钛合金3D打印成形技术及缺陷
|
摘要
介绍了3D打印技术的发展概况、基本原理和技术特点。综述了国内外几种常用的钛合金3D打印技术:激光选区烧结成形技术(SLS)、激光选区熔化成形技术(SLM)、激光立体成形技术(LSF)、电子束选区熔化成形技术(EBSM)、电子束熔丝沉积成形技术(EBF3)等,综合比较,EBSM技术由于具有成形效率高、精度高、成本低和真空无污染等优点,是未来最具发展前景的钛合金3D打印技术。成形过程中缺陷的成因和检测是3D打印领域重要研究热点,也是3D打印件能否实现应用的基础。重点介绍了钛合金3D打印成形过程中主要缺陷(包括球化现象、裂纹、孔隙以及翘曲变形)的分类、危害和成因,以及3D打印件常用的无损检测技术,并结合国内外研究情况对各种缺陷的抑制或改善方法进行探讨。最后,从材料、设备、工艺和检测技术方面,对未来钛合金3D打印技术发展前景进行了展望。
The development of 3 D printing technology, basic principles and technical features are introduced. Several major 3 D printing technologies of titanium alloy both at home and abroad are reviewed: selective laser sintering technology(SLS), selective laser melting technology(SLM), laser solid forming technology(LSF), electron beam selective melting technology(EBSM) and electron beam fuse deposition forming technology(EBF3). By comparison, EBSM technology is the most promising 3 D printing technology for titanium alloy in the future because of its high efficiency, high accuracy, low cost and no pollution. The cause and detection of defects in the process of forming is an important research focus in the field of 3 D printing, and it is also the basis of the realization of the application of 3 D printing parts. The classification, harm and cause of the main defects(including spheroidization,cracks, porosity and warpage) in the process of 3 D printing for titanium alloy, as well as the nondestructive testing technology commonly used in 3 D printing are introduced. And combined with domestic and foreign research situation, the methods to restrain or improve the above defects are discussed. Finally, the prospect of the future development of 3 D printing technology for titanium alloy is prospected from the aspects of materials, equipment and testing technology.
The development of 3 D printing technology, basic principles and technical features are introduced. Several major 3 D printing technologies of titanium alloy both at home and abroad are reviewed: selective laser sintering technology(SLS), selective laser melting technology(SLM), laser solid forming technology(LSF), electron beam selective melting technology(EBSM) and electron beam fuse deposition forming technology(EBF3). By comparison, EBSM technology is the most promising 3 D printing technology for titanium alloy in the future because of its high efficiency, high accuracy, low cost and no pollution. The cause and detection of defects in the process of forming is an important research focus in the field of 3 D printing, and it is also the basis of the realization of the application of 3 D printing parts. The classification, harm and cause of the main defects(including spheroidization,cracks, porosity and warpage) in the process of 3 D printing for titanium alloy, as well as the nondestructive testing technology commonly used in 3 D printing are introduced. And combined with domestic and foreign research situation, the methods to restrain or improve the above defects are discussed. Finally, the prospect of the future development of 3 D printing technology for titanium alloy is prospected from the aspects of materials, equipment and testing technology.
引文
[1]乔旭.钛合金增材制造技术的分析和未来趋势[J].中国新技术新产品,2015(23):76.(QIAO X.Analysis and future trend of titanium alloy augmentation manufacturing technology[J].New Technology and New Products in China,2015(23):76.)
[2]伏欣.国内增材制造(3D打印)技术发展现状与研究趋势[J].中国高新技术企业,2016(24):27-28.(FU X.The development status and research trend of domestic augmented material manufacturing(3D printing)technology[J].China Hi-tech Enterprise,2016(24):27-28.)
[3]谭语夷.3D打印的技术现状与发展趋势[J].中国机械,2014(11):55.(TAN Y Y.The technical status and development trend of 3D printing[J].China Machinery,2014(11):55.)
