肌因子、脂-肌因子和脂因子:运动骨骼肌和脂肪组织功能的再认识
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摘要
背景:传统观点认为骨骼肌是动力器官,脂肪组织是能量贮存组织。目的:采用文献资料法对骨骼肌和脂肪组织分泌的肌因子、脂-肌因子和脂因子进行梳理总结。方法:以"肌因子,脂-肌因子,脂因子,骨骼肌,脂肪组织"为中文检索词;"myokine,adipo-myokine,adipokine,skeletal muscle,adipose tissue"为英文检索词,检索Web of Science、PubMed和中国知网(CNKI)等数据库1987年1月至2018年6月相关文献;排除与研究目的不符或重复性文章,最后选择59篇文献进行归纳分析。结果与结论:近30年骨骼肌和脂肪组织的分泌功能被发现,其分泌物可能是"运动因子",在运动与健康之间起到桥梁作用。肌因子和脂因子分别是肌肉细胞和脂肪组织释放的细胞因子或肽类物质,具有自分泌、旁分泌和内分泌功能;肌因子可以平衡由脂肪组织所产生的部分脂因子的有害影响,并发挥抗炎作用。
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is a dynamic organ, and adipose tissue is an energy storage tissue. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the myokine, adipo-myokine and adipokine secreted by skeletal muscle and adiposes by literature retrieval. METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI databases were retrieved for the literature published from January 1987 to June 2018 with the keywords of "myokine, adipo-myokine, adipokine, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue" in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 59 eligible articles were included for resultanalysis after excluding the irrelevant and repetitive articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the past 30 years, the secretory functions of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue have been found, whose secretion may be "exercise factor" that is a bridge between exercise and health. Myokines and adipokines are cytokines and peptides secreted by myocytes and adiposes, which hold the functions of autocrin, paracrin and endocrine. Myokines can reverse the damage caused by adipokines and exerts anti-inflammatory action.
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is a dynamic organ, and adipose tissue is an energy storage tissue. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the myokine, adipo-myokine and adipokine secreted by skeletal muscle and adiposes by literature retrieval. METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI databases were retrieved for the literature published from January 1987 to June 2018 with the keywords of "myokine, adipo-myokine, adipokine, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue" in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 59 eligible articles were included for resultanalysis after excluding the irrelevant and repetitive articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the past 30 years, the secretory functions of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue have been found, whose secretion may be "exercise factor" that is a bridge between exercise and health. Myokines and adipokines are cytokines and peptides secreted by myocytes and adiposes, which hold the functions of autocrin, paracrin and endocrine. Myokines can reverse the damage caused by adipokines and exerts anti-inflammatory action.
引文
[1]Ruderman NB,Keller C,Richard AM,et al.Interleukin-6regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase.Potential role in the systemic response to exercise and prevention of the metabolic syndrome.Diabetes.2006;55 Suppl 2:S48-S54.
[2]Wang J,Liu R,Hawkins M,et al.A nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat.Nature.1998;393(6686):684-688.
[3]Hecksteden A,Wegmann M,Steffen A,et al.Irisin and exercise training in humans-results from a randomized controlled training trial.BMC Med.2013;11:235.
[4]Pedersen BK,Steensberg A,Fischer C,et al.Searching for the exercise factor:is IL-6 a candidate?.J Muscle Res Cell Motil.2003;24(2-3):113-119.
[5]Cook KS,Min HY,Johnson D,et al.Adipsin:a circulating serine protease homolog secreted by adipose tissue and sciatic nerve.Science.1987;237(4813):402-405.
[6]Scherer PE.Adipose tissue:from lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ.Diabetes.2006;55(6):1537-1545.
[7]Eckardt K,Gorgens SW,Raschke S,et al.Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia.2014;57(6):1087-1099.
[8]Pedersen BK.Muscle as a Secretory Organ.Compr Physiol.2013;3(3):1337-1362.
[9]Wolin KY,Yan Y,Colditz GA,et al.Physical activity and colon cancer prevention:a meta-analysis.Br J Cancer.2009;100(4):611-616.
[10]Monninkhof EM,Elias SG,Vlems FA,et al.Physical activity and breast cancer-A systematic review.Epidemiology.2007;18(1):137-157.
[11]Borer KT.Physical activity in the prevention and amelioration of osteoporosis in women-Interaction of mechanical,hormonal and dietary factors.Sports Med.2005;35(9):779-830.
[12]Goergens SW,Eckardt K,Jensen J,et al.Exercise and Regulation of Adipokine and Myokine Production[M]//Bouchard C.Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science.2015:313-336.
