几种植物花分生组织决定基因APETALA1密码子使用模式比较
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摘要
为了揭示花分生组织决定基因AP1(APETALA1)的分子机制以及物种间的进化关系,从GenBank数据库挑选8个不同植物AP1基因编码序列,利用R软件分别计算GC含量、有效密码子数(Effective number of codons,ENC)、同义密码子相对使用度(Relative synonymous codon usage,RSCU)、相对密码子使用偏好性(Relative codon usage bias,RCBS)等参数,分析比较不同植物AP1基因密码子使用模式中密码子偏好性和碱基组成动力学。结果表明,不同植物AP1基因密码子使用受到GC偏好性(GCbias)影响,特别是GC3s;大多数最优密码子偏好使用以A/U结尾,其中不同植物AP1基因中ACA、AUA和CAG均表现为较高的RSCU值,为最优势密码子;芍药(Paeonia lactiflora)和牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)AP1基因的密码子使用特点相似,碧桃(Prunus persica)和苹果(Malus×domestica)相似;较低的最优密码子频率Fop值和较高的ENC值暗示了不同植物AP1基因在密码子使用中具有一个较弱的偏好性。
To reveal the molecular mechanism of APETALA1(AP1)gene and the evolution among different plants,we selected the complete nucleotide coding sequences of AP1 gene from 8 different plant species for CUB analysis.Using R software,we performed a comparative analysis of codon bias and compositional dynamics of codon usage patterns in AP1 gene across eight different plant species by determining the GC contents,several genetic indices namely effective number of codons(ENC),relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU),and relative codon usage bias(RCBS)etc.Results showed codon usage in AP1 gene in plants were influenced by GC bias,mainly due to GC3s.The majority of optimal codons were A/U ending for the corresponding amino acid,of which ACA,AUA and CAG were over-represented codons in the AP1 gene of all the selected plant species.The codon usage pattern for AP1 in Paeonia lactiflora showed resemblance to that of Paeonia suffruticosa;similarly,and Prunus persica to Malus ×domestica.Low Fop(Frequency of optimal codon)and high ENC values suggested a weaker codon bias observed for the AP1 gene in different plant species.
To reveal the molecular mechanism of APETALA1(AP1)gene and the evolution among different plants,we selected the complete nucleotide coding sequences of AP1 gene from 8 different plant species for CUB analysis.Using R software,we performed a comparative analysis of codon bias and compositional dynamics of codon usage patterns in AP1 gene across eight different plant species by determining the GC contents,several genetic indices namely effective number of codons(ENC),relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU),and relative codon usage bias(RCBS)etc.Results showed codon usage in AP1 gene in plants were influenced by GC bias,mainly due to GC3s.The majority of optimal codons were A/U ending for the corresponding amino acid,of which ACA,AUA and CAG were over-represented codons in the AP1 gene of all the selected plant species.The codon usage pattern for AP1 in Paeonia lactiflora showed resemblance to that of Paeonia suffruticosa;similarly,and Prunus persica to Malus ×domestica.Low Fop(Frequency of optimal codon)and high ENC values suggested a weaker codon bias observed for the AP1 gene in different plant species.
引文
Akashi H.1995.Inferring weak selection from patterns of polymorphism and divergence at“silent”sites in Drosophila DNA.Genetics,139(2):1067-1076.
Behura S K,Severson D W.2012.Comparative analysis of codon usage bias and codon context patterns between dipteran and hymenopteran sequenced genomes.PLo S One,7(8):e43111.
Bragg J G,Quigg A,Raven J A,Wagner A.2012.Protein elemental sparing and codon usage bias are correlated among bacteria.Molecular Ecology,21(10):2480-2487.
Butt A M,Nasrullah I,Tong Y.2014.Genome-wide analysis of codon usage and influencing factors in chikungunya viruses.PLo S One,9(3):e90905.
Carbone A,Zinovyev A,Kepes F.2003.Codon adaptation index as a measure of dominating codon bias.Bioinformatics,19(16):2005-2015.
Chiapello H,Lisacek F,Caboche M,Hénaut A.1998.Codon usage and gene function are related in sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana.Gene,209(1-2):GC1-GC38.
Duret L.2000.t RNA gene number and codon usage in the C.elegans genome are co-adapted for optimal translation of highly expressed genes.Trends in Genetics,16(7):287-289.