[4]孙镇镇.3D打印材料及其发展问题与趋势[J].中国粉体工业,2016(1):4-6.(SUN Z Z.3D printing materials and their development problems and trends[J].China’s Powder Industry,2016(1):4-6.)
[5]YEONG W Y,CHUA C K,LEONG K F,et al.Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering:challenges and potential[J].Trends in Biotechnology,2004,22(12):643-652.
[6]曾亮华,刘继常.金属3D打印技术的发展分析[J].机械工程师,2016(3):42-44.(ZENG L H,LIU J C.Development of metal 3D printing technology analysis[J].Mechanical Engineer,2016(3):42-44.)
[7]李涤尘,田小永,王永信.增材制造技术的发展[J].电加工与模具,2012(增刊1):20-22.(LI D C,TIAN X Y,WANG Y X.Development of additive materials manufacturing technology[J].Electrical Machining and Die,2012(Suppl 1):20-22.)
[8]祁斌.3D打印技术在船舶领域的应用[J].中国船检,2016(6):94-100.(QI B.Application of 3D printing technology in ship field[J].China Ship Inspection,2016(6):94-100.)
[9]杨强,鲁中良,黄福享,等.激光增材制造技术的研究现状及发展趋势[J].航空制造技术,2016,507(12):26-31.(YANG Q,LU Z L,HUANG F X,et al.Research status and development trend of laser augmentation manufacturing technology[J].Aviation Manufacturing Technology,2016,507(12):26-31.)
[10]闫占功,林峰,齐海波,等.直接金属快速成形制造技术综述[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(11):1-7.(YAN Z G,LIN F,QI H B,et al.Summary of direct metal rapid prototyping manufacturing technology[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2005,41(11):1-7.)
[11]钱九红.航空航天用新型钛合金的研究发展及应用[J].稀有金属,2000,24(3):218-223.(QIAN J H.Development and application of new titanium alloys for aerospace[J].Rare Metals,2000,24(3):218-223.)
[12]SALLICA L E,JARDINI A L,FOGAGNOLO J B.Microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous Ti-6Al-4V parts obtained by selective laser melting[J].Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials,2013,3(26):98-108.
[13]BIRSER E M,MOSKYITIN G V,POLYAKOV AN,et al.Industrial laser cladding:current state and future[J].Welding Imeraatonal,2011,25(3):234-243.
[14]KRUTH J P,FROYEN L,VAEMBERGH J V,et al.Selective laser melting of iron based powder[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,149(1-3):616-622.
[15]胡孝昀,沈以赴,李子全,等.金属粉末激光快速成形的工艺及材料成形性[J].材料科学与工艺,2008,16(3):378-383.(HU X Y,SHEN Y F,LI Z Q,et al.Processing and material formability of metal powder laser rapid prototyping[J].Material Science and Technology,2008,16(3):378-383.)
[16]陈济轮,杨洁,于海静.国外高能束增材制造技术应用现状与最新发展[J].航天制造技术,2014(4):1-4+10.(CHEN J L,YANG J,YU H J.The abroad application and latest development of high-energy beam additive manufacturing technology[J].Space Manufacturing Technology,2014(4):1-4+10.)
[17]刘海涛,赵万华,唐一平.电子束熔融直接金属成形工艺的研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2007,41(11):1126.(LIU H T,ZHAO W H,TANG Y P.Study on direct metal forming by electron beam melting[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University,2007,41(11):1126.)
[18]陈哲源,锁红波,李晋炜.电子束熔丝沉积快速制造成形技术与组织特征[J].航天制造技术,2010(1):40-43.(CHEN Z Y,SOU H B,LI J W.Rapid prototyping and microstructure characteristics of electron beam fuse deposition[J].Space Manufacturing Technology,2010(1):40-43.)
[19]黄秋实,李良琦,高彬彬.国外金属零部件增材制造技术发展概述[J].国防制造技术,2012(5):28-31.(HUANG Q S,LI L Q,GAO B B.Overview of the development of foreign metal parts manufacturing technology[J].National Defense Manufacturing Technology,2012(5):28-31.)