[13]陈明.读《素问·阴阳应象大论》札记五则[J].中医函授通讯,1995,(2):2-3.
[14]Pedersen BK,Febbraio MA.Muscles,exercise and obesity:skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.Nat Rev Endocrinol.2012;8(8):457-465.
[15]Rodriguez A,Ezquerro S,Mendez-Gimenez L,et al.Revisiting the adipocyte:a model for integration of cytokine signaling in the regulation of energy metabolism.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2015;309(8):E691-714.
[16]Richter EA,Hargreaves M.Exercise,GLUT4,and skeletal muscle glucose uptake.Physiol Rev.2013;93(3):993-1017.
[17]Little JP,Gillen JB,Percival ME,et al.Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes.J Appl Physiol(1985).2011;111(6):1554-1560.
[18]Jeukendrup AE.Regulation of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle[M]//Klimes I,Sebokova E,Howard B V,et al.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.2002:217-235.
[19]Hoene M,Weigert C.The role of interleukin-6 in insulin resistance,body fat distribution and energy balance.Obes Rev.2008;9(1):20-29.
[20]Pedersen BK,Steensberg A,Fischer C,et al.The metabolic role of IL-6 produced during exercise:is IL-6 an exercise factor?.Proc Nutr Soc.2004;63(2):263-267.
[21]Carey AL,Steinberg GR,Macaulay SL,et al.Interleukin-6increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase.Diabetes.2006;55(10):2688-2697.
[22]Bruce CR,Dyck DJ.Cytokine regulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism:effect of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factoralpha.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2004;287(4):E616-E621.
[23]Kelly M,Gauthier M,Saha AK,et al.Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase by Interleukin-6 in Rat Skeletal Muscle Association With Changes in cAMP,Energy State,and Endogenous Fuel Mobilization.Diabetes.2009;58(9):1953-1960.
[24]Minokoshi Y,Kim YB,Peroni OD,et al.Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase.Nature.2002;415(6869):339-343.
[25]Nehlsen-Cannarella SL,Fagoaga OR,Nieman DC,et al.Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running.JAppl Physiol(1985).1997;82(5):1662-1667.
[26]Starkie RL,Angus DJ,Rolland J,et al.Effect of prolonged,submaximal exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on monocyte intracellular cytokine production in humans.J Physiol.2000;528(Pt 3):647-655.
[27]Pedersen BK,Febbraio MA.Muscle as an endocrine organ:Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6.Physiol Rev.2008;88(4):1379-1406.
[28]Raschke S,Eckel J.Adipo-myokines:two sides of the same coin--mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise.Mediators Inflamm.2013;2013:320724.
[29]Serrano AL,Baeza-Raja B,Perdiguero E,et al.Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy.Cell Metab.2008;7(1):33-44.
[30]Willoughby DS,McFarlin B,Bois C.Interleukin-6 expression after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise.Int J Sports Med.2003;24(1):15-21.
[31]Steensberg A,Febbraio MA,Osada T,et al.Interleukin-6production in contracting human skeletal muscle is influenced by pre-exercise muscle glycogen content.J Physiol.2001;537(Pt2):633-639.
[32]Muenzberg H,Morrison CD.Structure,production and signaling of leptin.Metabolism.2015;64(1):13-23.
[33]Wolsk E,Mygind H,Grondahl TS,et al.Human skeletal muscle releases leptin in vivo.Cytokine.2012;60(3):667-673.
[34]Phillips MD,Patrizi RM,Cheek DJ,et al.Resistance training reduces subclinical inflammation in obese,postmenopausal women.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2012;44(11):2099-2110.
[35]Fatouros IG,Chatzinikolaou A,Tournis S,et al.Intensity of resistance exercise determines adipokine and resting energy expenditure responses in overweight elderly individuals.Diabetes Care.2009;32(12):2161-2167.
[36]Varady KA,Bhutani S,Church EC,et al.Adipokine responses to acute resistance exercise in trained and untrained men.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2010;42(3):456-462.
[37]Polak J,Klimcakova E,Moro C,et al.Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin,leptin,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women.Metabolism.2006;55(10):1375-1381.
[38]Kondo T,Kobayashi I,Murakami M.Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women.Endocr J.2006;53(2):189-195.
[39]Haugen F,Norheim F,Lian H,et al.IL-7 is expressed and secreted by human skeletal muscle cells.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.2010;298(4):C807-C816.
