双语控制的神经基础——一例汉英双语失控的个案研究
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摘要
文章对一位脑损伤的汉英双语者进行了汉英双语控制的行为实验研究和医学影像检查,考察了自发谈话、句子翻译、词汇产出等层面双语控制系统的损伤情况,重点探讨汉英双语失控的原因和汉英双语控制的神经基础。研究发现,LJY表现出词汇、句子层面不同程度的双语失控。分析认为,基底神经节是双语控制的普遍神经基础。
This study conducts behavioral experiments and medical imaging examinations on a ChineseEnglish individual(LJY) losing control of her languages by investigating the damage of bilingual control system in spontaneous conversation,vocabulary output and sentence translation,with focus on the causes of losing control and the neural basis of bilingual language. LJY's brain damage leads to the loss of control in vocabulary production and sentence translation to various degrees. The analysis shows that basal ganglia is the general neural basis of bilingual control.
This study conducts behavioral experiments and medical imaging examinations on a ChineseEnglish individual(LJY) losing control of her languages by investigating the damage of bilingual control system in spontaneous conversation,vocabulary output and sentence translation,with focus on the causes of losing control and the neural basis of bilingual language. LJY's brain damage leads to the loss of control in vocabulary production and sentence translation to various degrees. The analysis shows that basal ganglia is the general neural basis of bilingual control.
引文
Abutalebi,Jubin,Antonio Miozzo,&Stefano F.Cappa.2000.Do subcortical structures control‘language selection’in polyglots?Evidence from pathological language mixing.Neurocase 6:51-56.
Abutalebi,Jubin,&David Green.2007.Bilingual language production:The neurocognition of language representation and control.Journal of Neurolinguistics 20:242-275.
Abutalebi,Jubin,&David Green.2008.Control mechanisms in bilingual language production:Neural evidence from language switching studies.Language and Cognitive Processes 23:557-582.
Abutalebi,Jubin,Pasquale A.Della Rosa,Guosheng Ding,Brendan Weekes,Albert Costa,&David W.Green.2013.Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals.Cortex 49:905-911.
Aglioti,Salvatore,Alberto Beltramello,Federico P.Girardi,&Franco Fabbro.1996.Neurolinguistic and follow-up study of an unusual pattern of recovery from bilingual subcortical aphasia.Brain:A Journal of Neurology 119:1551-1564.
Ansaldo,Ana I.,Ladan G.Saidi,&Adelaida Ruiz.2010.Model-driven intervention in bilingual aphasia:Evidence from a case of pathological switching.Aphasiology 24:309-324.
Bates,Elizabeth,D’Amico Simoda,Jacobsen Thomas,Szekely Anna,Andonova Elena,&Devescovi Antonella et al.2003.Timed picture naming in seven languages.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 10.2:344-80.
Braver,Todd.S.,Deanna M.Barch,Jeremy R.Gray,David L.Molfese,&Avraham Snyder.2001.Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict:Effects of frequency,inhibition and errors.Cereb.Cortex:11,825-836.
Bunge,Silvia A.,Nicole M.Dudukovic,Moriah E.Thomason,Chandan J.Vaidya,&John D.Gabrieli.2002.Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children:Evidence from f MRI.Neuron 33:301-331.
Carter,Cameron S.,Todd S.Braver,Deanna M.Barch,Matthew M.Otvinick,Douglas Noll,&Jonathan D.Cohen.1998.Anterior cingulate cortex,error detection,and the online monitoring of performance.Science 280:747-749.
Carter,Mc Kell R.,&Scott A.Huettel.2013.A nexus model of the temporal-parietal junction.Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17:328-336.
Christoffels,Ingrid K.,Christine Firk,&Niels O.Schiller.2007.Bilingual language control:An event-related brain potential study.Brain Research 1147.1:192-208.
Costa,Albert,&Mikel Santesteban.2004.Lexical access in bilingual speech production:Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners.Joural of Memory and Language 50.4:491-511.