[20]杨平华,高祥熙,梁菁,等.金属增材制造技术发展动向及无损检测研究进展[J].材料工程,2017,45(9):13-21.(YANG P H,GAO X X,LIANG J,et al.Development trend of metal additive manufacturing technology and research progress of nondestructive testing[J].Materials Engineering,2017,45(9):13-21.)
[21]赵静.机械零件缺陷的无损检测方法发展趋势[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2005(9):39-40.(ZHAO J.Development trend of nondestructive testing methods for defects of mechanical parts[J].Agricultural Equipment and Vehicle Engineering,2005(9):39-40.)
[22]肖永顺,王凤娟.工业CT在3D打印领域的新应用[C]//全国射线数字成像与CT新技术研讨会.厦门:[出版者不详],2014.(XIAO Y S,WANG F J.New applications of industrial CT in 3D printing[C]//National Symposium on Radiographic Digital Imaging and CT New Technologies.Xiamen,China:[s.n],2014.)
[23]PLESSIS A D,ROUX S G L,ELS J,et al.Application of microCT to the non-destructive testing of an additive manufactured titanium component[J].Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing&Evaluation,2015,4(11):1-7.
[24]王晓,史亦韦,梁菁,等.激光超声在线无损检测增材制造零件的方法:CN106018288A[P].2016-06-17.(WANG X,SHI Y W,LIANG J,et al.Methods of on-line laser ultrasonic nondestructive testing of augmented materials for manufacturing parts:CN106018288A[P].2016-06-17.)
[25]GU D,SHEN Y.Balling phenomena in direct laser sintering of stainless steel powder:metallurgical mechanisms and control methods[J].Materials&Design,2009,30(8):2903-2910.
[26]李瑞迪,魏青松,刘锦辉,等.选择性激光熔化成形关键基础问题的研究进展[J].航空制造技术,2012,401(5):26-31.(LI R D,WEI Q S,LIU J H,et al.Research progress on key basic problems of selective laser melting forming[J].Aviation Manufacturing Technology,2012,401(5):26-31.)
[27]张晓博.Ti合金选择性激光熔化成形关键技术的研究[D].西安:陕西科技大学,2015.(ZHANG X B.Research on key technologies of selective laser melting of Ti alloy[D].Xi’an:Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,2015.)
[28]GUSAROV A V,YADROITSEV I,BERTRAND P,et al.Heat transfer modelling and stability analysis of selective laser melting[J].Applied Surface Science,2007,254(4):975-979.
[29]RAYLEIGH L.On the instability of a cylinder of viscous liquid under capillary force[J].The London,Edinburgh,and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,2010,34(207):177-180.
[30]GONG H,RAFI K,GU H,et al.Analysis of defect generation in Ti-6Al-4V parts made using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes[J].Additive Manufacturing,2014(Suppl 1/2/3/4):87-98.
[31]薛蕾,陈静,张凤英,等.飞机用钛合金零件的激光快速修复[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2006,35(11):1817-1821.(XUE L,CHEN J,ZHANG F Y,et al.Rapid laser repair of titanium alloy parts for aircraft[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2006,35(11):1817-1821.)
[32]ZAEH M F,KAHNERT M.The effect of scanning strategies on electron beam sintering[J].Production Engineering,2009,3(3):217-224.
[33]周旭,周燕,魏青松,等.激光选区熔化近α钛合金开裂机理及抑制研究[J].中国机械工程,2015,26(20):2816-2820.(ZHOU X,ZHOU Y,WEI Q S,et al.Study oncracking mechanism and inhibition of near-alpha titanium alloy by selective laser melting[J].China Mechanical Engineering,2015,26(20):2816-2820.)
[34]张升,桂睿智,魏青松,等.选择性激光熔化成形TC4钛合金开裂行为及其机理研究[J].机械工程学报,2013,49(23):21-27.(ZHANG S,GUI R Z,WEI Q S,et al.Study on cracking behavior and mechanism of selective laser melting forming of TC4 titanium alloy[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2013,49(23):21-27.)