Duret L,Mouchiroud D.1999.Expression pattern and,surprisingly,gene length shape codon usage in Caenorhabditis,Drosophila,and Arabidopsis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,96(8):4482-4487.
Fox J M,Erill I.2010.Relative codon adaptation:a generic codon bias index for prediction of gene expression.DNA Research,17(3):185-196.
Fuglsang A.2004.The‘effective number of codons’revisited.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,317(3):957-964.
Ge J T,Zhao D Q,Han C X,Wang J,Hao Z J,Tao J.2014.Cloning and expression of floral organ development-related genes in herbaceous peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.).Molecular Biology Reports,41(10):6493-6503.
Gouy M,Gautier C.1982.Codon usage in bacteria:correlation with gene expressivity.Nucleic Acids Research,10(22):7055-7074.
Grantham R,Gautier C,Gouy M,Jacobzone M,Mercier R.1981.Codon catalog usage is a genome strategy modulated for gene expressivity.Nucleic Acids Research,9(1):R43-R74.
Gustafsson C,Govindarajan S,Minshull J.2004.Codon bias and heterologous protein expression.Trends in Biotechnology,22(7):346-353.
Hassan S,Mahalingam V,Kumar V.2009.Synonymous codon usage analysis of thirty two mycobacteriophage genomes.Advances in Bioinformatics,316936.
Hooper S D,Berg O G.2000.Gradients in nucleotide and codon usage along Escherichia coli genes.Nucleic Acids Research,28(18):3517-3523.
Ikemura T.1981.Correlation between the abundance of Escherichia coli transfer RNAs and the occurrence of the respective codons in its protein genes:a proposal for a synonymous codon choice that is optimal for the E.coli translational system.Journal of Molecular Biology,151(3):389-409.
Ikemura T.1985.Codon usage and t RNA content in unicellular and multicellular organisms.Molecular Biology and Evolution,2(1):13-34.
Jiang Wei,LüBei-bei,He Jian-hua,Wang Jing-bin,Wu Xiao,Wu Guo-gan,Bao Da-peng,Chen Ming-jie,Zhang Jin-song,Tan Qi,Tang Xue-ming.2014.Codon usage bias in the straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea.Chinese Journal of Biotechnology,30(9):1424-1435.(in Chinese)蒋玮,吕贝贝,何建华,王金斌,吴潇,武国干,鲍大鹏,陈明杰,张劲松,谭琦,唐雪明.2014.草菇密码子偏好性分析.生物工程学报,30(9):1424-1435.
Karlin S,Mrazek J.1996.What drives codon choices in human genes.Journal of Molecular Biology,262(4):459-472.
Lai Rui-lian,Lin Yu-ling,Zhong Chun-shui,Lai Zhong-xiong.2016.Analysis of codon bias of auxin receptor gene TIR1 in Dimocarpus Longan.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,43(4):771-780.(in Chinese)赖瑞联,林玉玲,钟春水,赖钟雄.2016.龙眼生长素受体基因TIR1密码子偏好性分析.园艺学报,43(4):771-780.
Li W H.1987.Models of nearly neutral mutations with particular implications for nonrandom usage of synonymous codons.Journal of Molecular Evolution,24(4):337-345.
Lithwick G,Margalit H.2005.Relative predicted protein levels of functionally associated proteins are conserved across organisms.Nucleic Acids Research,33(3):1051-1057.
Liu H,He R,Zhang H,Huang Y,Tian M,Zhang J.2010.Analysis of synonymous codon usage in Zea mays.Molecular Biology Reports,37(2):677-684.
Liu Q P,Feng Y,Zhao X A,Dong H,Xue Q Z.2004.Synonymous codon usage bias in Oryza sativa.Plant Science,167(1):101-105.
Luo Huo-lin,Zhang Ya-nan,Luo Li-ping,Xiong Dong-jin,Yang Bo-yun.2016.The codon usage bias of FLOW ERING LOCUS T gene(FT)in orchidaceae.Molecular Plant Breeding,14(1):51-58.(in Chinese)罗火林,张亚楠,罗丽萍,熊冬金,杨柏云.2016.兰科植物FT基因的密码子偏性分析.分子植物育种,14(1):51-58.