Costa,Albert,&Núria Sebastián-Gallés.2014.How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?Nature Reviews Neuroscience15.5:336-345.
De Zubicaray,G.I.,Zelaya F.O.,Andrewb C.,Williams S.C.R.,&Bullmore E.T..2000.Cerebral regions associated with verbal response initiation,suppression and strategy use.Neuropsychologia 38.9:1292-1304.
Fabbro,Franco.1999.The Concise Encyclopedia of Language Pathology.New York:Pergamon Press.
Fabbro,Franco.2001.The bilingual brain:Bilingual aphasia.Brain and Language 79.2:201-210.
Francis,Wendy S.1999.Cognitive integration of language and memory in bilinguals:Semantic representation.Psychological Bulletin 125.2:193-222.
Friederici,Angela D.,J9rg Bahlmann,Stefan Heim,Ricarda I.Schubotz,&Alfred Anwander.2006.The brain differentiates human and non-human grammars:Functional localization and structural connectivity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103.7:2458-2463.
Green,David W.1998.Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system.Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 1.2:67-81.
Green,David W.,&Abutalebi Jubin.2008.Understanding the link between bilingual aphasia and language control.Journal of Neurolinguistics 21.6:558-576.
Grosjean,Francois.2001.The bilingual’s language modes.One Mind,Two Languages:Bilingual Language Processing.ed.by Janet L.Nicol,1-22.Oxford:Blackwells.
Hernandez,Arturo E.,Antigona Martinez,&Kathryn Kohnert.2000.In search of the language switch:An f MRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals.Brain and Language 73.3:421-431.
Hosoda,Chihiro,Takashi Hanakawa,Tadashi Nariai,Kikuo Ohno,&Manabu Honda.2012.Neural mechanisms of language switch.Journal of Neurolinguistics 25.1:44-61.
Kambanaros,Maria,Lambros Messinis,&Emmanouil Anyfantis.2012.Action and object word writing in a case of bilingual aphasia.Behavioural Neurology 25.3:215-222.
Kroll,Judith,&Erika Stewart.1994.Category interference in translation and picture naming:Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations.Journal of Memory and Language 33.2:149-174.
Kroll,Judith,&Annette M.B.De Groot.1997.Lexical and conceptual memory in the bilingual:Mapping form to meaning in two languages.Tutorials in Bilingualism:Psycholinguistic Perspectives.ed.by De Groot,Annette M.B.&J.F.Kroll.Mahwah,169-199.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liu,Tao(刘涛),Yiming Yang(杨亦鸣),Hui Zhang(张辉),Shanshan Zhang(张珊珊),Dandan Liang(梁丹丹),&Jiexin Gu et al.(顾介鑫等).2008.Yufa yujing xia hanyu mingdongfenli de ERP yanjiu语法语境下汉语名动分离的ERP研究[Neural distinction between Chinese nouns and verbs in the grammatical context:an ERP study].Xinlixue Bao心理学报[Acta Psychologica Sinica]40.6:671-680.
Mariёn,Peter,Jubin Abutalebi,Sebastiaan Engelborghs,&Peter D.Deyn.2005.Pathophysiology of language switching and mixing in an early bilingual child with subcortical aphasia.Neurocase 11.6:385-398.
Matthew,Botvinick,Leigh E Nystrom,Fissell Kate,Cameron S Carter,&Jonathan D Cohen.1999.Conflict monitoring versus selection for action in anterior cingulate cortex.Nature 402.11:179-181.
Petrides,Michael,Bessie Alivisatos,Ernst Meyer,&Alan C.Evans.1993.Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90.3:878-882.
Pillon,Agnesa,&Peggy D’Honincthun.2011.The organization of the conceptual system:The case of the“object versus action”dimension.Cognitive Neuropsychology 27.7:587-613.
Snodgrass,Joan Gay,&Mary Vanderwart.1980.A standardized set of 260 pictures:Norms for name agreement,image agreement,familiarity,and visual complexity.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Learning and Memory 6.2:174-215.
