Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry
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摘要
A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(T&O)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2> 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD < 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.
A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(T&O)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2> 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD < 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.
A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(T&O)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2> 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD < 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.
引文
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de Fran?a Doria,M.,Pidgeon,N.,Hunter,P.R.,2009.Perceptions of drinking water quality and risk and its effect on behaviour:a cross-national study.Sci.Total Environ.407,5455-5464.
Deng,X.,Liang,G.,Chen,J.,Qi,M.,Xie,P.,2011.Simultaneous determination of eight common odors in natural water body using automatic purge and trap coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.A 1218,3791-3798.
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Emde,K.M.,Best,N.,Hrudey,S.E.,1992.Production of the potent odour agent,isopropyl methoxypyrazine,by Lysobacter enzymogenes.Environ.Technol.13,201-206.
Fabrellas,C.,Matia,L.,Ventura,F.,2004.Determination of odour threshold concentrations and dose-response relations in water of several minor disinfection by-products:aldehydes and alkyl nitriles.Water Sci.Technol.49,267-272.
Finster,K.,King,G.M.,Bak,F.,1990.Formation of methylmercaptan and dimethylsulfide from methoxylated aromatic compounds in anoxic marine and fresh water sediments.FEMS Microbiol.Ecol.7,295-301.
Frenich,A.G.,Salvador,I.M.,Vidal,J.M.,López-López,T.,2005.Determination of multiclass pesticides in food commodities by pressurized liquid extraction using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS.Anal.Bioanal.Chem.383,1106-1118.
Furlani,R.P.Z.,Marcilio,K.M.,Leme,F.M.,Tfouni,S.A.V.,2011.Analysis of pesticide residues in sugarcane juice using Qu ECh ERS sample preparation and gas chromatography with electron capture detection.Food Chem.126,1283-1287.
Gallagher,D.L.,Phetxumphou,K.,Smiley,E.,Dietrich,A.M.,2015.Tale of two isomers:complexities of human odor perception for cis-and trans-4-methylcyclohexane methanol from the chemical spill in West Virginia.Environ.Sci.Technol.49,1319-1327.
Gei?,S.,Einax,J.,2001.Comparison of detection limits in environmental analysis-is it possible?An approach on quality assurance in the lower working range by verification.Fresenius J.Anal.Chem.370,673-678.
Guo,J.,Fang,J.,Cao,J.,2012.Characteristics of petroleum contaminants and their distribution in Lake Taihu,China.Chem.Cent.J.6,92.
Guo,Q.,Li,X.,Yu,J.,Zhang,H.,Zhang,Y.,Yang,M.,et al.,2015.Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the screening of potent swampy/septic odor-causing compounds in two drinking water sources in China.Anal.Methods 7,2458-2468.
Guo,Q.Y.,Yang,K.,Yu,J.W.,Wang,C.M.,Wen,X.D.,Zhang,L.P.,et al.,2016a.Simultaneous removal of multiple odorants from source water suffering from septic and musty odors:verification in a full-scale water treatment plant with ozonation.Water Res.100(1-6).
Guo,Q.Y.,Yu,J.W.,Yang,K.,Wen,X.D.,Zhang,H.F.,Yu,Z.Y.,et al.,2016b.Identification of complex septic odorants in Huangpu River source water by combining the data from gas chromatography-olfactometry and comprehensive twodimensional gas chromatography using retention indices.Sci.Total Environ.556,36-44.
Hartvigsen,K.,Lund,P.,Hansen,L.F.,H?lmer,G.,2000.Dynamic headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of volatiles produced in fish oil enriched mayonnaise during storage.J.Agric.Food Chem.48,4858-4867.
Hérent,M.-F.,Collin,S.,1998.Pyrazine and thiazole structural properties and their influence on the recovery of such derivatives in aroma extraction procedures.J.Agric.Food Chem.46,1975-1980.
Hernández,F.,Cervera,M.,Portolés,T.,Beltran,J.,Pitarch,E.,2013.The role of GC-MS/MS with triple quadrupole in pesticide residue analysis in food and the environment.Anal.Methods5,5875-5894.
Hong,Z.,Xu,S.,Zhong,J.,Bao,X.,2004.Kinetic study on the photo-catalytic degradation of pyridine in Ti O 2 suspension systems.Catal.Today 93,857-861.
Izaguirre,G.,Hwang,C.J.,Krasner,S.W.,Mcguire,M.J.,1982.Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol from cyanobacteria in three water supply systems.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.43,708-714.
Jenkins,D.,Medsker,L.L.,Thomas,J.F.,1967.Odorous compounds in natural waters.Some sulfur compounds associated with blue-green algae.Environ.Sci.Technol.1,731.
Jüttner,F.,Watson,S.B.,Von Elert,E.,K?ster,O.,2010.β-Cyclocitral,a grazer defence signal unique to the cyanobacterium Microcystis.J.Chem.Ecol.36,1387-1397.
Khiari,D.,Barrett,S.E.,1997.Sensory GC analysis of decaying vegetation and septic odors.J.Am.Water Works Assoc.89,150-161.
Khiari,D.,Bruchet,A.,Gittelman,T.,Matia,L.,Barrett,S.,Suffet,I.M.,et al.,1999.Distribution-generatedtaste-and-odor phenomena.Water Sci.Technol.40,129-133.
Kiene,R.P.,Malloy,K.D.,Taylor,B.F.,1990.Sulfur-containing amino acids as precursors of thiols in anoxic coastal sediments.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.56,156-161.
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