Mandel M A,Gustafson-Brown C,Savidge B,Yanofsky M F.1992.Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic-gene APETALA1.Nature,360(6401):273-277.
Mandlik V,Shinde S,Singh S.2014.Molecular evolution of the enzymes involved in the sphingolipid metabolism of Leishmania:selection pressure in relation to functional divergence and conservation.BMC Evolutionary Biology,14:142.
Ma Q P,Li C,Wang J,Wang Y,Ding Z T.2015.Analysis of synonymous codon usage in FAD7 genes from different plant species.Genetics and Molecular Research,14(1):1414-1422.
Morton B R,Wright S I.2007.Selective constraints on codon usage of nuclear genes from Arabidopsis thaliana.Molecular Biology and Evolution,24(1):122-129.
Palidwor G A,Perkins T J,Xia X.2010.A general model of codon bias due to GC mutational bias.PLo S One,5(10):e13431.
Peden J F.1999.Analysis of codon usage[Ph.D.Dissertation].UK:University of Nottingham.
Qi Ting,Liu Jing,Li Qian,Yu Jin-hui,Yuan Yong-ze,Liu De-li.2014.The analysis of rare codons and secondary structure of m RNA for the optimization expression about Magnaporthe oryzae CYP51B.Journal of Huazhong Normal University(Natural Sciences),48(3):392-398.(in Chinese)齐婷,刘婧,李倩,余金辉,袁永泽,刘德立.2014.稻瘟菌Mg CYP51B基因稀有密码子和m RNA二级结构分析与表达优化.华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),48(3):392-398.
Ren Lei.2011.Cloning and expression of floral organ development related genes in tree peony[Ph.D.Dissertation].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Foresty.(in Chinese)任磊.2011.牡丹花器官发育相关基因的克隆与表达[博士论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院.
Roymondal U,Das S,Sahoo S.2009.Predicting gene expression level from relative codon usage bias:an application to Escherichia coli genome.DNA Research,16(1):13-30.
Sharp P M,Bailes E,Grocock R J,Peden J F,Sockett R E.2005.Variation in the strength of selected codon usage bias among bacteria.Nucleic Acids Research,33(4):1141-1153.
Sharp P M,Tuohy T M,Mosurski K R.1986.Codon usage in yeast:cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes.Nucleic Acids Research,14(13):5125-5143.
Shields D C,Sharp P M,Higgins D G,Wright F.1988.“Silent”sites in Drosophila genes are not neutral:evidence of selection among synonymous codons.Molecular Biology and Evolution,5(6):704-716.
Shi S L,Jiang Y R,Liu Y Q,Xia R X,Qin L.2013.Selective pressure dominates the synonymous codon usage in Parvoviridae.Virus Genes,46(1):10-19.
Stenico M,Lloyd A T,Sharp P M.1994.Codon usage in Caenorhabditis elegans:delineation of translational selection and mutational biases.Nucleic Acids Research,22(13):2437-2446.
Sueoka N.1988.Directional mutation pressure and neutral molecular evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,85(8):2653-2657.
Supek F,Vlahovicek K.2005.Comparison of codon usage measures and their applicability in prediction of microbial gene expressivity.BMCBioinformatics,6:182.
Tatarinova T V,Alexandrov N N,Bouck J B,Feldmann K A.2010.GC3 biology in corn,rice,sorghum and other grasses.BMC Genomics,11:308.
Urrutia A O,Hurst L D.2003.The signature of selection mediated by expression on human genes.Genome Research,13(10):2260-2264.
Vicario S,Moriyama E N,Powell J R.2007.Codon usage in twelve species of Drosophila.BMC Evolutionary Biology,7:226-226.
Wright F.1990.The‘effective number of codons’used in a gene.Gene,87(1):23-29.
Wu Y Q,Zhao D Q,Tao J.2015.Analysis of codon usage patterns in herbaceous peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)based on transcriptome data.Genes,6(4):1125-1139.
Xu C,Cai X,Chen Q,Zhou H,Cai Y,Ben A.2011.Factors affecting synonymous codon usage bias in chloroplast genome of oncidium gower ramsey.Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online,7:271-278.
Yang Guo-feng,Su Kun-long,Zhao Yi-ran,Song Zhi-bin,Sun Juan.2015.Analysis of codon usage in the chloroplast genome of Medicago truncatula.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24(12):171-179.(in Chinese)杨国锋,苏昆龙,赵怡然,宋智斌,孙娟.2015.蒺藜苜蓿叶绿体密码子偏好性分析.草业学报,24(12):171-179.