[35]LUKAS L,FRANK P S,UTA K,et al.Selective laser melting of a bete-solidifying TNM-B1 titaniun aluminide alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2014(214):1852-1860.
[36]张凤英,陈静,谭华,等.钛合金激光快速成形过程中缺陷形成机理研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(2):211-215.(ZHANG F Y,CHEN J,TAN H,et al.Study on the defect formation mechanism in laser rapid prototyping of titanium alloys[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2007,36(2):211-215.)
[37]刘延辉,瞿伟成,朱小刚,等.激光3D打印TC4钛合金工件根部裂纹成因分析[J].理化检验:物理分册,2016,52(10):682-685.(LIU Y H,QU W C,ZHU X G,et al.Cause analysis of cracks in the root of TC4 titanium alloy workpiece during laser 3D printing[J].Physical and Chemical Examination:Physical Scroll,2016,52(10):682-685.)
[38]刘彦涛,张永忠,陈以强,等.激光熔化沉积TA15+Ti2AlNb合金的组织与力学性能[J].航空材料学报,2017,37(3):61-67.(LIU Y T,ZHANG Y Z,CHEN Y Q,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited TA15+Ti2AlNb alloys[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2017,37(3):61-67.)
[39]帅昌俊.选择性激光烧结翘曲变形抑制研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.(SHUAI C J.Study on inhibition of warpage of selective laser sintering[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2007.)
[40]吴伟辉,杨永强,毛星,等.激光选区熔化增材制造金属零件精度优化工艺分析[J].铸造技术,2016(12):2636-2640.(WU W H,YANG Y Q,MAO X,et al.Process optimization for precision manufacturing of metal parts by laser selective melting and addition[J].Casting Technology,2016(12):2636-2640.)
[41]齐海波,杨明辉,齐芳娟.扫描路径对电子束选区熔化TC4成形件性能影响的数值模拟[J].焊接学报,2009,30(8):5-8.(QI H B,YANG M H,QI F J.Numerical simulation of the effect of scanning path on the properties of electrically melted TC4 parts[J].Acta Welding,2009,30(8):5-8.)
[42]杨立宁,单忠德,戎文娟,等.金属件熔融堆积3D打印过程热应力场数值模拟[J].铸造技术,2016(4):753-758.(YANG L N,SHAN Z D,RONG W J,et al.Numerical simulation of thermal stress field in 3D printing process of metal melt deposition[J].Foundry Technology,2016(4):753-758.)
[43]李守卫,沈以赴,顾冬冬,等.选择性激光烧结金属件翘曲与开裂问题的研究进展[J].激光杂志,2005,26(5):4-6.(LI S W,SHEN Y F,GU D D,et al.Progress in research on warpage and cracking of metal parts in selective laser sintering[J].Laser Journal,2005,26(5):4-6.)
[44]FISHCHER P,ROMANO V,WEBER H P,et al.Sintering of commercially pure titanium powder with a Nd:YAG laser source[J].Acta Materialia,2003,51(6):1651-1662.
[45]CORMIER D,HARRYSSON O,WEST H.Characterization of H13 steel produced via electron beam melting[J].Rapid Prototyping Journal,2004,10(1):35-41.
[46]张永志,侯慧鹏,彭霜,等.激光选区熔化Hastelloy X合金的显微组织与拉伸性能的各向异性[J].航空材料学报,2018,38(6):50-56.(ZHANG Y Z,HOU H P,PENG S,et al.Anisotropy of microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by selective laser melting[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2018,38(6):50-56.)
[47]梁晓康,陈济轮,严振宇,等.激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金表面粘粉及残余应力研究[J].电加工与模具,2016(5):52-55.(LIANG X K,CHEN J L,YAN Z Y,et al.Study on surface adhesive powder and residual stress of TC4 titanium alloy formed by laser selective melting[J].Electromachining and Mold,2016(5):52-55.)
