2007,26(3):357-375.
[16]Mizusawa H,Jono Y,Iwata Y,et al.Processes of anticipa-tory postural adjustment and step movement of gait initia-tion[J].Hum Movement Sci,2017,52:1-16.
[17]Uemura K,Oya T,Uchiyama Y.Effects of visual interfer-ence on initial motor program errors and execution timesin the choice step reaction[J].Gait Posture,2013,38(1):68-72.
[18]Uemura K,Oya T,Uchiyama Y.Effects of speed and ac-curacy strategy on choice step execution in response tothe flanker interference task[J].Hum Movement Sci,2013,32(6):1393-1403.
[19]Rajib S,Chha M.The posterior shift anticipatory posturaladjustment in choice reaction step initiation[J].Gait Pos-ture,2015,41(4):894-898.
[20]Caderby T,Yiou E,Peyrot N,et al.Influence of gaitspeed on the control of mediolateral dynamic stabilityduring gait initiation[J].J Biomech,2014,47(2):417-423.
[21]Frank JS,Earl M.Coordination of posture and movement[J].Phys Ther,1990,70(12):855-863.
[22]Yiou E,Hussein T,Larue J.Influence of temporal pres-sure on anticipatory postural control of medio-lateral sta-bility during rapid leg flexion[J].Gait Posture,1990,35(3):494-499.
[23]任杰,渡部和彦,宫谷真人.认知任务对直立姿势的视觉控制的影响[J].心理学报,2010,42(3):360-366.
[24]Uemura K,Yamada M,Nagai K,et al.Fear of falling isassociated with prolonged anticipatory postural adjust-ment during gait initiation under dual-task conditions inolder adults[J].Gait Posture,2012,35(2):282-286.
[25]Tard C,Dujardin K,Bourriez JL,et al.Stimulus-driven at-tention modulates the release of anticipatory postural ad-justments during step initiation[J].Neurosci,2013,247(13):25-34.
[26]Hof AL,Gazendam MG,Sinke WE.The condition for dy-namic stability[J].J Biomech,2005,38(1):1-8.
[27]Wang Y,Zatsiorsky VM,Latash ML.Muscle synergies in-volved in shifting the center of pressure while making afirst step[J].Exp Brain Res,2005,167(2):196-210.
[28]Wang Y,Asaka T,Watanabe K.Multi-muscle synergiesin elderly individuals:preparation to a step made underthe self-paced and reaction time instructions[J].ExpBrain Res,2013,226(4):463-472.
[29]Wang Y,Watanabe K,Asaka T.Muscle synergies in prep-aration to a step made with obstacle in elderly individu-als[J].J Neuroeng Rehabil,2015,12(1):1-9.
[30]Schmidt RA,Lee TD.Motor control and learning:a be-havioral emphasis[M].Chicago:Human Kinetics.2011,250-257.
[31]Latash ML.Fundamentals of motor control[M].California:Academic Press.2012,218-219.
[32]Morioka S,Hiyamizu M,Yagi F.The effects of an atten-tional demand tasks on standing posture control[J].JPhysiol Anthropol,2005,24(3):215.
[33]Lima AC,Rm DAN,Teixeira LA.On the functional inte-gration between postural and supra-postural tasks on thebasis of contextual cues and task constraint[J].Gait Pos-ture,2010,32(32):615-618.
[34]Coelho DB,Bourlinova C,Teixeira LA.Higher order bal-ance control:distinct effects between cognitive task andmanual steadiness constraint on automatic postural re-sponses[J].Hum Movement Sci,2016,50:62.
[35]Danna-Dos-Santos A,Degani AM,Latash ML.Anticipato-ry control of head posture[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2007,118(8):1802-1814.
[36]Stoffregen TA,Smart LJ,Bardy BG,et al.Postural stabili-zation of looking[J].J Exp Psychol Learn,1999,25(6):1641-1658.
[37]Stoffregen TA,Pagulayan RJ,Bardy BG,et al.Modulatingpostural control to facilitate visual performance[J].HumMovement Sci,2000,19(2):203-220.