Yang Z,Nielsen R.2008.Mutation-selection models of codon substitution and their use to estimate selective strengths on codon usage.Molecular Biology and Evolution,25(3):568-579.
Zeng Ying,Hu Jin-yong,Li Zhi-jian.2001.MADS-box genes in the evolution of flower development.Plant Physiology Communications,37(4):281-287.(in Chinese)曾英,胡金勇,李志坚.2001.植物MADS盒基因与花器官的进化发育.植物生理学通讯,37(4):281-287.
Zhang Tao,Zhang Gen-xi,Han Kun-peng,Wang Jin-yu,Fan Qing-can,Li Ting-ting,Duan Lian,Wang Yong-juan.2014.Characterization of codon usage of Myo G gene in Jinghai Yellow Chicken.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,29(4):71-79.(in Chinese)张涛,张跟喜,韩昆鹏,王金玉,樊庆灿,李婷婷,段炼,王永娟.2014.京海黄鸡Myo G基因密码子特性分析.华北农学报,29(4):71-79.
Zhou Dong-mei,Liu Yue-xue,Zhang Zhi-hong,Li He,Ma Yue,Dai Hong-yan.2012.Cloning,expression and promoter analysis of AP1homologous gene from strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(10):1972-1981.(in Chinese)邹冬梅,刘月学,张志宏,李贺,马跃,代红艳.2012.草莓AP1同源基因的克隆、表达及启动子分析.中国农业科学,45(10):1972-1981.
Behura S K,Severson D W.2012.Comparative analysis of codon usage bias and codon context patterns between dipteran and hymenopteran sequenced genomes.PLo S One,7(8):e43111.
Bragg J G,Quigg A,Raven J A,Wagner A.2012.Protein elemental sparing and codon usage bias are correlated among bacteria.Molecular Ecology,21(10):2480-2487.
Butt A M,Nasrullah I,Tong Y.2014.Genome-wide analysis of codon usage and influencing factors in chikungunya viruses.PLo S One,9(3):e90905.
Carbone A,Zinovyev A,Kepes F.2003.Codon adaptation index as a measure of dominating codon bias.Bioinformatics,19(16):2005-2015.
Chiapello H,Lisacek F,Caboche M,Hénaut A.1998.Codon usage and gene function are related in sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana.Gene,209(1-2):GC1-GC38.
Duret L.2000.t RNA gene number and codon usage in the C.elegans genome are co-adapted for optimal translation of highly expressed genes.Trends in Genetics,16(7):287-289.
Duret L,Mouchiroud D.1999.Expression pattern and,surprisingly,gene length shape codon usage in Caenorhabditis,Drosophila,and Arabidopsis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,96(8):4482-4487.
Fox J M,Erill I.2010.Relative codon adaptation:a generic codon bias index for prediction of gene expression.DNA Research,17(3):185-196.
Fuglsang A.2004.The‘effective number of codons’revisited.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,317(3):957-964.
Ge J T,Zhao D Q,Han C X,Wang J,Hao Z J,Tao J.2014.Cloning and expression of floral organ development-related genes in herbaceous peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.).Molecular Biology Reports,41(10):6493-6503.
Gouy M,Gautier C.1982.Codon usage in bacteria:correlation with gene expressivity.Nucleic Acids Research,10(22):7055-7074.
Grantham R,Gautier C,Gouy M,Jacobzone M,Mercier R.1981.Codon catalog usage is a genome strategy modulated for gene expressivity.Nucleic Acids Research,9(1):R43-R74.
Gustafsson C,Govindarajan S,Minshull J.2004.Codon bias and heterologous protein expression.Trends in Biotechnology,22(7):346-353.
Hassan S,Mahalingam V,Kumar V.2009.Synonymous codon usage analysis of thirty two mycobacteriophage genomes.Advances in Bioinformatics,316936.
Hooper S D,Berg O G.2000.Gradients in nucleotide and codon usage along Escherichia coli genes.Nucleic Acids Research,28(18):3517-3523.