[48]陈静,杨海欧,汤慧萍,等.成形气氛中氧含量对TC4钛合金激光快速成形工艺的影响[J].中国材料进展,2004,23(3):23-26.(CHEN J,YANG H O,TANG H P,et al.Effect of oxygen content in forming atmosphere on laser rapid prototyping process of TC4 titanium alloy[J].Progress of Materials in China,2004,23(3):23-26.)
[49]傅蔡安,陈佩胡.选择性激光烧结的翘曲变形与扫描方式的研究[J].铸造,2008,57(12):1237-1240.(FU C A,CHEN P H.Study on warpage deformation and scanning mode of selective laser sintering[J].Casting,2008,57(12):1237-1240.)
[50]汤慧萍,王建,逯圣路,等.电子束选区熔化成形技术研究进展[J].中国材料进展,2015,34(3):225235.(TANG H P,WANG J,LU S L,et al.Research pro gress of electron beam selective melting technology[J]Progress in Materials in China,2015,34(3):225235.)
[51]TANG H P,YANG G Y,JIA W P,et al.Additiv manufacturing of a high niobium-containing titanium alu minide alloy by selective electron beam melting[J].Materials Science&Engineering:A,2015,636:103-107.
[52]张霜银,林鑫,陈静,等.热处理对激光立体成形TC4残余应力的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2009,38(5):774-778.(ZHANG S Y,LIN X,CHEN J,et al.Effect of heat treatment on residual stress of laser stereoforming TC4[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2009,38(5):774-778.)
[53]TERNER M,BIAMINO S,EPICOCO P,et al.Electron beam melting of high niobium containing TiAl alloy:feasibility investigation[J].Steel Research International,2012,83(10):943-949.
[2]伏欣.国内增材制造(3D打印)技术发展现状与研究趋势[J].中国高新技术企业,2016(24):27-28.(FU X.The development status and research trend of domestic augmented material manufacturing(3D printing)technology[J].China Hi-tech Enterprise,2016(24):27-28.)
[3]谭语夷.3D打印的技术现状与发展趋势[J].中国机械,2014(11):55.(TAN Y Y.The technical status and development trend of 3D printing[J].China Machinery,2014(11):55.)
[4]孙镇镇.3D打印材料及其发展问题与趋势[J].中国粉体工业,2016(1):4-6.(SUN Z Z.3D printing materials and their development problems and trends[J].China’s Powder Industry,2016(1):4-6.)
[5]YEONG W Y,CHUA C K,LEONG K F,et al.Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering:challenges and potential[J].Trends in Biotechnology,2004,22(12):643-652.
[6]曾亮华,刘继常.金属3D打印技术的发展分析[J].机械工程师,2016(3):42-44.(ZENG L H,LIU J C.Development of metal 3D printing technology analysis[J].Mechanical Engineer,2016(3):42-44.)
[7]李涤尘,田小永,王永信.增材制造技术的发展[J].电加工与模具,2012(增刊1):20-22.(LI D C,TIAN X Y,WANG Y X.Development of additive materials manufacturing technology[J].Electrical Machining and Die,2012(Suppl 1):20-22.)
[8]祁斌.3D打印技术在船舶领域的应用[J].中国船检,2016(6):94-100.(QI B.Application of 3D printing technology in ship field[J].China Ship Inspection,2016(6):94-100.)
[9]杨强,鲁中良,黄福享,等.激光增材制造技术的研究现状及发展趋势[J].航空制造技术,2016,507(12):26-31.(YANG Q,LU Z L,HUANG F X,et al.Research status and development trend of laser augmentation manufacturing technology[J].Aviation Manufacturing Technology,2016,507(12):26-31.)
[10]闫占功,林峰,齐海波,等.直接金属快速成形制造技术综述[J].机械工程学报,2005,41(11):1-7.(YAN Z G,LIN F,QI H B,et al.Summary of direct metal rapid prototyping manufacturing technology[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2005,41(11):1-7.)