[40]Andersson H,Bohn SK,Raastad T,et al.Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery.Scand J Med Sci Sports.2010;20(5):740-747.
[41]Kraemer WJ,Hatfield DL,Comstock BA,et al.Influence of HMBsupplementation and resistance training on cytokine responses to resistance exercise.J Am Coll Nutr.2014;33(4):247-255.
[42]Huang EJ,Reichardt LF.Neurotrophins:Roles in neuronal development and function.Annu Rev Neurosci.2001;24:677-736.
[43]Mattson MP.Energy Intake and Exercise as Determinants of Brain Health and Vulnerability to Injury and Disease.Cell Metab.2012;16(6):706-722.
[44]Brenmoehl J,Albrecht E,Komolka K,et al.Irisin Is Elevated in Skeletal Muscle and Serum of Mice Immediately after Acute Exercise.Int J Biol Sci.2014;10(3):338-349.
[45]Bostrom P,Wu J,Jedrychowski MP,et al.A PGC1-alphadependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis.Nature.2012;481(7382):463-468.
[46]Wu Z,Puigserver P,Andersson U,et al.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1.Cell.1999;98(1):115-124.
[47]Jedrychowski MP,Wrann CD,Paulo JA,et al.Detection and Quantitation of Circulating Human Irisin by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Cell Metab.2015;22(4):734-740.
[48]Huh JY,Panagiotou G,Mougios V,et al.FNDC5 and irisin in humans:I.Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II.mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise.Metabolism.2012;61(12):1725-1738.
[49]Kurdiova T,Balaz M,Vician M,et al.Effects of obesity,diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue:in vivo and in vitro studies.J Physiol.2014;592(5):1091-1107.
[50]Yamauchi T,Iwabu M,Okada-Iwabu M,et al.Adiponectin receptors:a review of their structure,function and how they work.Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab.2014;28(1):15-23.
[51]Han SH,Quon MJ,Kim J A,et al.Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease:response to therapeutic interventions.J Am Coll Cardiol.2007;49(5):531-538.
[52]Christiansen T,Bruun JM,Paulsen SK,et al.Acute exercise increases circulating inflammatory markers in overweight and obese compared with lean subjects.Eur J Appl Physiol.2013;113(6):1635-1642.
[53]Bobbert T,Wegewitz U,Brechtel L,et al.Adiponectin oligomers in human serum during acute and chronic exercise:relation to lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.Int J Sports Med.2007;28(1):1-8.
[54]Bouassida A,Lakhdar N,Benaissa N,et al.Adiponectin responses to acute moderate and heavy exercises in overweight middle aged subjects.J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2010;50(3):330-335.
[55]Ferguson MA,White L J,McCoy S,et al.Plasma adiponectin response to acute exercise in healthy subjects.Eur J Appl Physiol.2004;91(2-3):324-329.
[56]Jamurtas AZ,Theocharis V,Koukoulis G,et al.The effects of acute exercise on serum adiponectin and resistin levels and their relation to insulin sensitivity in overweight males.Eur J Appl Physiol.2006;97(1):122-126.
[57]Saunders TJ,Palombella A,McGuire K A,et al.Acute exercise increases adiponectin levels in abdominally obese men.J Nutr Metab.2012;2012:148729.
[58]Polak J,Klimcakova E,Moro C,et al.Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin,leptin,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women.Metabolism.2006;55(10):1375-1381.
[59]Tencerova M,Kracmerova J,Krauzova E,et al.Experimental hyperglycemia induces an increase of monocyte and T-lymphocyte content in adipose tissue of healthy obese women.PLoS One.2015;10(3):e122872.
[2]Wang J,Liu R,Hawkins M,et al.A nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat.Nature.1998;393(6686):684-688.
[3]Hecksteden A,Wegmann M,Steffen A,et al.Irisin and exercise training in humans-results from a randomized controlled training trial.BMC Med.2013;11:235.
[4]Pedersen BK,Steensberg A,Fischer C,et al.Searching for the exercise factor:is IL-6 a candidate?.J Muscle Res Cell Motil.2003;24(2-3):113-119.
[5]Cook KS,Min HY,Johnson D,et al.Adipsin:a circulating serine protease homolog secreted by adipose tissue and sciatic nerve.Science.1987;237(4813):402-405.
[6]Scherer PE.Adipose tissue:from lipid storage compartment to endocrine organ.Diabetes.2006;55(6):1537-1545.
[7]Eckardt K,Gorgens SW,Raschke S,et al.Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia.2014;57(6):1087-1099.