Ikemura T.1981.Correlation between the abundance of Escherichia coli transfer RNAs and the occurrence of the respective codons in its protein genes:a proposal for a synonymous codon choice that is optimal for the E.coli translational system.Journal of Molecular Biology,151(3):389-409.
Ikemura T.1985.Codon usage and t RNA content in unicellular and multicellular organisms.Molecular Biology and Evolution,2(1):13-34.
Jiang Wei,LüBei-bei,He Jian-hua,Wang Jing-bin,Wu Xiao,Wu Guo-gan,Bao Da-peng,Chen Ming-jie,Zhang Jin-song,Tan Qi,Tang Xue-ming.2014.Codon usage bias in the straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea.Chinese Journal of Biotechnology,30(9):1424-1435.(in Chinese)蒋玮,吕贝贝,何建华,王金斌,吴潇,武国干,鲍大鹏,陈明杰,张劲松,谭琦,唐雪明.2014.草菇密码子偏好性分析.生物工程学报,30(9):1424-1435.
Karlin S,Mrazek J.1996.What drives codon choices in human genes.Journal of Molecular Biology,262(4):459-472.
Lai Rui-lian,Lin Yu-ling,Zhong Chun-shui,Lai Zhong-xiong.2016.Analysis of codon bias of auxin receptor gene TIR1 in Dimocarpus Longan.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,43(4):771-780.(in Chinese)赖瑞联,林玉玲,钟春水,赖钟雄.2016.龙眼生长素受体基因TIR1密码子偏好性分析.园艺学报,43(4):771-780.
Li W H.1987.Models of nearly neutral mutations with particular implications for nonrandom usage of synonymous codons.Journal of Molecular Evolution,24(4):337-345.
Lithwick G,Margalit H.2005.Relative predicted protein levels of functionally associated proteins are conserved across organisms.Nucleic Acids Research,33(3):1051-1057.
Liu H,He R,Zhang H,Huang Y,Tian M,Zhang J.2010.Analysis of synonymous codon usage in Zea mays.Molecular Biology Reports,37(2):677-684.
Liu Q P,Feng Y,Zhao X A,Dong H,Xue Q Z.2004.Synonymous codon usage bias in Oryza sativa.Plant Science,167(1):101-105.
Luo Huo-lin,Zhang Ya-nan,Luo Li-ping,Xiong Dong-jin,Yang Bo-yun.2016.The codon usage bias of FLOW ERING LOCUS T gene(FT)in orchidaceae.Molecular Plant Breeding,14(1):51-58.(in Chinese)罗火林,张亚楠,罗丽萍,熊冬金,杨柏云.2016.兰科植物FT基因的密码子偏性分析.分子植物育种,14(1):51-58.
Mandel M A,Gustafson-Brown C,Savidge B,Yanofsky M F.1992.Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic-gene APETALA1.Nature,360(6401):273-277.
Mandlik V,Shinde S,Singh S.2014.Molecular evolution of the enzymes involved in the sphingolipid metabolism of Leishmania:selection pressure in relation to functional divergence and conservation.BMC Evolutionary Biology,14:142.
Ma Q P,Li C,Wang J,Wang Y,Ding Z T.2015.Analysis of synonymous codon usage in FAD7 genes from different plant species.Genetics and Molecular Research,14(1):1414-1422.
Morton B R,Wright S I.2007.Selective constraints on codon usage of nuclear genes from Arabidopsis thaliana.Molecular Biology and Evolution,24(1):122-129.
Palidwor G A,Perkins T J,Xia X.2010.A general model of codon bias due to GC mutational bias.PLo S One,5(10):e13431.
Peden J F.1999.Analysis of codon usage[Ph.D.Dissertation].UK:University of Nottingham.
Qi Ting,Liu Jing,Li Qian,Yu Jin-hui,Yuan Yong-ze,Liu De-li.2014.The analysis of rare codons and secondary structure of m RNA for the optimization expression about Magnaporthe oryzae CYP51B.Journal of Huazhong Normal University(Natural Sciences),48(3):392-398.(in Chinese)齐婷,刘婧,李倩,余金辉,袁永泽,刘德立.2014.稻瘟菌Mg CYP51B基因稀有密码子和m RNA二级结构分析与表达优化.华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),48(3):392-398.
Ren Lei.2011.Cloning and expression of floral organ development related genes in tree peony[Ph.D.Dissertation].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Foresty.(in Chinese)任磊.2011.牡丹花器官发育相关基因的克隆与表达[博士论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院.