[11]钱九红.航空航天用新型钛合金的研究发展及应用[J].稀有金属,2000,24(3):218-223.(QIAN J H.Development and application of new titanium alloys for aerospace[J].Rare Metals,2000,24(3):218-223.)
[12]SALLICA L E,JARDINI A L,FOGAGNOLO J B.Microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous Ti-6Al-4V parts obtained by selective laser melting[J].Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials,2013,3(26):98-108.
[13]BIRSER E M,MOSKYITIN G V,POLYAKOV AN,et al.Industrial laser cladding:current state and future[J].Welding Imeraatonal,2011,25(3):234-243.
[14]KRUTH J P,FROYEN L,VAEMBERGH J V,et al.Selective laser melting of iron based powder[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,149(1-3):616-622.
[15]胡孝昀,沈以赴,李子全,等.金属粉末激光快速成形的工艺及材料成形性[J].材料科学与工艺,2008,16(3):378-383.(HU X Y,SHEN Y F,LI Z Q,et al.Processing and material formability of metal powder laser rapid prototyping[J].Material Science and Technology,2008,16(3):378-383.)
[16]陈济轮,杨洁,于海静.国外高能束增材制造技术应用现状与最新发展[J].航天制造技术,2014(4):1-4+10.(CHEN J L,YANG J,YU H J.The abroad application and latest development of high-energy beam additive manufacturing technology[J].Space Manufacturing Technology,2014(4):1-4+10.)
[17]刘海涛,赵万华,唐一平.电子束熔融直接金属成形工艺的研究[J].西安交通大学学报,2007,41(11):1126.(LIU H T,ZHAO W H,TANG Y P.Study on direct metal forming by electron beam melting[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University,2007,41(11):1126.)
[18]陈哲源,锁红波,李晋炜.电子束熔丝沉积快速制造成形技术与组织特征[J].航天制造技术,2010(1):40-43.(CHEN Z Y,SOU H B,LI J W.Rapid prototyping and microstructure characteristics of electron beam fuse deposition[J].Space Manufacturing Technology,2010(1):40-43.)
[19]黄秋实,李良琦,高彬彬.国外金属零部件增材制造技术发展概述[J].国防制造技术,2012(5):28-31.(HUANG Q S,LI L Q,GAO B B.Overview of the development of foreign metal parts manufacturing technology[J].National Defense Manufacturing Technology,2012(5):28-31.)
[20]杨平华,高祥熙,梁菁,等.金属增材制造技术发展动向及无损检测研究进展[J].材料工程,2017,45(9):13-21.(YANG P H,GAO X X,LIANG J,et al.Development trend of metal additive manufacturing technology and research progress of nondestructive testing[J].Materials Engineering,2017,45(9):13-21.)
[21]赵静.机械零件缺陷的无损检测方法发展趋势[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2005(9):39-40.(ZHAO J.Development trend of nondestructive testing methods for defects of mechanical parts[J].Agricultural Equipment and Vehicle Engineering,2005(9):39-40.)
[22]肖永顺,王凤娟.工业CT在3D打印领域的新应用[C]//全国射线数字成像与CT新技术研讨会.厦门:[出版者不详],2014.(XIAO Y S,WANG F J.New applications of industrial CT in 3D printing[C]//National Symposium on Radiographic Digital Imaging and CT New Technologies.Xiamen,China:[s.n],2014.)
[23]PLESSIS A D,ROUX S G L,ELS J,et al.Application of microCT to the non-destructive testing of an additive manufactured titanium component[J].Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing&Evaluation,2015,4(11):1-7.
[24]王晓,史亦韦,梁菁,等.激光超声在线无损检测增材制造零件的方法:CN106018288A[P].2016-06-17.(WANG X,SHI Y W,LIANG J,et al.Methods of on-line laser ultrasonic nondestructive testing of augmented materials for manufacturing parts:CN106018288A[P].2016-06-17.)
[25]GU D,SHEN Y.Balling phenomena in direct laser sintering of stainless steel powder:metallurgical mechanisms and control methods[J].Materials&Design,2009,30(8):2903-2910.