Yang,Yiming,(杨亦鸣),Dandan Liang,(梁丹丹),Jiexin Gu(顾介鑫),Xuchu Weng(翁旭初),&Shiwen Feng(封世文).2002.Mingdong fenlei:Jufa de haishi yuyi de---Hanyu mingdong fenlei de shenjing yuyanxue yanjiu名动分类:语法的还是语义的---汉语名动分类的神经语言学研究[A neurolinguistic study on the classification of nouns and verbs in Chinese].Yuyan Kexue语言科学[Linguistic Sciences],2002.1:31-46.
[1]本文被试LJY因为患脑梗而住院救治,治疗结束、成功苏醒之后,她出现只说英语不说汉语的情况。2015年2月3日英国每日邮报(Mail Online)、长沙晚报等中外媒体纷纷对此进行了报道。
Abutalebi,Jubin,&David Green.2007.Bilingual language production:The neurocognition of language representation and control.Journal of Neurolinguistics 20:242-275.
Abutalebi,Jubin,&David Green.2008.Control mechanisms in bilingual language production:Neural evidence from language switching studies.Language and Cognitive Processes 23:557-582.
Abutalebi,Jubin,Pasquale A.Della Rosa,Guosheng Ding,Brendan Weekes,Albert Costa,&David W.Green.2013.Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals.Cortex 49:905-911.
Aglioti,Salvatore,Alberto Beltramello,Federico P.Girardi,&Franco Fabbro.1996.Neurolinguistic and follow-up study of an unusual pattern of recovery from bilingual subcortical aphasia.Brain:A Journal of Neurology 119:1551-1564.
Ansaldo,Ana I.,Ladan G.Saidi,&Adelaida Ruiz.2010.Model-driven intervention in bilingual aphasia:Evidence from a case of pathological switching.Aphasiology 24:309-324.
Bates,Elizabeth,D’Amico Simoda,Jacobsen Thomas,Szekely Anna,Andonova Elena,&Devescovi Antonella et al.2003.Timed picture naming in seven languages.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 10.2:344-80.
Braver,Todd.S.,Deanna M.Barch,Jeremy R.Gray,David L.Molfese,&Avraham Snyder.2001.Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict:Effects of frequency,inhibition and errors.Cereb.Cortex:11,825-836.
Bunge,Silvia A.,Nicole M.Dudukovic,Moriah E.Thomason,Chandan J.Vaidya,&John D.Gabrieli.2002.Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children:Evidence from f MRI.Neuron 33:301-331.
Carter,Cameron S.,Todd S.Braver,Deanna M.Barch,Matthew M.Otvinick,Douglas Noll,&Jonathan D.Cohen.1998.Anterior cingulate cortex,error detection,and the online monitoring of performance.Science 280:747-749.
Carter,Mc Kell R.,&Scott A.Huettel.2013.A nexus model of the temporal-parietal junction.Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17:328-336.
Christoffels,Ingrid K.,Christine Firk,&Niels O.Schiller.2007.Bilingual language control:An event-related brain potential study.Brain Research 1147.1:192-208.
Costa,Albert,&Mikel Santesteban.2004.Lexical access in bilingual speech production:Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners.Joural of Memory and Language 50.4:491-511.
Costa,Albert,&Núria Sebastián-Gallés.2014.How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?Nature Reviews Neuroscience15.5:336-345.
De Zubicaray,G.I.,Zelaya F.O.,Andrewb C.,Williams S.C.R.,&Bullmore E.T..2000.Cerebral regions associated with verbal response initiation,suppression and strategy use.Neuropsychologia 38.9:1292-1304.
Fabbro,Franco.1999.The Concise Encyclopedia of Language Pathology.New York:Pergamon Press.
Fabbro,Franco.2001.The bilingual brain:Bilingual aphasia.Brain and Language 79.2:201-210.
Francis,Wendy S.1999.Cognitive integration of language and memory in bilinguals:Semantic representation.Psychological Bulletin 125.2:193-222.