[8]Pedersen BK.Muscle as a Secretory Organ.Compr Physiol.2013;3(3):1337-1362.
[9]Wolin KY,Yan Y,Colditz GA,et al.Physical activity and colon cancer prevention:a meta-analysis.Br J Cancer.2009;100(4):611-616.
[10]Monninkhof EM,Elias SG,Vlems FA,et al.Physical activity and breast cancer-A systematic review.Epidemiology.2007;18(1):137-157.
[11]Borer KT.Physical activity in the prevention and amelioration of osteoporosis in women-Interaction of mechanical,hormonal and dietary factors.Sports Med.2005;35(9):779-830.
[12]Goergens SW,Eckardt K,Jensen J,et al.Exercise and Regulation of Adipokine and Myokine Production[M]//Bouchard C.Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science.2015:313-336.
[13]陈明.读《素问·阴阳应象大论》札记五则[J].中医函授通讯,1995,(2):2-3.
[14]Pedersen BK,Febbraio MA.Muscles,exercise and obesity:skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.Nat Rev Endocrinol.2012;8(8):457-465.
[15]Rodriguez A,Ezquerro S,Mendez-Gimenez L,et al.Revisiting the adipocyte:a model for integration of cytokine signaling in the regulation of energy metabolism.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2015;309(8):E691-714.
[16]Richter EA,Hargreaves M.Exercise,GLUT4,and skeletal muscle glucose uptake.Physiol Rev.2013;93(3):993-1017.
[17]Little JP,Gillen JB,Percival ME,et al.Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes.J Appl Physiol(1985).2011;111(6):1554-1560.
[18]Jeukendrup AE.Regulation of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle[M]//Klimes I,Sebokova E,Howard B V,et al.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.2002:217-235.
[19]Hoene M,Weigert C.The role of interleukin-6 in insulin resistance,body fat distribution and energy balance.Obes Rev.2008;9(1):20-29.
[20]Pedersen BK,Steensberg A,Fischer C,et al.The metabolic role of IL-6 produced during exercise:is IL-6 an exercise factor?.Proc Nutr Soc.2004;63(2):263-267.
[21]Carey AL,Steinberg GR,Macaulay SL,et al.Interleukin-6increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans and glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro via AMP-activated protein kinase.Diabetes.2006;55(10):2688-2697.
[22]Bruce CR,Dyck DJ.Cytokine regulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism:effect of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factoralpha.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2004;287(4):E616-E621.
[23]Kelly M,Gauthier M,Saha AK,et al.Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase by Interleukin-6 in Rat Skeletal Muscle Association With Changes in cAMP,Energy State,and Endogenous Fuel Mobilization.Diabetes.2009;58(9):1953-1960.
[24]Minokoshi Y,Kim YB,Peroni OD,et al.Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase.Nature.2002;415(6869):339-343.
[25]Nehlsen-Cannarella SL,Fagoaga OR,Nieman DC,et al.Carbohydrate and the cytokine response to 2.5 h of running.JAppl Physiol(1985).1997;82(5):1662-1667.
[26]Starkie RL,Angus DJ,Rolland J,et al.Effect of prolonged,submaximal exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on monocyte intracellular cytokine production in humans.J Physiol.2000;528(Pt 3):647-655.
[27]Pedersen BK,Febbraio MA.Muscle as an endocrine organ:Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6.Physiol Rev.2008;88(4):1379-1406.
[28]Raschke S,Eckel J.Adipo-myokines:two sides of the same coin--mediators of inflammation and mediators of exercise.Mediators Inflamm.2013;2013:320724.
[29]Serrano AL,Baeza-Raja B,Perdiguero E,et al.Interleukin-6 is an essential regulator of satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy.Cell Metab.2008;7(1):33-44.
[30]Willoughby DS,McFarlin B,Bois C.Interleukin-6 expression after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise.Int J Sports Med.2003;24(1):15-21.
[31]Steensberg A,Febbraio MA,Osada T,et al.Interleukin-6production in contracting human skeletal muscle is influenced by pre-exercise muscle glycogen content.J Physiol.2001;537(Pt2):633-639.
[32]Muenzberg H,Morrison CD.Structure,production and signaling of leptin.Metabolism.2015;64(1):13-23.
[33]Wolsk E,Mygind H,Grondahl TS,et al.Human skeletal muscle releases leptin in vivo.Cytokine.2012;60(3):667-673.
[34]Phillips MD,Patrizi RM,Cheek DJ,et al.Resistance training reduces subclinical inflammation in obese,postmenopausal women.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2012;44(11):2099-2110.