[26]李瑞迪,魏青松,刘锦辉,等.选择性激光熔化成形关键基础问题的研究进展[J].航空制造技术,2012,401(5):26-31.(LI R D,WEI Q S,LIU J H,et al.Research progress on key basic problems of selective laser melting forming[J].Aviation Manufacturing Technology,2012,401(5):26-31.)
[27]张晓博.Ti合金选择性激光熔化成形关键技术的研究[D].西安:陕西科技大学,2015.(ZHANG X B.Research on key technologies of selective laser melting of Ti alloy[D].Xi’an:Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,2015.)
[28]GUSAROV A V,YADROITSEV I,BERTRAND P,et al.Heat transfer modelling and stability analysis of selective laser melting[J].Applied Surface Science,2007,254(4):975-979.
[29]RAYLEIGH L.On the instability of a cylinder of viscous liquid under capillary force[J].The London,Edinburgh,and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,2010,34(207):177-180.
[30]GONG H,RAFI K,GU H,et al.Analysis of defect generation in Ti-6Al-4V parts made using powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes[J].Additive Manufacturing,2014(Suppl 1/2/3/4):87-98.
[31]薛蕾,陈静,张凤英,等.飞机用钛合金零件的激光快速修复[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2006,35(11):1817-1821.(XUE L,CHEN J,ZHANG F Y,et al.Rapid laser repair of titanium alloy parts for aircraft[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2006,35(11):1817-1821.)
[32]ZAEH M F,KAHNERT M.The effect of scanning strategies on electron beam sintering[J].Production Engineering,2009,3(3):217-224.
[33]周旭,周燕,魏青松,等.激光选区熔化近α钛合金开裂机理及抑制研究[J].中国机械工程,2015,26(20):2816-2820.(ZHOU X,ZHOU Y,WEI Q S,et al.Study oncracking mechanism and inhibition of near-alpha titanium alloy by selective laser melting[J].China Mechanical Engineering,2015,26(20):2816-2820.)
[34]张升,桂睿智,魏青松,等.选择性激光熔化成形TC4钛合金开裂行为及其机理研究[J].机械工程学报,2013,49(23):21-27.(ZHANG S,GUI R Z,WEI Q S,et al.Study on cracking behavior and mechanism of selective laser melting forming of TC4 titanium alloy[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2013,49(23):21-27.)
[35]LUKAS L,FRANK P S,UTA K,et al.Selective laser melting of a bete-solidifying TNM-B1 titaniun aluminide alloy[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2014(214):1852-1860.
[36]张凤英,陈静,谭华,等.钛合金激光快速成形过程中缺陷形成机理研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2007,36(2):211-215.(ZHANG F Y,CHEN J,TAN H,et al.Study on the defect formation mechanism in laser rapid prototyping of titanium alloys[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2007,36(2):211-215.)
[37]刘延辉,瞿伟成,朱小刚,等.激光3D打印TC4钛合金工件根部裂纹成因分析[J].理化检验:物理分册,2016,52(10):682-685.(LIU Y H,QU W C,ZHU X G,et al.Cause analysis of cracks in the root of TC4 titanium alloy workpiece during laser 3D printing[J].Physical and Chemical Examination:Physical Scroll,2016,52(10):682-685.)
[38]刘彦涛,张永忠,陈以强,等.激光熔化沉积TA15+Ti2AlNb合金的组织与力学性能[J].航空材料学报,2017,37(3):61-67.(LIU Y T,ZHANG Y Z,CHEN Y Q,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited TA15+Ti2AlNb alloys[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2017,37(3):61-67.)
[39]帅昌俊.选择性激光烧结翘曲变形抑制研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.(SHUAI C J.Study on inhibition of warpage of selective laser sintering[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2007.)
[40]吴伟辉,杨永强,毛星,等.激光选区熔化增材制造金属零件精度优化工艺分析[J].铸造技术,2016(12):2636-2640.(WU W H,YANG Y Q,MAO X,et al.Process optimization for precision manufacturing of metal parts by laser selective melting and addition[J].Casting Technology,2016(12):2636-2640.)