Friederici,Angela D.,J9rg Bahlmann,Stefan Heim,Ricarda I.Schubotz,&Alfred Anwander.2006.The brain differentiates human and non-human grammars:Functional localization and structural connectivity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103.7:2458-2463.
Green,David W.1998.Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system.Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 1.2:67-81.
Green,David W.,&Abutalebi Jubin.2008.Understanding the link between bilingual aphasia and language control.Journal of Neurolinguistics 21.6:558-576.
Grosjean,Francois.2001.The bilingual’s language modes.One Mind,Two Languages:Bilingual Language Processing.ed.by Janet L.Nicol,1-22.Oxford:Blackwells.
Hernandez,Arturo E.,Antigona Martinez,&Kathryn Kohnert.2000.In search of the language switch:An f MRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals.Brain and Language 73.3:421-431.
Hosoda,Chihiro,Takashi Hanakawa,Tadashi Nariai,Kikuo Ohno,&Manabu Honda.2012.Neural mechanisms of language switch.Journal of Neurolinguistics 25.1:44-61.
Kambanaros,Maria,Lambros Messinis,&Emmanouil Anyfantis.2012.Action and object word writing in a case of bilingual aphasia.Behavioural Neurology 25.3:215-222.
Kroll,Judith,&Erika Stewart.1994.Category interference in translation and picture naming:Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations.Journal of Memory and Language 33.2:149-174.
Kroll,Judith,&Annette M.B.De Groot.1997.Lexical and conceptual memory in the bilingual:Mapping form to meaning in two languages.Tutorials in Bilingualism:Psycholinguistic Perspectives.ed.by De Groot,Annette M.B.&J.F.Kroll.Mahwah,169-199.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liu,Tao(刘涛),Yiming Yang(杨亦鸣),Hui Zhang(张辉),Shanshan Zhang(张珊珊),Dandan Liang(梁丹丹),&Jiexin Gu et al.(顾介鑫等).2008.Yufa yujing xia hanyu mingdongfenli de ERP yanjiu语法语境下汉语名动分离的ERP研究[Neural distinction between Chinese nouns and verbs in the grammatical context:an ERP study].Xinlixue Bao心理学报[Acta Psychologica Sinica]40.6:671-680.
Mariёn,Peter,Jubin Abutalebi,Sebastiaan Engelborghs,&Peter D.Deyn.2005.Pathophysiology of language switching and mixing in an early bilingual child with subcortical aphasia.Neurocase 11.6:385-398.
Matthew,Botvinick,Leigh E Nystrom,Fissell Kate,Cameron S Carter,&Jonathan D Cohen.1999.Conflict monitoring versus selection for action in anterior cingulate cortex.Nature 402.11:179-181.
Petrides,Michael,Bessie Alivisatos,Ernst Meyer,&Alan C.Evans.1993.Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90.3:878-882.
Pillon,Agnesa,&Peggy D’Honincthun.2011.The organization of the conceptual system:The case of the“object versus action”dimension.Cognitive Neuropsychology 27.7:587-613.
Snodgrass,Joan Gay,&Mary Vanderwart.1980.A standardized set of 260 pictures:Norms for name agreement,image agreement,familiarity,and visual complexity.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Learning and Memory 6.2:174-215.
Yang,Yiming,(杨亦鸣),Dandan Liang,(梁丹丹),Jiexin Gu(顾介鑫),Xuchu Weng(翁旭初),&Shiwen Feng(封世文).2002.Mingdong fenlei:Jufa de haishi yuyi de---Hanyu mingdong fenlei de shenjing yuyanxue yanjiu名动分类:语法的还是语义的---汉语名动分类的神经语言学研究[A neurolinguistic study on the classification of nouns and verbs in Chinese].Yuyan Kexue语言科学[Linguistic Sciences],2002.1:31-46.
[1]本文被试LJY因为患脑梗而住院救治,治疗结束、成功苏醒之后,她出现只说英语不说汉语的情况。2015年2月3日英国每日邮报(Mail Online)、长沙晚报等中外媒体纷纷对此进行了报道。