[35]Fatouros IG,Chatzinikolaou A,Tournis S,et al.Intensity of resistance exercise determines adipokine and resting energy expenditure responses in overweight elderly individuals.Diabetes Care.2009;32(12):2161-2167.
[36]Varady KA,Bhutani S,Church EC,et al.Adipokine responses to acute resistance exercise in trained and untrained men.Med Sci Sports Exerc.2010;42(3):456-462.
[37]Polak J,Klimcakova E,Moro C,et al.Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin,leptin,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women.Metabolism.2006;55(10):1375-1381.
[38]Kondo T,Kobayashi I,Murakami M.Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women.Endocr J.2006;53(2):189-195.
[39]Haugen F,Norheim F,Lian H,et al.IL-7 is expressed and secreted by human skeletal muscle cells.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.2010;298(4):C807-C816.
[40]Andersson H,Bohn SK,Raastad T,et al.Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery.Scand J Med Sci Sports.2010;20(5):740-747.
[41]Kraemer WJ,Hatfield DL,Comstock BA,et al.Influence of HMBsupplementation and resistance training on cytokine responses to resistance exercise.J Am Coll Nutr.2014;33(4):247-255.
[42]Huang EJ,Reichardt LF.Neurotrophins:Roles in neuronal development and function.Annu Rev Neurosci.2001;24:677-736.
[43]Mattson MP.Energy Intake and Exercise as Determinants of Brain Health and Vulnerability to Injury and Disease.Cell Metab.2012;16(6):706-722.
[44]Brenmoehl J,Albrecht E,Komolka K,et al.Irisin Is Elevated in Skeletal Muscle and Serum of Mice Immediately after Acute Exercise.Int J Biol Sci.2014;10(3):338-349.
[45]Bostrom P,Wu J,Jedrychowski MP,et al.A PGC1-alphadependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis.Nature.2012;481(7382):463-468.
[46]Wu Z,Puigserver P,Andersson U,et al.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1.Cell.1999;98(1):115-124.
[47]Jedrychowski MP,Wrann CD,Paulo JA,et al.Detection and Quantitation of Circulating Human Irisin by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Cell Metab.2015;22(4):734-740.
[48]Huh JY,Panagiotou G,Mougios V,et al.FNDC5 and irisin in humans:I.Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II.mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise.Metabolism.2012;61(12):1725-1738.
[49]Kurdiova T,Balaz M,Vician M,et al.Effects of obesity,diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue:in vivo and in vitro studies.J Physiol.2014;592(5):1091-1107.
[50]Yamauchi T,Iwabu M,Okada-Iwabu M,et al.Adiponectin receptors:a review of their structure,function and how they work.Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab.2014;28(1):15-23.
[51]Han SH,Quon MJ,Kim J A,et al.Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease:response to therapeutic interventions.J Am Coll Cardiol.2007;49(5):531-538.
[52]Christiansen T,Bruun JM,Paulsen SK,et al.Acute exercise increases circulating inflammatory markers in overweight and obese compared with lean subjects.Eur J Appl Physiol.2013;113(6):1635-1642.
[53]Bobbert T,Wegewitz U,Brechtel L,et al.Adiponectin oligomers in human serum during acute and chronic exercise:relation to lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.Int J Sports Med.2007;28(1):1-8.
[54]Bouassida A,Lakhdar N,Benaissa N,et al.Adiponectin responses to acute moderate and heavy exercises in overweight middle aged subjects.J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2010;50(3):330-335.
[55]Ferguson MA,White L J,McCoy S,et al.Plasma adiponectin response to acute exercise in healthy subjects.Eur J Appl Physiol.2004;91(2-3):324-329.
[56]Jamurtas AZ,Theocharis V,Koukoulis G,et al.The effects of acute exercise on serum adiponectin and resistin levels and their relation to insulin sensitivity in overweight males.Eur J Appl Physiol.2006;97(1):122-126.
[57]Saunders TJ,Palombella A,McGuire K A,et al.Acute exercise increases adiponectin levels in abdominally obese men.J Nutr Metab.2012;2012:148729.
[58]Polak J,Klimcakova E,Moro C,et al.Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue gene expression of adiponectin,leptin,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women.Metabolism.2006;55(10):1375-1381.
[59]Tencerova M,Kracmerova J,Krauzova E,et al.Experimental hyperglycemia induces an increase of monocyte and T-lymphocyte content in adipose tissue of healthy obese women.PLoS One.2015;10(3):e122872.