[41]齐海波,杨明辉,齐芳娟.扫描路径对电子束选区熔化TC4成形件性能影响的数值模拟[J].焊接学报,2009,30(8):5-8.(QI H B,YANG M H,QI F J.Numerical simulation of the effect of scanning path on the properties of electrically melted TC4 parts[J].Acta Welding,2009,30(8):5-8.)
[42]杨立宁,单忠德,戎文娟,等.金属件熔融堆积3D打印过程热应力场数值模拟[J].铸造技术,2016(4):753-758.(YANG L N,SHAN Z D,RONG W J,et al.Numerical simulation of thermal stress field in 3D printing process of metal melt deposition[J].Foundry Technology,2016(4):753-758.)
[43]李守卫,沈以赴,顾冬冬,等.选择性激光烧结金属件翘曲与开裂问题的研究进展[J].激光杂志,2005,26(5):4-6.(LI S W,SHEN Y F,GU D D,et al.Progress in research on warpage and cracking of metal parts in selective laser sintering[J].Laser Journal,2005,26(5):4-6.)
[44]FISHCHER P,ROMANO V,WEBER H P,et al.Sintering of commercially pure titanium powder with a Nd:YAG laser source[J].Acta Materialia,2003,51(6):1651-1662.
[45]CORMIER D,HARRYSSON O,WEST H.Characterization of H13 steel produced via electron beam melting[J].Rapid Prototyping Journal,2004,10(1):35-41.
[46]张永志,侯慧鹏,彭霜,等.激光选区熔化Hastelloy X合金的显微组织与拉伸性能的各向异性[J].航空材料学报,2018,38(6):50-56.(ZHANG Y Z,HOU H P,PENG S,et al.Anisotropy of microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X alloy produced by selective laser melting[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2018,38(6):50-56.)
[47]梁晓康,陈济轮,严振宇,等.激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金表面粘粉及残余应力研究[J].电加工与模具,2016(5):52-55.(LIANG X K,CHEN J L,YAN Z Y,et al.Study on surface adhesive powder and residual stress of TC4 titanium alloy formed by laser selective melting[J].Electromachining and Mold,2016(5):52-55.)
[48]陈静,杨海欧,汤慧萍,等.成形气氛中氧含量对TC4钛合金激光快速成形工艺的影响[J].中国材料进展,2004,23(3):23-26.(CHEN J,YANG H O,TANG H P,et al.Effect of oxygen content in forming atmosphere on laser rapid prototyping process of TC4 titanium alloy[J].Progress of Materials in China,2004,23(3):23-26.)
[49]傅蔡安,陈佩胡.选择性激光烧结的翘曲变形与扫描方式的研究[J].铸造,2008,57(12):1237-1240.(FU C A,CHEN P H.Study on warpage deformation and scanning mode of selective laser sintering[J].Casting,2008,57(12):1237-1240.)
[50]汤慧萍,王建,逯圣路,等.电子束选区熔化成形技术研究进展[J].中国材料进展,2015,34(3):225235.(TANG H P,WANG J,LU S L,et al.Research pro gress of electron beam selective melting technology[J]Progress in Materials in China,2015,34(3):225235.)
[51]TANG H P,YANG G Y,JIA W P,et al.Additiv manufacturing of a high niobium-containing titanium alu minide alloy by selective electron beam melting[J].Materials Science&Engineering:A,2015,636:103-107.
[52]张霜银,林鑫,陈静,等.热处理对激光立体成形TC4残余应力的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2009,38(5):774-778.(ZHANG S Y,LIN X,CHEN J,et al.Effect of heat treatment on residual stress of laser stereoforming TC4[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2009,38(5):774-778.)
[53]TERNER M,BIAMINO S,EPICOCO P,et al.Electron beam melting of high niobium containing TiAl alloy:feasibility investigation[J].Steel Research International,2012,83(10):943-949.