Roymondal U,Das S,Sahoo S.2009.Predicting gene expression level from relative codon usage bias:an application to Escherichia coli genome.DNA Research,16(1):13-30.
Sharp P M,Bailes E,Grocock R J,Peden J F,Sockett R E.2005.Variation in the strength of selected codon usage bias among bacteria.Nucleic Acids Research,33(4):1141-1153.
Sharp P M,Tuohy T M,Mosurski K R.1986.Codon usage in yeast:cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes.Nucleic Acids Research,14(13):5125-5143.
Shields D C,Sharp P M,Higgins D G,Wright F.1988.“Silent”sites in Drosophila genes are not neutral:evidence of selection among synonymous codons.Molecular Biology and Evolution,5(6):704-716.
Shi S L,Jiang Y R,Liu Y Q,Xia R X,Qin L.2013.Selective pressure dominates the synonymous codon usage in Parvoviridae.Virus Genes,46(1):10-19.
Stenico M,Lloyd A T,Sharp P M.1994.Codon usage in Caenorhabditis elegans:delineation of translational selection and mutational biases.Nucleic Acids Research,22(13):2437-2446.
Sueoka N.1988.Directional mutation pressure and neutral molecular evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,85(8):2653-2657.
Supek F,Vlahovicek K.2005.Comparison of codon usage measures and their applicability in prediction of microbial gene expressivity.BMCBioinformatics,6:182.
Tatarinova T V,Alexandrov N N,Bouck J B,Feldmann K A.2010.GC3 biology in corn,rice,sorghum and other grasses.BMC Genomics,11:308.
Urrutia A O,Hurst L D.2003.The signature of selection mediated by expression on human genes.Genome Research,13(10):2260-2264.
Vicario S,Moriyama E N,Powell J R.2007.Codon usage in twelve species of Drosophila.BMC Evolutionary Biology,7:226-226.
Wright F.1990.The‘effective number of codons’used in a gene.Gene,87(1):23-29.
Wu Y Q,Zhao D Q,Tao J.2015.Analysis of codon usage patterns in herbaceous peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)based on transcriptome data.Genes,6(4):1125-1139.
Xu C,Cai X,Chen Q,Zhou H,Cai Y,Ben A.2011.Factors affecting synonymous codon usage bias in chloroplast genome of oncidium gower ramsey.Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online,7:271-278.
Yang Guo-feng,Su Kun-long,Zhao Yi-ran,Song Zhi-bin,Sun Juan.2015.Analysis of codon usage in the chloroplast genome of Medicago truncatula.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24(12):171-179.(in Chinese)杨国锋,苏昆龙,赵怡然,宋智斌,孙娟.2015.蒺藜苜蓿叶绿体密码子偏好性分析.草业学报,24(12):171-179.
Yang Z,Nielsen R.2008.Mutation-selection models of codon substitution and their use to estimate selective strengths on codon usage.Molecular Biology and Evolution,25(3):568-579.
Zeng Ying,Hu Jin-yong,Li Zhi-jian.2001.MADS-box genes in the evolution of flower development.Plant Physiology Communications,37(4):281-287.(in Chinese)曾英,胡金勇,李志坚.2001.植物MADS盒基因与花器官的进化发育.植物生理学通讯,37(4):281-287.
Zhang Tao,Zhang Gen-xi,Han Kun-peng,Wang Jin-yu,Fan Qing-can,Li Ting-ting,Duan Lian,Wang Yong-juan.2014.Characterization of codon usage of Myo G gene in Jinghai Yellow Chicken.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,29(4):71-79.(in Chinese)张涛,张跟喜,韩昆鹏,王金玉,樊庆灿,李婷婷,段炼,王永娟.2014.京海黄鸡Myo G基因密码子特性分析.华北农学报,29(4):71-79.
Zhou Dong-mei,Liu Yue-xue,Zhang Zhi-hong,Li He,Ma Yue,Dai Hong-yan.2012.Cloning,expression and promoter analysis of AP1homologous gene from strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(10):1972-1981.(in Chinese)邹冬梅,刘月学,张志宏,李贺,马跃,代红艳.2012.草莓AP1同源基因的克隆、表达及启动子分析.中国农业科学,45(10):1972-1981.