[38]Jr SL,Mobley BS,Otten EW,et al.Not just standingthere:the use of postural coordination to aid visual tasks[J].Hum Movement Sci,2004,22(6):769-780.
[39]Stoffregen TA,Benoit G,Bardy BG,et al.Postural stabili-zation of visually guided eye movements[J].Ecol Psychol,2006,18(3):191-222.
[40]Hunter MC,Hoffman MA.Postural control:visual andcognitive manipulations[J].Gait Posture,2001,13(1):41-48.
[41]Riley MA,Baker AA,Schmit JM,et al.Effects of visualand auditory short-term memory tasks on the spatiotempo-ral dynamics and variability of postural sway[J].J MotorBehav,2005,37(4):311-324.
[42]Vuillerme N,Isableu B,Nougier V.Attentional demands associated with the use of a light fingertip touch for pos-tural control during quiet standing[J].Exp Brain Res,2006,169(2):232-236.
[43]Nashner LM.Fixed patterns of rapid postural responsesamong leg muscles during stance[J].Exp Brain Res,1977,30(1):13-24.
[44]Claudino R,Santos EC,Santos MJ.Compensatory but notanticipatory adjustments are altered in older adults dur-ing lateral postural perturbations[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2013,124(8):1628-1637.
[45]Radebold A,Cholewicki J,Panjabi MM,et al.Muscle re-sponse pattern to sudden trunk loading in healthy indi-viduals and in patients with chronic low back pain[J].Spine,2000,25(8):947-954.
[46]Santos MJ,Kanekar N,Aruin AS.The role of anticipato-ry postural adjustments in compensatory control of pos-ture:1.electromyographic analysis[J].J ElectromyogrKines,2010,20(3):388-397.
[47]Santos MJ,Kanekar N,Aruin AS.The role of anticipato-ry postural adjustments in compensatory control of pos-ture:2.biomechanical analysis[J].J Electromyogr Kines,2010,20(3):398.
[48]Weerdesteyn V,Laing AC,Robinovitch SN.Automatedpostural responses are modified in a functional mannerby instruction[J].Exp Brain Res,2008,186(4):571-580.
[49]王健,刘志平.躯干突发减载性失衡诱发腰椎稳定肌快速反应的心理预期效应[J].体育科学,2012,32(6):33-38.
[50]Davey NJ,Rawlinson SR,Nowicky AV,et al.Human corti-cospinal excitability in microgravity and hypergravity dur-ing parabolic flight[J].Aviat Space Envir MD,2004,75(4):359-363.
[51]Murnaghan CD,Robinovitch SN.The effects of initialmovement dynamics on human responses to postural per-turbations[J].Hum Movement Sci,2013,32(4):857-865.
[52]Nouillot P,Bouisset S,Do MC.Do fast voluntary move-ments necessitate anticipatory postural adjustments evenif equilibrium is unstable?[J].Neurosci Lett,1992,147(1):1-4.
[53]Slijper H,Latash ML.The effects of instability and addi-tional hand support on anticipatory postural adjustmentsin leg,trunk,and arm muscles during standing[J].ExpBrain Res,2000,135(1):81-93.
[54]Sambit M,Vennila K,Aruin AS.The effect of decreasedvisual acuity on control of posture[J].Clin Neurophysiol,2012,123(1):173-182.
[55]Mohapatra S,Kukkar KK,Aruin AS.Support surface relat-ed changes in feedforward and feedback control of stand-ing posture[J].J Electromyogr Kines,2014,24(1):144-152.
[56]Scariot V,Rios JL,Claudino R,et al.Both anticipatoryand compensatory postural adjustments are adapted while catching a ball in unstable standing posture[J].J Body-work Movement Ther,2016,20(1):90.
[57]Maki BE,Mcilroy WE.The role of limb movements inmaintaining upright stance:the"change-in-support"strat-egy[J].Phys Ther,1997,77(5):488-507.
[58]Mcilroy WE,Maki BE.Do anticipatory postural adjust-ments precede compensatory stepping reactions evokedby perturbation?[J].Neurosci Lett,1993,164(1–2):199-202.
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